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Cardiology787 papers

Hypothyroidism

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Hypothyroidism is a condition characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, leading to metabolic slowdown and various systemic manifestations including cardiovascular, cognitive, and musculoskeletal symptoms. 10 24

Diagnosis

Key Diagnostic Criteria: Elevated serum TSH levels, low free T4 levels 2 28

Recommended Tests: Serum TSH, free T4, anti-TPO antibodies 2 28

Grading: Subclinical hypothyroidism defined by elevated TSH with normal free T4; overt hypothyroidism by low free T4 27

Management

First-Line Treatment: Levothyroxine replacement therapy, titrated to normalize TSH levels 14 47

Dose Adjustment: Individualized based on patient response, typically starting at 25-50 mcg/day and adjusted every 6-8 weeks 14 47

Monitoring: Regular TSH and free T4 monitoring to ensure euthyroidism 14 47

Adjunctive Treatments: Consider magnesium sulfate for inflammatory markers in experimental models 22

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Monitor TSH and free T4 closely; aim for TSH levels between 0.1-2.5 mIU/L 28 59

Pediatrics: Evaluate for subclinical hypothyroidism with TSH and free T4; consider treatment if symptomatic or with elevated TSH 18 70

Elderly: Increased vigilance for cardiovascular complications; regular assessment of cardiovascular risk factors 10 30

Comorbidities: Attention to potential interactions with cardiovascular disease, depression, and metabolic syndrome; manage accordingly 8 34 41

Key Recommendations

Initiate levothyroxine therapy in overt hypothyroidism to normalize TSH levels (Evidence: Strong 14 47)

Regularly monitor TSH and free T4 levels in treated patients to ensure euthyroidism (Evidence: Strong 14 47)

In pregnant women, maintain TSH levels within the trimester-specific reference range (Evidence: Moderate 28 59)

Consider cardiovascular risk assessment in elderly patients with hypothyroidism (Evidence: Moderate 10 30)

Evaluate and treat subclinical hypothyroidism in pediatric patients with elevated TSH levels (Evidence: Moderate 18 70)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 324 indexed papers.

