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Psychiatry1217 papers

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Last edited: 4/16/2026

Overview

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, affecting both children and adults 2. It often persists into adulthood and is associated with significant psychiatric comorbidities 1 2.

Diagnosis

Key Diagnostic Criteria: Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity 2.

Recommended Tests: Comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, behavioral assessments, and standardized rating scales (e.g., Conners' Rating Scales) 2.

Grading: DSM-5 criteria for ADHD diagnosis 2.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Stimulants: Methylphenidate and amphetamine formulations 4 71. - Non-Stimulants: Atomoxetine 4 71.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Psychosocial Interventions: Behavioral therapy, parent training, and school accommodations 2 10. - Other Medications: Viloxazine (new non-stimulant option) 5 6.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: ADHD symptoms may persist or worsen postpartum; careful monitoring and individualized treatment plans are essential 7.

Pediatrics: High prevalence of anxiety among caregivers; consider family support interventions 3.

Comorbidities: Increased risk of psychosis, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorders; integrated treatment approaches recommended 1 8 20.

Key Recommendations

Comprehensive Evaluation: Include psychiatric, behavioral, and rating scale assessments for accurate diagnosis (Evidence: Strong 2).

Combination Therapy: Consider combining pharmacotherapy with psychosocial interventions for optimal outcomes (Evidence: Moderate 2 10).

Monitor for Comorbidities: Regularly screen for and manage comorbid conditions such as anxiety, bipolar disorder, and substance use disorders (Evidence: Moderate 1 8 20).

Caregiver Support: Provide support and interventions for caregivers, particularly addressing anxiety and stress (Evidence: Moderate 3).

Safety Monitoring: Closely monitor for adverse effects, especially cardiovascular risks and psychiatric symptoms, particularly with stimulant use (Evidence: Moderate 4 6 9 59).

Individualized Treatment Plans: Tailor treatment plans to account for developmental stages and comorbid conditions (Evidence: Expert opinion 7 20).

