Pharyngitis

Overview

Diagnosis

Management

Special Populations

Key Recommendations

References

Showing 100 most recent of 223 indexed papers.

1 Hain H, Jeanbat V, Nevoret C, Bureau I, Tenenbaum T. Multi-center investigation on the influence of clinical characteristics and molecular group A streptococci diagnostics on the management of tonsillopharyngitis in pediatric practices in Berlin-BASE study. European journal of pediatrics 2026. link 2 Walkowiak MP, Walkowiak J, Szydłowski J, Walkowiak D. The hidden seasonality of pharyngitis and tonsillitis: a recurring early-summer wave of unclear aetiology. Epidemiology and infection 2025. link 3 Eroğlu A, Suzan ÖK, Kolukısa T, Kaya Ö, Karaaslan MM, Çaycı YT et al.. The relationship between group A streptococcus test positivity and clinical findings in tonsillopharyngitis in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection 2025. link 4 Pallon J, Hedin K. Use of point-of-care tests in pharyngotonsillitis - a registry-based study in primary health care. Scandinavian journal of primary health care 2025. link 5 Nweke SO, Orji ML, Ogeh CO, Nnaji TN, Ezeonu TC, Efunshile MA. Clinical predictors and antibiotics sensitivity of bacterial pathogens of pharyngotonsillitis among children aged 1-17 years in a Tertiary Hospital, Abakaliki, Southeast, Nigeria. The Pan African medical journal 2025. link 6 Pallon J, Sundqvist M, Hedin K. The use and usefulness of point-of-care tests in patients with pharyngotonsillitis - an observational study in primary health care. BMC primary care 2024. link 7 Mughal Z, Gupta KK, Yeo JJY, Metcalfe C, Weller M. Blood, Sweat, and Tonsils: Bleeding After Abscess Tonsillectomy for Quinsy-A Meta-Analysis. The Laryngoscope 2024. link 8 Cardinale F, Barattini DF, Sbrocca F, Centi A, Giuntini G, Morariu Bordea M et al.. The Effects of a Dietary Supplement (PediaFlù) Plus Standard of Care in Children With Acute Tonsillopharyngitis/Rhinopharyngitis: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR research protocols 2024. link 9 Tell D, Tyrstrup M, Edlund C, Rystedt K, Skoog Ståhlgren G, Sundvall PD et al.. Clinical course of pharyngotonsillitis with group A streptococcus treated with different penicillin V strategies, divided in groups of Centor Score 3 and 4: a prospective study in primary care. BMC infectious diseases 2022. link 10 Salinas Salvador B, Moreno Sánchez A, Carmen Marcén G, Molina Herranz D, Arana Navarro T, García Vera C. Retrospective study on the effectiveness and safety of the shortened 5- to 7-day antibiotic regimen for acute streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis compared to the classic 10-day regimen. Anales de pediatria 2022. link 11 Gilley DR, Virdi GS, Namin AW, Dooley LM. Utility of CT in the workup of adults with sore throat in the emergency department. The American journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 12 Maya-Barrios A, Lira-Hernandez K, Jiménez-Escobar I, Hernández L, Ortiz-Hernandez A, Jiménez-Gutiérrez C et al.. (no title). Beneficial microbes 2021. link 13 Ma YN, Zhong CL, Hu SY, Cai QH, Guo SX. Evaluation on immediate analgesic efficacy and safety of Kai-Hou-Jian spray (children's type) in treating sore throat caused by acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis in children: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2021. link 14 de Cassan S, Thompson MJ, Perera R, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Heneghan CJ et al.. Corticosteroids as standalone or add-on treatment for sore throat. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2020. link 15 Soares JM, Silva KOO, Inada NM, Bagnato VS, Blanco KC. Optimization for microbial incorporation and efficiency of photodynamic therapy using variation on curcumin formulation. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2020. link 16 Klein MR. Infections of the Oropharynx. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2019. link 17 Klug TE. Sore Throat Assessment Tool-10 for patients with acute pharyngo-tonsillitis. Danish medical journal 2019. link 18 Piroulas C, Devillers L, Souty C, Sicsic J, Boisnault P, François M. Non-steroids anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of peritonsillar abscess in pharyngitis: a French longitudinal study in primary care†. Family practice 2019. link 19 Patel C, Green BD, Batt JM, Kholmurodova F, Barnes M, Geyer WJ et al.. Antibiotic prescribing for tonsillopharyngitis in a general practice setting: Can the use of Modified Centor Criteria reduce antibiotic prescribing?. Australian journal of general practice 2019. link 20 Øhrstrøm MT, Danstrup CS, Klug TE. Adherence to antibiotic guidelines in the treatment of acute pharyngeal infections. Danish medical journal 2019. link 21 Nakao A, Hisata K, Fujimori M, Matsunaga N, Komatsu M, Shimizu T. Amoxicillin effect on bacterial load in group A streptococcal pharyngitis: comparison of single and multiple daily dosage regimens. BMC pediatrics 2019. link 22 Haapasalo K, Koskinen LLE, Suvilehto J, Jousilahti P, Wolin A, Suomela S et al.. The Psoriasis Risk Allele . Infection and immunity 2018. link 23 Bhatt AA. Non-traumatic causes of fluid in the retropharyngeal space. Emergency radiology 2018. link 24 Pallon J, Sundqvist M, Hedin K. A 2-year follow-up study of patients with pharyngotonsillitis. BMC infectious diseases 2018. link 25 Järvenpää P, Ilmarinen T, Geneid A, Pietarinen P, Kinnari TJ, Rihkanen H et al.. Work-up of globus: assessing the benefits of neck ultrasound and videofluorography. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2017. link 26 Stefaniuk E, Bosacka K, Wanke-Rytt M, Hryniewicz W. The use of rapid test QuikRead go® Strep A in bacterial pharyngotonsillitis diagnosing and therapeutic decisions. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2017. link 27 Bansal N, Karpawich PP, Sriram CS. Junctional tachycardia in a child with non-rheumatic fever streptococcal pharyngitis. Cardiology in the young 2017. link 28 Magnussen MD, Gaini S, Gislason H, Kristinsson KG. Antibacterial resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) from healthy carriers and tonsillitis patients and association with antibacterial sale in the Faroe Islands. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica 2016. link 29 Salatino S, Gray A. Integrative management of pediatric tonsillopharyngitis: An international survey. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 2016. link 30 Di Muzio F, Barucco M, Guerriero F. Diagnosis and treatment of acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis: a preliminary observational study in General Medicine. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2016. link 31 Jiang HL, She B, Liu W, Mao B, Zhang JY. Efficacy and safety of Qi-Wei-Qing-Yan aerosol in treatment of acute pharyngitis (lung-stomach excess-heat syndrome): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2016. link 32 Wilkinson AE. Use of antibiotics in the management of sore throat. Emergency nurse : the journal of the RCN Accident and Emergency Nursing Association 2015. link 33 Bakhsh ZA, Al-Khatib TA, Al-Muhayawi SM, ElAssouli SM, Elfiky IA, Mourad SA. Evaluating the therapeutic efficacy, tolerability, and safety of an aqueous extract of Costus speciosus rhizome in acute pharyngitis and acute tonsillitis. A pilot study. Saudi medical journal 2015. link 34 Hedin K, Bieber L, Lindh M, Sundqvist M. The aetiology of pharyngotonsillitis in adolescents and adults - Fusobacterium necrophorum is commonly found. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2015. link 35 Dingle TC, Abbott AN, Fang FC. Reflexive culture in adolescents and adults with group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2014. link 36 Küçük O, Biçer S, Giray T, Cöl D, Erdağ GC, Gürol Y et al.. Validity of rapid antigen detection testing in group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Indian journal of pediatrics 2014. link 37 Demeslay J, De Bonnecaze G, Vairel B, Chaput B, Pessey JJ, Serrano E et al.. Possible role of anti-inflammatory drugs in complications of pharyngitis. A retrospective analysis of 163 cases. European annals of otorhinolaryngology, head and neck diseases 2014. link 38 Di Pierro F, Adami T, Rapacioli G, Giardini N, Streitberger C. Clinical evaluation of the oral probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 in the prevention of recurrent pharyngitis and/or tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in adults. Expert opinion on biological therapy 2013. link 39 Cardoso DM, Gilio AE, Hsin SH, Machado BM, de Paulis M, Lotufo JP et al.. Impact of the rapid antigen detection test in diagnosis and treatment of acute pharyngotonsillitis in a pediatric emergency room. Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo 2013. link 40 Little P, Stuart B, Hobbs FD, Butler CC, Hay AD, Campbell J et al.. Predictors of suppurative complications for acute sore throat in primary care: prospective clinical cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2013. link 41 Bank S, Christensen K, Kristensen LH, Prag J. A cost-effectiveness analysis of identifying Fusobacterium necrophorum in throat swabs followed by antibiotic treatment to reduce the incidence of Lemierre's syndrome and peritonsillar abscesses. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2013. link 42 Zavras AI, Rosenberg GE, Danielson JD, Cartsos VM. Adverse drug and device reactions in the oral cavity: surveillance and reporting. Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 2013. link 43 Altamimi S, Khalil A, Khalaiwi KA, Milner RA, Pusic MV, Al Othman MA. Short-term late-generation antibiotics versus longer term penicillin for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2012. link 44 Huang Y, Wu T, Zeng L, Li S. Chinese medicinal herbs for sore throat. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2012. link 45 Silva-Costa C, Friães A, Ramirez M, Melo-Cristino J. Differences between macrolide-resistant and -susceptible Streptococcus pyogenes: importance of clonal properties in addition to antibiotic consumption. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2012. link 46 Ertugrul BM, Erol N, Emek M, Ozturk B, Saylak OM, Cetin K et al.. Food-borne tonsillopharyngitis outbreak in a hospital cafeteria. Infection 2012. link 47 Hayward G, Thompson MJ, Perera R, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Heneghan CJ. Corticosteroids as standalone or add-on treatment for sore throat. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2012. link 48 Okabe T, Takeda S, Hida M, Narisada T. Study of T serotypes and Emm genotypes of Streptococcus pyogenes in children with pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi 2011. link 49 Kaplan EL. Immunologic impact of tonsillopharyngitis associated with group A streptococci. Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology 2011. link 50 Koga T, Rikimaru T, Tokunaga N, Higashi T, Nakamura M, Ichikawa Y et al.. Evaluation of short-term clinical efficacy of 3-day therapy with azithromycin in comparison with 5-day cefcapene-pivoxyl for acute streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in primary care. Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2011. link 51 Cingi C, Songu M, Ural A, Erdogmus N, Yildirim M, Cakli H et al.. Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate and benzydamine hydrochloride mouth spray on clinical signs and quality of life of patients with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2011. link 52 Centor RM, Geiger P, Waites KB. Fusobacterium necrophorum bacteremic tonsillitis: 2 Cases and a review of the literature. Anaerobe 2010. link 53 Baltimore RS. Re-evaluation of antibiotic treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Current opinion in pediatrics 2010. link 54 Rakshit R, de Caestecker J. Globus: are we any nearer to understanding it?. The American journal of gastroenterology 2009. link 55 Balbani AP, Montovani JC, Carvalho LR. Pharyngotonsillitis in children: view from a sample of pediatricians and otorhinolaryngologists. Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology 2009. link30845-4) 56 Budimir D, Curić I, Curić S. Acute tonsillopharyngitis in a family practice in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Collegium antropologicum 2009. link 57 Pires R, Rolo D, Mato R, Feio de Almeida J, Johansson C, Henriques-Normark B et al.. Resistance to bacitracin in Streptococcus pyogenes from oropharyngeal colonization and noninvasive infections in Portugal was caused by two clones of distinct virulence genotypes. FEMS microbiology letters 2009. link 58 Altamimi S, Khalil A, Khalaiwi KA, Milner R, Pusic MV, Al Othman MA. Short versus standard duration antibiotic therapy for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2009. link 59 Fleckenstein J, Lill C, Lüdtke R, Gleditsch J, Rasp G, Irnich D. A single point acupuncture treatment at large intestine meridian: a randomized controlled trial in acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis. The Clinical journal of pain 2009. link 60 Clifton NJ, Raghavan U, Birkin J, Jones NS. Prescribing antibiotics for sore throat: adherence to guidelines in patients admitted to hospital. Postgraduate medical journal 2009. link 61 Jorgensen DM. Single-dose extended-release oral azithromycin vs. 3-day azithromycin for the treatment of group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis in adults and adolescents: a double-blind, double-dummy study. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2009. link 62 Takayama Y, Hikawa S, Okada J, Sunakawa K, Akahoshi T. A foodborne outbreak of a group A streptococcal infection in a Japanese university hospital. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2009. link 63 Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Matthaiou DK, Kapaskelis AM, Karageorgopoulos DE. Effectiveness and safety of short-course vs long-course antibiotic therapy for group a beta hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Mayo Clinic proceedings 2008. link 64 Casey JR, Kahn R, Gmoser D, Atlas E, Urbani K, Luber S et al.. Frequency of symptomatic relapses of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children from 4 pediatric practices following penicillin, amoxicillin, and cephalosporin antibiotic treatment. Clinical pediatrics 2008. link 65 Dirjomuljono M, Kristyono I, Tjandrawinata RR, Nofiarny D. Symptomatic treatment of acute tonsillo-pharyngitis patients with a combination of Nigella sativa and Phyllanthus niruri extract. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2008. link 66 Ozaki T, Nishimura N, Suzuki M, Narita A, Watanabe N, Ahn J et al.. Five-day oral cefditoren pivoxil versus 10-day oral amoxicillin for pediatric group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2008. link 67 Yildirim I, Ceyhan M, Gür D, Kaymakoğlu I. Comparison of the effect of benzathine penicillin G, clarithromycin, cefprozil and amoxicillin/clavulanate on the bacteriological response and throat flora in group A beta hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. The Turkish journal of pediatrics 2008. link 68 Suvilehto J, Jarva H, Seppänen M, Siljander T, Vuopio-Varkila J, Meri S. Binding of complement regulators factor H and C4b binding protein to group A streptococcal strains isolated from tonsillar tissue and blood. Microbes and infection 2008. link 69 Fontes MJ, Bottrel FB, Fonseca MT, Lasmar LB, Diamante R, Camargos PA. Early diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: assessment by latex particle agglutination test. Jornal de pediatria 2007. link 70 Pichichero ME, Casey JR. Systematic review of factors contributing to penicillin treatment failure in Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2007. link 71 Dunn N, Lane D, Everitt H, Little P. Use of antibiotics for sore throat and incidence of quinsy. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 2007. link 72 Pichichero ME, Casey JR. Bacterial eradication rates with shortened courses of 2nd- and 3rd-generation cephalosporins versus 10 days of penicillin for treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in adults. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2007. link 73 Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Symptomatic relapse of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children. Clinical pediatrics 2007. link 74 Canli H, Saatci E, Bozdemir N, Akpinar E, Kiroglu M. The antibiotic prescribing behaviourof physicians for acute tonsillopharyngitis in primary care. Ethiopian medical journal 2006. link 75 Abu-Sabaah AH, Ghazi HO. Better diagnosis and treatment of throat infections caused by group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. British journal of biomedical science 2006. link 76 Van Howe RS, Kusnier LP. Diagnosis and management of pharyngitis in a pediatric population based on cost-effectiveness and projected health outcomes. Pediatrics 2006. link 77 Rufener JB, Yaremchuk KL, Payne SC. Evaluation of culture and antibiotic use in patients with pharyngitis. The Laryngoscope 2006. link 78 Esposito S, Bosis S, Begliatti E, Droghetti R, Tremolati E, Tagliabue C et al.. Acute tonsillopharyngitis associated with atypical bacterial infection in children: natural history and impact of macrolide therapy. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2006. link 79 van der Veen EL, Sanders EA, Videler WJ, van Staaij BK, van Benthem PP, Schilder AG. Optimal site for throat culture: tonsillar surface versus posterior pharyngeal wall. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2006. link 80 Pichichero M, Casey J. Comparison of European and U.S. results for cephalosporin versus penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2006. link 81 Jensen DM, Brousseau DC, Tumpach EA, Gorelick MH. Intervention to improve interobserver agreement in the assessment of children with pharyngitis. Pediatric emergency care 2005. link 82 Tewfik TL, Al Garni M. Tonsillopharyngitis: clinical highlights. The Journal of otolaryngology 2005. link 83 Sarvghad MR, Naderi HR, Naderi-Nassab M, Majdzadeh R, Javanian M, Faramarzi H et al.. An outbreak of food-borne group A Streptococcus (GAS) tonsillopharyngitis among residents of a dormitory. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 2005. link 84 Chen Y, Colodner R, Chazan B, Raz R. Pharyngotonsillitis due to Arcanobacterium haemolyticum in northern Israel. The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ 2005. link 85 Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Metaanalysis of short course antibiotic treatment for group a streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2005. link 86 Brook I. A pooled comparison of cefdinir and penicillin in the treatment of group a beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Clinical therapeutics 2005. link 87 Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Higher dosages of azithromycin are more effective in treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2005. link 88 Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporins versus penicillin for treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in adults. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2004. link 89 Urién AM, Guillén VF, Beltrán DO, Pinzotas CL, Pérez ER, Arocena MO et al.. Telephonic back-up improves antibiotic compliance in acute tonsillitis/pharyngitis. International journal of antimicrobial agents 2004. link 90 Cohen R. Defining the optimum treatment regimen for azithromycin in acute tonsillopharyngitis. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2004. link 91 Syrogiannopoulos GA, Bozdogan B, Grivea IN, Ednie LM, Kritikou DI, Katopodis GD et al.. Two dosages of clarithromycin for five days, amoxicillin/clavulanate for five days or penicillin V for ten days in acute group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2004. link 92 Norrby SR, Quinn J, Rangaraju M, Leroy B. Evaluation of 5-day therapy with telithromycin, a novel ketolide antibacterial, for the treatment of tonsillopharyngitis. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2004. link 93 Lindbaek M, Høiby EA, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P. Predictors for spread of clinical group A streptococcal tonsillitis within the household. Scandinavian journal of primary health care 2004. link 94 Casey JR, Pichichero ME. Meta-analysis of cephalosporin versus penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis in children. Pediatrics 2004. link 95 Scholz H. Streptococcal-A tonsillopharyngitis: a 5-day course of cefuroxime axetil versus a 10-day course of penicillin V. results depending on the children's age. Chemotherapy 2004. link 96 Levy M, Johnson CG, Kraa E. Tonsillopharyngitis caused by foodborne group A streptococcus: a prison-based outbreak. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2003. link 97 Zwart S, Rovers MM, de Melker RA, Hoes AW. Penicillin for acute sore throat in children: randomised, double blind trial. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2003. link 98 Norrby SR, Chang J, Stewart JA, Brumpt I, Conway DP. Relief of symptoms in patients with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus tonsillopharyngitis: comparison between telithromycin and penicillin V. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 2003. link 99 Ahmed J, Zaman MM, Keramat Ali SM. Identification of serogroups of beta hemolytic streptococci in children with tonsillo-pharyngitis. Bangladesh Medical Research Council bulletin 2003. link 100 Hossain P, Kostiala A, Lyytikäinen O, Kurki S. Clinical features of district hospital paediatric patients with pharyngeal group A streptococci. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 2003. link