1 Draves J, Yale S, Tekiner H, Yale E. Clarifying clinical findings in Hoffmann syndrome and myxedema. Folia medica 2026. link 2 Tekiner H, Yale ES, Yale SH. Eugene Hertoghe (1860-1928): Pioneer in endocrinology and the treatment of hypothyroidism. Journal of medical biography 2026. link 3 Nagayama Y, Tajiri J, Murakami T, Watanabe N, Sato S, Shindo H et al.. Differences in thyroid hormone prescribing practices between Japan Thyroid Association-certified thyroid specialists and non-certified members: a nationwide survey in Japan. Endocrine journal 2026. link 4 Maraka S, Papaleontiou M. Approach to the Patient Considering Thyroid Hormone Deprescribing. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2026. link 5 Ma B, Ma Z, Liang P, Gong R, Wu H. Postmarketing pharmacovigilance study of levothyroxine based on FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) and Mendelian randomization. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 2026. link 6 Motawi TK, Shaker OG, Saied H, Sayed NH. TUG1 and miR-145 as potential biomarkers associating hypothyroidism to cardiovascular risk. Clinical biochemistry 2026. link 7 Baskaran BS, Omrani MA, Muanda FT. Risk of cardiac, neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal adverse events with levothyroxine: Systematic review. British journal of clinical pharmacology 2026. link 8 Al-Baldawi SQ, Al-Hakeim HK, Khémiri I, Maes M. Neuro-immune, metabolic, and oxidative pathways in depression due to hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Journal of affective disorders 2026. link 9 Sundaram C, Keswani S, Varghese J, Mahajan C, Lokhandwala Y. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia associated with non-compliance with thyroxine treatment for hypothyroidism. BMJ case reports 2026. link 10 Duntas LH, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Hypothyroidism, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk prevention. Nature reviews. Endocrinology 2026. link 11 Ettleson MD, Karavolos K, Burnett-Bowie SM, Jackson EA, Thurston RC, El Khoudary SR et al.. The Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease Events in Women with Hypothyroidism: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2026. link 12 Guerrero-Pérez F, Iglesias P, Paja Fano M, Moure Rodríguez MD, Biagetti B, Cordido F et al.. Central hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease: a Spanish cohort observational study. Hormones (Athens, Greece) 2026. link 13 Bai X, Sun M, Han X. The causal effects of hypothyroidism on cardiovascular disease: Bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. Journal of diabetes investigation 2026. link 14 Centanni M, Duntas L, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Koehrle J, Peeters RP, Razvi S et al.. ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism. European thyroid journal 2025. link 15 Thvilum M, Lind SM, Ebbehoj E, Gregersen S, Grove-Laugesen D. Quality of life in patients with overt hypothyroidism: a systematic review. European journal of endocrinology 2025. link 16 Lindner HH. Clinical thyroidology: beyond the 1970s' TSH-T4 Paradigm. Frontiers in endocrinology 2025. link 17 Nagayama Y, Tajiri J, Murakami T, Watanabe N, Sato S, Shindo H et al.. A questionnaire survey of thyroid specialists in Japan on the use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients. Endocrine journal 2025. link 18 Aktar Ulukapi N, Kirel B, Kiztanir H, Sulu A, Kosger P, Ozen H et al.. Evaluation of heart rate variability, QT dispersion, and Tp-e interval in pediatric subclinical hypothyroidism. Pediatric research 2025. link 19 Kaya Ç, Altay S, Kayıkçıoğlu M. Integrating Thyroid Function with Body Composition: The BRITSH Ratio and Cardiovascular Risk - A Pilot Study. Anatolian journal of cardiology 2025. link 20 Abdel Mohsen Soliman RF, El Ghobashy MHA, Hafez MH, Abdel Latif HM, Elbarbary M, Ibrahim A. Abdominal aorta intima-media thickness in children with hypothyroidism. Pediatrics and neonatology 2025. link 21 Mantovani A, Csermely A, Bilson J, Borella N, Enrico S, Pecoraro B et al.. Association between primary hypothyroidism and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: an updated meta-analysis. Gut 2024. link 22 Hampton S. The link between underactive thyroid and leg oedema. British journal of community nursing 2024. link 23 Maryniak A, Biskupski P, Oleszak F, Stys A. Pericardial Effusion as a Complication of Severe Primary Hypothyroidism. South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association 2024. link 24 Zhang S, Yu H, Zhao Y, Gong A, Guan C, Chen S et al.. Genetically predicted hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone treatment, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a mendelian randomization study. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2024. link 25 Duñabeitia I, González-Devesa D, Varela-Martínez S, Diz-Gómez JC, Ayán-Pérez C. Effect of physical exercise in people with hypothyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation 2023. link 26 Wei J, Zhang F. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology 2023. link 27 LeFevre N, Zweig A. Subclinical hypothyroidism: Let the evidence be your guide. The Journal of family practice 2023. link 28 Ghimire A, Ghimire S, Baniya P, Pant SR, Subedi N, Koirala P et al.. Hypothyroidism among Pregnant Women Attending the Outpatient Department of Obstetrics in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association 2023. link 29 Souza DS, Marques LP, Costa AD, Cruz JS, Rhana P, Santos-Miranda A et al.. Experimental hypothyroidism induces cardiac arrhythmias and ranolazine reverts and prevents the phenotype. Life sciences 2022. link 30 Romani S, Fresse A, Parassol-Girard N, Gerard A, Levraut M, Yamani S et al.. Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions as an outlet for patient dismay? The case of Levothyrox® change of excipients. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology 2022. link 31 Saylik F, Akbulut T. The association of presystolic wave with subclinical left-ventricular dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Journal of echocardiography 2022. link 32 Otto Schneider K. Undetected Long-Term Hypothyroidism Caused by Hashimoto's Thyroiditis with Severe Cardiac Complications - An Unusual Case of Child Neglect. Klinische Padiatrie 2022. link 33 Awari DW, Dhanasekaran M, Mudrakola HV, Morales DJV, Weingarten TN, Sprung J. Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Severe Undiagnosed Hypothyroidism During Bronchoscopy. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2022. link 34 Ding X, Zhao Y, Zhu CY, Wu LP, Wang Y, Peng ZY et al.. The association between subclinical hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome: an update meta-analysis of observational studies. Endocrine journal 2021. link 35 Bode H, Ivens B, Bschor T, Schwarzer G, Henssler J, Baethge C. Association of Hypothyroidism and Clinical Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry 2021. link 36 Ruchała M. Increased efficacy of hypothyroidism control with liquid levothyroxine [Większa skuteczność lewotyroksyny w postaci płynnej w wyrównywaniu niedoczynności tarczycy]. Endokrynologia Polska 2021. link 37 Perros P, Nirantharakumar K, Hegedüs L. Recent evidence sets therapeutic targets for levothyroxine-treated patients with primary hypothyroidism based on risk of death. European journal of endocrinology 2021. link 38 Bridwell RE, Willis GC, Gottlieb M, Koyfman A, Long B. Decompensated hypothyroidism: A review for the emergency clinician. The American journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 39 De Sanctis V, Soliman A, Daar S, Di Maio S, Alhumaidi N, Alali M et al.. The Myxedema coma in children and adolescents: A rare endocrine emergency - Personal experience and review of literature. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis 2021. link 40 Taneja K, Patel S, Kaur A. Association of Vitamin D with Thyroid Status in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India. Clinical laboratory 2021. link 41 Huang WH, Sung KT, Kuo JY, Chen YJ, Huang CT, Chien SC et al.. Atrioventricular Longitudinal Mechanics Using Novel Speckle-Tracking Improved Risk Stratification Beyond Baseline Thyroid Hormone in Asymptomatic Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Circulation. Cardiovascular imaging 2021. link 42 Dabeer S, Sharma N, Nagdeote A. Vitamin D in Hypothyroid Patients and Association between Vitamin D and Anti-TPO in Autoimmune Hypothyroidism. Clinical laboratory 2020. link 43 Kim YH, Lee YA, Shin CH, Hong KT, Kim GB, Ko JS et al.. A Case of Consumptive Hypothyroidism in a 1-Month-Old Boy with Diffuse Infantile Hepatic Hemangiomas. Journal of Korean medical science 2020. link 44 Chada A, Dholakia S, Rye D. A Sleepy Patient With Frequent Falls. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 2019. link 45 Razvi S, Korevaar TIM, Taylor P. Trends, Determinants, and Associations of Treated Hypothyroidism in the United Kingdom, 2005-2014. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2019. link 46 Mateo RCI, Hennessey JV. Thyroxine and treatment of hypothyroidism: seven decades of experience. Endocrine 2019. link 47 Viard D, Parassol-Girard N, Romani S, Van Obberghen E, Rocher F, Berriri S et al.. Spontaneous adverse event notifications by patients subsequent to the marketing of a new formulation of Levothyrox. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology 2019. link 48 Liu M, Liu W, Zhang P, An J, Wang G. Left ventricular myocardial T1 mapping and strain analysis evaluate cardiac abnormality in hypothyroidism. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2019. link 49 Chaudhry MA, Grazette L, Fong MW. Myxedema Heart Disease: A Rare Disease Entity: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature. Current hypertension reviews 2019. link 50 Brenowitz WD, Han F, Kukull WA, Nelson PT. Treated hypothyroidism is associated with cerebrovascular disease but not Alzheimer's disease pathology in older adults. Neurobiology of aging 2018. link 51 Ro K, Yuen AD, Du L, Ro CC, Seger C, Yeh MW et al.. Impact of Hypothyroidism and Heart Failure on Hospitalization Risk. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2018. link 52 . You're the Flight Surgeon. Aerospace medicine and human performance 2017. link 53 Hennessey JV. The emergence of levothyroxine as a treatment for hypothyroidism. Endocrine 2017. link 54 Mirhosseini N, Brunel L, Muscogiuri G, Kimball S. Physiological serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with improved thyroid function-observations from a community-based program. Endocrine 2017. link 55 Unal E, Akın A, Yıldırım R, Demir V, Yildiz İ, Haspolat YK. Association of Subclinical Hypothyroidism with Dyslipidemia and Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2017. link 56 Modi A, Amin H, Salzman M, Morgan F. Acute compartment syndrome caused by uncontrolled hypothyroidism. The American journal of emergency medicine 2017. link 57 Altay M, Karakoç MA, Çakır N, Yılmaz Demirtaş C, Cerit ET, Aktürk M et al.. Serum Total Sialic Acid Level is Elevated in Hypothyroid Patients as an Atherosclerotic Risk Factor. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 2017. link 58 Radu L, Groppa L, Vudu L. MUSCULOSKELETAL IMPAIRMENT IN PRYMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 2016. link 59 Villagelin D, Comarella AP, Tiago DB, Ward LS. Management of gestational hypothyroidism: results of a Brazilian survey. Archives of endocrinology and metabolism 2016. link 60 Blumenthal NJ, Byth K, Eastman CJ. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2016. link 61 Rolfes L, van Hunsel F, Taxis K, van Puijenbroek E. The Impact of Experiencing Adverse Drug Reactions on the Patient's Quality of Life: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study in the Netherlands. Drug safety 2016. link 62 Abbas AM, Sakr HF. Effect of magnesium sulfate and thyroxine on inflammatory markers in a rat model of hypothyroidism. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology 2016. link 63 Shao Q, Cheng HJ, Callahan MF, Kitzman DW, Li WM, Cheng CP. Overexpression myocardial inducible nitric oxide synthase exacerbates cardiac dysfunction and beta-adrenergic desensitization in experimental hypothyroidism. International journal of cardiology 2016. link 64 Furnica RM, Lazarus JH, Gruson D, Daumerie C. Update on a new controversy in endocrinology: isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia. Journal of endocrinological investigation 2015. link 65 Mendes A. Recognising hypothyroidism in the community: what can nurses and patients do?. British journal of community nursing 2015. link 66 Joseph-Bravo P, Jaimes-Hoy L, Uribe RM, Charli JL. 