References

1 Salazar de Pablo G, Aymerich C, Chart-Pascual JP, Solmi M, Torres-Cortes J, Abdelhafez N et al.. Occurrence of Psychosis and Bipolar Disorder in Individuals With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treated With Stimulants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JAMA psychiatry 2025. link 2 Njardvik U, Wergeland GJ, Riise EN, Hannesdottir DK, Öst LG. Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review 2025. link 3 Zayed A, Husni M, Montasser Mahmoud MA, Fakri M, Khan F, AlMaskati Y et al.. Prevalence of anxiety symptoms among caregivers of children with ADHD attending pediatric and speech therapy departments. BMC psychology 2025. link 4 Wu L, Zhao D, Lan Y, Jin L, Yang L. Comparison of serious adverse effects of methylphenidate, atomoxetine and amphetamine in the treatment of ADHD: an adverse event analysis based on the FAERS database. BMC pharmacology & toxicology 2025. link 5 Wang S, Jiang Y, Du Z, Lu R, Gao X, Tian L et al.. Analysis of risk signals for Viloxazine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on the FAERS database. Journal of affective disorders 2025. link 6 Wang L, Kong Q, Li Y. Real world pharmacovigilance comparison of viloxazine and dextroamphetamine adverse reaction profiles. Scientific reports 2025. link 7 Scoten O, Tabi K, Paquette V, Carrion P, Ryan D, Radonjic NV et al.. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2024. link 8 Froude AM, Fawcett EJ, Coles A, Drakes DH, Harris N, Fawcett JM. The prevalence of cannabis use disorder in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical epidemiological meta-analysis. Journal of psychiatric research 2024. link 9 Osman KM, Gerard P, Hale EW. Co-occurring ASD Mediates Impact of ADHD on Atopic Dermatitis and Acne: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of attention disorders 2024. link 10 Zhang X, Li Y, Xiao Y, Yu C, Pei Y, Cao F. Association of positive childhood experiences with flourishing among children with ADHD: A population-based study in the United States. Preventive medicine 2024. link 11 Chronis-Tuscano A, Bounoua N. ADHD Prevalence Rose, Yet Disparities Remain: Commentary on the 2022 National Survey of Children's Health. Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53 2024. link 12 Han J, Koser K, Mamey MR, Vanderbilt DL, Schonfeld DJ, Yin L et al.. Mediation of Parental Aggravation in the Association Between ADHD Severity and Electronic Media Use: A National Survey of Children's Health Study. Journal of attention disorders 2024. link 13 So M, Dziuban EJ, Pedati CS, Holbrook JR, Claussen AH, O'Masta B et al.. Childhood Physical Health and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Modifiable Factors. Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research 2024. link 14 Efthymiou A, Kalaitzaki A, Kondilis B, Rovithis M. Health literacy continuing education courses and tools for healthcare professionals: A scoping review. Gerontology & geriatrics education 2024. link 15 Kaz-Onyeakazi I, Kim H. Revisiting Disproportionality: Prescription-Adjusted and TF-IDF-Inspired Metrics for Post-Market ADR Detection. AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium 2024. link02799-9) 16 Ganelin-Cohen E, Pilowsky Peleg T, Leibovich N, Bachrachg E, Watemberg N. Word-Finding Difficulties as a Prominent Early Finding in a Later Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropediatrics 2024. link 17 May T, Birch E, Chaves K, Cranswick N, Culnane E, Delaney J et al.. The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry 2023. link 18 Zgodic A, McLain AC, Eberth JM, Federico A, Bradshaw J, Flory K. County-level prevalence estimates of ADHD in children in the United States. Annals of epidemiology 2023. link 19 Pujalte GGA, Narducci DM, Smith MS, King R, Logan K, Callender SS et al.. Athletes With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Position Statement of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2023. link 20 Cunill R, Castells X, González-Pinto A, Arrojo M, Bernardo M, Sáiz PA et al.. Clinical practice guideline on pharmacological and psychological management of adult patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and comorbid substance use. Adicciones 2022. link 21 Danielson ML, Holbrook JR, Bitsko RH, Newsome K, Charania SN, McCord RF et al.. State-Level Estimates of the Prevalence of Parent-Reported ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2016 to 2019. Journal of attention disorders 2022. link 22 Cuba Bustinza C, Adams RE, Claussen AH, Vitucci D, Danielson ML, Holbrook JR et al.. Factors Associated With Bullying Victimization and Bullying Perpetration in Children and Adolescents With