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: TRH, the first hypophysiotropic releasing hormone isolated: control of the pituitary-thyroid axis. The Journal of endocrinology 2015. link 67 Biagetti B, Aulinas A, Dalama B, Nogués R, Zafón C, Mesa J. Communication between primary care and physician specialist: is it improving?. Revista de calidad asistencial : organo de la Sociedad Espanola de Calidad Asistencial 2015. link 68 Pratt N, Chan EW, Choi NK, Kimura M, Kimura T, Kubota K et al.. Prescription sequence symmetry analysis: assessing risk, temporality, and consistency for adverse drug reactions across datasets in five countries. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2015. link 69 Yazıcı D, Özben B, Toprak A, Yavuz D, Aydın H, Tarçın Ö et al.. Effects of restoration of the euthyroid state on epicardial adipose tissue and carotid intima media thickness in subclinical hypothyroid patients. Endocrine 2015. link 70 Çatli G, Kir M, Anik A, Yilmaz N, Böber E, Abaci A. The effect of L-thyroxine treatment on left ventricular functions in children with subclinical hypothyroidism. Archives of disease in childhood 2015. link 71 Kabir A, Islam S, Bose A. A male person of 55 years with hypothyroidism, ascites and heart failure. Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ 2015. link 72 Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman KD, Cappola AR, Celi FS et al.. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2014. link 73 Chaudhari D, Gangadharan V, Forrest T. Heart failure presenting as myxedema coma: case report and review article. Tennessee medicine : journal of the Tennessee Medical Association 2014. link 74 Bagcchi S. Hypothyroidism in India: more to be done. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology 2014. link70208-6) 75 Salomo LH, Laursen AH, Reiter N, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Myxoedema coma: an almost forgotten, yet still existing cause of multiorgan failure. BMJ case reports 2014. link 76 Ekka M, Ali I, Aggarwal P, Jamshed N. Cardiac tamponade as initial presenting feature of primary hypothyroidism in the ED. The American journal of emergency medicine 2014. link 77 Tanidir IC, Unuvar T, Haydin S. Prolonged mechanical ventilation associated with hypothyroidism after paediatric cardiac surgery. Cardiology in the young 2014. link 78 Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Measurement of total rather than free thyroxine in pregnancy: the diagnostic implications. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association 2013. link 79 Hyland KA, Arnold AM, Lee JS, Cappola AR. Persistent subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular risk in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2013. link 80 Forrest D, Wess J. A heartfelt response: new thyroid hormone-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus. The Journal of clinical investigation 2013. link 81 Verkleij CJ, Stuijver DJ, van Zaane B, Squizzato A, Brandjes DP, Büller HR et al.. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroxinaemia. Thrombosis and haemostasis 2013. link 82 Pasqualetti G, Tognini S, Polini A, Caraccio N, Monzani F. Is subclinical hypothyroidism a cardiovascular risk factor in the elderly?. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2013. link 83 Chaudhari D, Gangadharan V, Forrest T. Heart failure presenting as myxedema coma: case report and review article. Tennessee medicine : journal of the Tennessee Medical Association 2013. link 84 Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, Mechanick JI et al.. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2012. link 85 Pecina J, Bernard M, Furst J, Rohrer J. Hypothyroidism management: is an annual check of TSH level always necessary?. The Journal of family practice 2012. link 86 Angelousi AG, Anagnostou VK, Stamatakos MK, Georgiopoulos GA, Kontzoglou KC. Mechanisms in endocrinology: primary HT and risk for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of endocrinology 2012. link 87 Persani L, Bonomi M, Radin R, Beck-Peccoz P. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of acquired thyrotropic deficiency. Annales d'endocrinologie 2012. link 88 Wang S, Teng WP, Li JX, Wang WW, Shan ZY. Effects of maternal subclinical hypothyroidism on obstetrical outcomes during early pregnancy. Journal of endocrinological investigation 2012. link 89 Torun AN, Uzum AK, Aksoy N. Overt and mild subclinical hypothyroidism do not influence mean platelet volume in premenopausal women having low cardiac risk. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 2012. link 90 Chiang WF, Wu KA, Liu KY, Liu BY. Hypovolemia-induced Cardiac Tamponade in a Patient with Hypothyroidism. The Journal of emergency medicine 2012. link 91 Engin AB, Sepici-Dincel A, Gonul II, Engin A. Oxidative stress-induced endothelial cell damage in thyroidectomized rat. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie 2012. link 92 Zhao YH, Zhang JY, Xu Y, Zhang XY. Hypothyroid patient with Brugada electrocardiographic waveforms: case report. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2012. link 93 Maselli M, Inelmen EM, Giantin V, Manzato E. Hypothyroidism in the elderly: diagnostic pitfalls illustrated by a case report. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2012. link 94 Iida K, Hino Y, Ohara T, Chihara K. A case of myxedema coma caused by isolated thyrotropin stimulating hormone deficiency and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Endocrine journal 2011. link 95 Savinova OV, Liu Y, Aasen GA, Mao K, Weltman NY, Nedich BL et al.. Thyroid hormone promotes remodeling of coronary resistance vessels. PloS one 2011. link 96 Anah MU, Ansa VO, Etiuma AU, Udoh EE, Ineji EO, Asindi AA. Recurrent pericardial effusion associated with hypothyroidism in Down Syndrome: a case report. West African journal of medicine 2011. link 97 Maudens G, De Pauw M, Benoit D, Gevaert S. Torsades de pointes and acute de novo heart failure in a young woman. Acta clinica Belgica 2010. link 98 Mansén A, Tiselius C, Sand P, Fauconnier J, Westerblad H, Rydqvist B et al.. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha can control action potential duration in mouse ventricular myocytes through the KCNE1 ion channel subunit. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) 2010. link 99 Flynn RW, Bonellie SR, Jung RT, MacDonald TM, Morris AD, Leese GP. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and fractures in patients on long-term thyroxine therapy. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2010. link 100 Liu D, Jiang F, Shan Z, Wang B, Wang J, Lai Y et al.. A cross-sectional survey of relationship between serum TSH level and blood pressure. Journal of human hypertension 2010. link