ADHD: 2016 to 2017 National Survey of Children's Health. Journal of attention disorders 2022. link 23 Elsborg P, Thorsen AV, Ravn-Haren G, Bonde AH, Andersen SG, Vermund MC et al.. Improved food literacy among schoolchildren as an effect of a food camp intervention: Results of a controlled effectiveness trial. Appetite 2022. link 24 Tomczyk Ł, Mróz A, Potyrała K, Wnęk-Gozdek J. Digital inclusion from the perspective of teachers of older adults - expectations, experiences, challenges and supporting measures. Gerontology & geriatrics education 2022. link 25 Lohr WD, Jawad K, Feygin Y, Le J, Creel L, Pasquenza N et al.. Antipsychotic Medications for Low-Income Preschoolers: Long Duration and Psychotropic Medication Polypharmacy. Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) 2022. link 26 Chu SH, Huang M, Kelly RS, Kachroo P, Litonjua AA, Weiss ST et al.. Circulating levels of maternal vitamin D and risk of ADHD in offspring: results from the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial. International journal of epidemiology 2022. link 27 Kacharava T, Nemsadze K, Inasaridze K. PRESENCE OF PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS INCREASES THE RISK OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADHD SYMPTOMS IN YOUNG CHILDREN. Georgian medical news 2022. link 28 Basel D, Mosheva M, Maeder J, Schneider M, Shani S, Weinberger R et al.. Stimulant treatment effectiveness, safety and risk for psychosis in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2022. link 29 Green T, Flash S, Shankar G, Bade Shrestha S, Jo B, Klabunde M et al.. Effect of sex chromosome number variation on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, executive function, and processing speed. Developmental medicine and child neurology 2022. link 30 Ging-Jehli NR, Ratcliff R, Arnold LE. Improving neurocognitive testing using computational psychiatry-A systematic review for ADHD. Psychological bulletin 2021. link 31 Soled D, Keim SA, Rapoport E, Rosen L, Adesman A. Breastfeeding Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Preschool Children. Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP 2021. link 32 Miller MC, Pan X, Eugene Arnold L, Mulligan A, Connor S, Bergman R et al.. Vitamin D levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Association with seasonal and geographical variation, supplementation, inattention severity, and theta:beta ratio. Biological psychology 2021. link 33 Owens J. Social Class, Diagnoses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Child Well-Being. Journal of health and social behavior 2020. link 34 Girand HL, Litkowiec S, Sohn M. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Psychotropic Polypharmacy Prescribing Trends. Pediatrics 2020. link 35 Nguyen MN, Watanabe-Galloway S, Hill JL, Siahpush M, Tibbits MK, Wichman C. Ecological model of school engagement and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2019. link 36 Bali V, Kamble PS, Aparasu RR. Cardiovascular Safety of Concomitant Use of Atypical Antipsychotics and Long-Acting Stimulants in Children and Adolescents With ADHD. Journal of attention disorders 2019. link 37 Rucklidge JJ, Eggleston MJF, Darling KA, Stevens AJ, Kennedy MA, Frampton CM. Can we predict treatment response in children with ADHD to a vitamin-mineral supplement? An investigation into pre-treatment nutrient serum levels, MTHFR status, clinical correlates and demographic variables. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 2019. link 38 Weits G, Härmark L, Hartman J, Kant A. Collaboration between patient and pharmacovigilance organizations to gain insight into adults' experiences with drug use and ADRs for the treatment of ADHD. Expert opinion on drug safety 2019. link 39 Altuntas G, Sadoglu D, Ardic S, Yilmaz H, Imamoglu M, Turedi S. Acute effects of the electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones on attention in emergency physicians. The American journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 40 Hekim Bozkurt Ö, Güney E, Göker Z, Şenses Dinç G, Alışık M, Erel Ö et al.. Neuropeptide Y Levels in Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry 2018. link 41 Rubinstein M, Ruest S, Amanullah S, Gjelsvik A. Having a Regular Primary Care Provider Is Associated With Improved Markers of Well-Being Among Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Clinical pediatrics 2018. link 42 Sun H, Chen Y, Huang Q, Lui S, Huang X, Shi Y et al.. Psychoradiologic Utility of MR Imaging for Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Radiomics Analysis. Radiology 2018. link 43 Elshorbagy HH, Barseem NF, Abdelghani WE, Suliman HAI, Al-Shokary AH, Abdulsamea SE et al.. Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 2018. link 44 Cohen E, Hall M, Lopert R, Bruen B, Chamberlain LJ, Bardach N et al.. High-Expenditure Pharmaceutical Use Among Children in Medicaid. Pediatrics 2017. link 45 Lange KW. Dietary factors in the etiology and therapy of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 2017. link 46 Park-Wyllie L, van Stralen J, Castillon G, Sherman SE, Almagor D. Differences in Adverse Event Reporting Rates of Therapeutic Failure Between Two Once-daily Extended-release Methylphenidate Medications in Canada: Analysis of Spontaneous Adverse Event Reporting Databases. Clinical therapeutics 2017. link 47 . ADHD drug use levels off after 18-year boom. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2016. link 48 Fitzsimons MG, Brookman JC, Arnholz SH, Baker K. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Successful Completion of Anesthesia Residency: A Case Report. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2016. link 49 Liu X, Kubilis P, Bussing R, Winterstein AG. Development of a refill pattern method to measure polypharmacy in administrative claims databases. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2016. link 50 Chen R, Grierson L, Norman G. Manipulation of cognitive load variables and impact on auscultation test performance. Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice 2015. link 51 Sleath B, Sulzer SH, Carpenter DM, Slota C, Gillette C, Sayner R et al.. Communication about ADHD and its treatment during pediatric asthma visits. Community mental health journal 2014. link 52 Gupta N, Garonzik-Wang JM, Passarella RJ, Salter ML, Kucirka LM, Orandi BJ et al.. Assessment of resident and fellow knowledge of the organ donor referral process. Clinical transplantation 2014. link 53 Shahani SA, Evans WN, Mayman GA, Thomas VC. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder screening electrocardiograms: a community-based perspective. Pediatric cardiology 2014. link 54 . Methylphenidate: abuse in Europe. Prescrire international 2013. link 55 Aagaard L, Hansen EH. Adverse drug reaction labelling for atomoxetine, methylphenidate and modafinil: comparison of product information for oral formulations in Australia, Denmark and the United States. Current drug safety 2013. link 56 Murray ML, Insuk S, Banaschewski T, Neubert AC, McCarthy S, Buitelaar JK et al.. An inventory of European data sources for the long-term safety evaluation of methylphenidate. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2013. link 57 Lee MS, Lee SI, Hong SD, Kim JH, Choi J, Joung YS. Two different solicitation methods for obtaining information on adverse events associated with methylphenidate in adolescents: a 12-week multicenter, open-label study. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2013. link 58 Westover AN, Nakonezny PA, Winhusen T, Adinoff B, Vongpatanasin W. Risk of methylphenidate-induced prehypertension in normotensive adult smokers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) 2013. link 59 Mick E, McManus DD, Goldberg RJ. Meta-analysis of increased heart rate and blood pressure associated with CNS stimulant treatment of ADHD in adults. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2013. link 60 Küpper T, Haavik J, Drexler H, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Wermelskirchen D, Prutz C et al.. The negative impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on occupational health in adults and adolescents. International archives of occupational and environmental health 2012. link 61 Ruggiero S, Rafaniello C, Bravaccio C, Grimaldi G, Granato R, Pascotto A et al.. Safety of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications in children: an intensive pharmacosurveillance monitoring study. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2012. link 62 Nahshoni E, Golubchik P, Glazer J, Sever J, Strasberg B, Imbar S et al.. Late potentials in the signal-averaged electrocardiogram in pre-pubertal children with ADHD, before and after methylphenidate treatment. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2012. link 63 Hamilton RM, Rosenthal E, Hulpke-Wette M, Graham JG, Sergeant J. Cardiovascular considerations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications: a report of the European Network on Hyperactivity Disorders work group, European Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Guidelines Group on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drug safety meeting. Cardiology in the young 2012. link 64 Swinburne C. Paying attention. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2011. link 65 Putukian M, Kreher JB, Coppel DB, Glazer JL, McKeag DB, White RD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the athlete: an American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2011. link 66 Graham J, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Dittmann RW et al.. European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD. European child & adolescent psychiatry 2011. link 67 Tobaiqy M, Stewart D, Helms PJ, Bond C, Lee AJ, Bateman N et al.. A pilot study to evaluate a community pharmacy-based monitoring system to identify adverse drug reactions associated with paediatric medicines use. European journal of clinical pharmacology 2010. link 68 Marks DJ, Mlodnicka A, Bernstein M, Chacko A, Rose S, Halperin JM. Profiles of service utilization and the resultant economic impact in preschoolers with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of pediatric psychology 2009. link 69 Mendhekar D, Lohia D. Worsening of bruxism with atomoxetine: a case report. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry 2009. link 70 Mosholder AD, Gelperin K, Hammad TA, Phelan K, Johann-Liang R. Hallucinations and other psychotic symptoms associated with the use of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder drugs in children. Pediatrics 2009. link 71 Janols LO, Liliemark J, Klintberg K, von Knorring AL. Central stimulants in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. A naturalistic study of the prescription in Sweden, 1977-2007. Nordic journal of psychiatry 2009. link 72 Schmerler BL, Cohen DM, Leder MS, Bonsu BK. Procedural sedation for fracture reduction in children with hyperactivity. The American journal of emergency medicine 2008. link 73 Bangs ME, Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Polzer J, Zhang S, Acharya N, Desaiah D et al.. Meta-analysis of suicide-related behavior events in patients treated with atomoxetine. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008. link 74 Peterson K, McDonagh MS, Fu R. Comparative benefits and harms of competing medications for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and indirect comparison meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology 2008. link 75 Bangs ME, Jin L, Zhang S, Desaiah D, Allen AJ, Read HA et al.. Hepatic events associated with atomoxetine treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drug safety 2008. link 76 Huang YS, Guilleminault C, Li HY, Yang CM, Wu YY, Chen NH. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with obstructive sleep apnea: a treatment outcome study. Sleep medicine 2007. link 77 Joshi K, Lad S, Kale M, Patwardhan B, Mahadik SP, Patni B et al.. Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids 2006. link 78 Pliszka SR, Matthews TL, Braslow KJ, Watson MA. Comparative effects of methylphenidate and mixed salts amphetamine on height and weight in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006. link 79 Conant-Norville DO, Tofler IR. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and psychopharmacologic treatments in the athlete. Clinics in sports medicine 2005. link 80 Truter I. Methylphenidate: prescribing patterns in a South African primary care patient population. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 2005. link 81 Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Wilens TE, Weisler RH, Read SC, Tulloch SJ. Long-term safety and effectiveness of mixed amphetamine salts extended release in adults with ADHD. CNS spectrums 2005. link 82 Goodman DW, Ginsberg L, Weisler RH, Cutler AJ, Hodgkins P. An interim analysis of the Quality of Life, Effectiveness, Safety, and Tolerability (QU.E.S.T.) evaluation of mixed amphetamine salts extended release in adults with ADHD. CNS spectrums 2005. link 83 Clegg J, Hartshorne M. Speech and language therapy in hyperactivity: a United Kingdom perspective in complex cases. Seminars in speech and language 2004. link 84 Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Gordon DL, Symes S, Petrusa ER, Hart IR et al.. Effectiveness of a cardiology review course for internal medicine residents using simulation technology and deliberate practice. Teaching and learning in medicine 2002. link 85 Thiel CM, Bentley P, Dolan RJ. Effects of cholinergic enhancement on conditioning-related responses in human auditory cortex. The European journal of neuroscience 2002. link 86 Sallee FR, DeVane CL, Ferrell RE. Fluoxetine-related death in a child with cytochrome P-450 2D6 genetic deficiency. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2000. link 87 Kidd PM. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children: rationale for its integrative management. 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Original source

[1]
Occurrence of Psychosis and Bipolar Disorder in Individuals With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treated With Stimulants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Salazar de Pablo G, Aymerich C, Chart-Pascual JP, Solmi M, Torres-Cortes J, Abdelhafez N et al. JAMA psychiatry (2025)
[2]
Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Njardvik U, Wergeland GJ, Riise EN, Hannesdottir DK, Öst LG Clinical psychology review (2025)
[3]
Prevalence of anxiety symptoms among caregivers of children with ADHD attending pediatric and speech therapy departments. — Zayed A, Husni M, Montasser Mahmoud MA, Fakri M, Khan F, AlMaskati Y et al. BMC psychology (2025)
[4]
Comparison of serious adverse effects of methylphenidate, atomoxetine and amphetamine in the treatment of ADHD: an adverse event analysis based on the FAERS database. — Wu L, Zhao D, Lan Y, Jin L, Yang L BMC pharmacology & toxicology (2025)
[5]
Analysis of risk signals for Viloxazine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on the FAERS database. — Wang S, Jiang Y, Du Z, Lu R, Gao X, Tian L et al. Journal of affective disorders (2025)
[6]
Real world pharmacovigilance comparison of viloxazine and dextroamphetamine adverse reaction profiles. — Wang L, Kong Q, Li Y Scientific reports (2025)
[7]
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period. — Scoten O, Tabi K, Paquette V, Carrion P, Ryan D, Radonjic NV et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2024)
[8]
The prevalence of cannabis use disorder in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical epidemiological meta-analysis. — Froude AM, Fawcett EJ, Coles A, Drakes DH, Harris N, Fawcett JM Journal of psychiatric research (2024)
[9]
Co-occurring ASD Mediates Impact of ADHD on Atopic Dermatitis and Acne: A Retrospective Cohort Study. — Osman KM, Gerard P, Hale EW Journal of attention disorders (2024)
[10]
Association of positive childhood experiences with flourishing among children with ADHD: A population-based study in the United States. — Zhang X, Li Y, Xiao Y, Yu C, Pei Y, Cao F Preventive medicine (2024)
[11]
ADHD Prevalence Rose, Yet Disparities Remain: Commentary on the 2022 National Survey of Children's Health. — Chronis-Tuscano A, Bounoua N Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology : the official journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53 (2024)
[12]
Mediation of Parental Aggravation in the Association Between ADHD Severity and Electronic Media Use: A National Survey of Children's Health Study. — Han J, Koser K, Mamey MR, Vanderbilt DL, Schonfeld DJ, Yin L et al. Journal of attention disorders (2024)
[13]
Childhood Physical Health and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Modifiable Factors. — So M, Dziuban EJ, Pedati CS, Holbrook JR, Claussen AH, O'Masta B et al. Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research (2024)
[14]
Health literacy continuing education courses and tools for healthcare professionals: A scoping review. — Efthymiou A, Kalaitzaki A, Kondilis B, Rovithis M Gerontology & geriatrics education (2024)
[15]
Revisiting Disproportionality: Prescription-Adjusted and TF-IDF-Inspired Metrics for Post-Market ADR Detection. — Kaz-Onyeakazi I, Kim H AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium (2024)
[16]
Word-Finding Difficulties as a Prominent Early Finding in a Later Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. — Ganelin-Cohen E, Pilowsky Peleg T, Leibovich N, Bachrachg E, Watemberg N Neuropediatrics (2024)
[17]
The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. — May T, Birch E, Chaves K, Cranswick N, Culnane E, Delaney J et al. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry (2023)
[18]
County-level prevalence estimates of ADHD in children in the United States. — Zgodic A, McLain AC, Eberth JM, Federico A, Bradshaw J, Flory K Annals of epidemiology (2023)
[19]
Athletes With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Position Statement of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. — Pujalte GGA, Narducci DM, Smith MS, King R, Logan K, Callender SS et al. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine (2023)
[20]
Clinical practice guideline on pharmacological and psychological management of adult patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and comorbid substance use. — Cunill R, Castells X, González-Pinto A, Arrojo M, Bernardo M, Sáiz PA et al. Adicciones (2022)
[21]
State-Level Estimates of the Prevalence of Parent-Reported ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2016 to 2019. — Danielson ML, Holbrook JR, Bitsko RH, Newsome K, Charania SN, McCord RF et al. Journal of attention disorders (2022)
[22]
Factors Associated With Bullying Victimization and Bullying Perpetration in Children and Adolescents With ADHD: 2016 to 2017 National Survey of Children's Health. — Cuba Bustinza C, Adams RE, Claussen AH, Vitucci D, Danielson ML, Holbrook JR et al. Journal of attention disorders (2022)
[23]
Improved food literacy among schoolchildren as an effect of a food camp intervention: Results of a controlled effectiveness trial. — Elsborg P, Thorsen AV, Ravn-Haren G, Bonde AH, Andersen SG, Vermund MC et al. Appetite (2022)
[24]
Digital inclusion from the perspective of teachers of older adults - expectations, experiences, challenges and supporting measures. — Tomczyk Ł, Mróz A, Potyrała K, Wnęk-Gozdek J Gerontology & geriatrics education (2022)
[25]
Antipsychotic Medications for Low-Income Preschoolers: Long Duration and Psychotropic Medication Polypharmacy. — Lohr WD, Jawad K, Feygin Y, Le J, Creel L, Pasquenza N et al. Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) (2022)
[26]
Circulating levels of maternal vitamin D and risk of ADHD in offspring: results from the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial. — Chu SH, Huang M, Kelly RS, Kachroo P, Litonjua AA, Weiss ST et al. International journal of epidemiology (2022)
[27]
PRESENCE OF PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS INCREASES THE RISK OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADHD SYMPTOMS IN YOUNG CHILDREN. — Kacharava T, Nemsadze K, Inasaridze K Georgian medical news (2022)
[28]
Stimulant treatment effectiveness, safety and risk for psychosis in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. — Basel D, Mosheva M, Maeder J, Schneider M, Shani S, Weinberger R et al. European child & adolescent psychiatry (2022)
[29]
Effect of sex chromosome number variation on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, executive function, and processing speed. — Green T, Flash S, Shankar G, Bade Shrestha S, Jo B, Klabunde M et al. Developmental medicine and child neurology (2022)
[30]
Improving neurocognitive testing using computational psychiatry-A systematic review for ADHD. — Ging-Jehli NR, Ratcliff R, Arnold LE Psychological bulletin (2021)
[31]
Breastfeeding Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Preschool Children. — Soled D, Keim SA, Rapoport E, Rosen L, Adesman A Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP (2021)
[32]
Vitamin D levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Association with seasonal and geographical variation, supplementation, inattention severity, and theta:beta ratio. — Miller MC, Pan X, Eugene Arnold L, Mulligan A, Connor S, Bergman R et al. Biological psychology (2021)
[33]
Social Class, Diagnoses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Child Well-Being. — Owens J Journal of health and social behavior (2020)
[34]
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