Original source

[1]
Clarifying clinical findings in Hoffmann syndrome and myxedema. — Draves J, Yale S, Tekiner H, Yale E Folia medica (2026)
[2]
Eugene Hertoghe (1860-1928): Pioneer in endocrinology and the treatment of hypothyroidism. — Tekiner H, Yale ES, Yale SH Journal of medical biography (2026)
[3]
Differences in thyroid hormone prescribing practices between Japan Thyroid Association-certified thyroid specialists and non-certified members: a nationwide survey in Japan. — Nagayama Y, Tajiri J, Murakami T, Watanabe N, Sato S, Shindo H et al. Endocrine journal (2026)
[4]
Approach to the Patient Considering Thyroid Hormone Deprescribing. — Maraka S, Papaleontiou M The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2026)
[5]
Postmarketing pharmacovigilance study of levothyroxine based on FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) and Mendelian randomization. — Ma B, Ma Z, Liang P, Gong R, Wu H Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology (2026)
[6]
TUG1 and miR-145 as potential biomarkers associating hypothyroidism to cardiovascular risk. — Motawi TK, Shaker OG, Saied H, Sayed NH Clinical biochemistry (2026)
[7]
Risk of cardiac, neuropsychiatric and musculoskeletal adverse events with levothyroxine: Systematic review. — Baskaran BS, Omrani MA, Muanda FT British journal of clinical pharmacology (2026)
[8]
Neuro-immune, metabolic, and oxidative pathways in depression due to hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. — Al-Baldawi SQ, Al-Hakeim HK, Khémiri I, Maes M Journal of affective disorders (2026)
[9]
Recurrent ventricular tachycardia associated with non-compliance with thyroxine treatment for hypothyroidism. — Sundaram C, Keswani S, Varghese J, Mahajan C, Lokhandwala Y BMJ case reports (2026)
[10]
Hypothyroidism, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk prevention. — Duntas LH, Feldt-Rasmussen U Nature reviews. Endocrinology (2026)
[11]
The Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease Events in Women with Hypothyroidism: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. — Ettleson MD, Karavolos K, Burnett-Bowie SM, Jackson EA, Thurston RC, El Khoudary SR et al. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association (2026)
[12]
Central hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease: a Spanish cohort observational study. — Guerrero-Pérez F, Iglesias P, Paja Fano M, Moure Rodríguez MD, Biagetti B, Cordido F et al. Hormones (Athens, Greece) (2026)
[13]
The causal effects of hypothyroidism on cardiovascular disease: Bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization study. — Bai X, Sun M, Han X Journal of diabetes investigation (2026)
[14]
ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism. — Centanni M, Duntas L, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Koehrle J, Peeters RP, Razvi S et al. European thyroid journal (2025)
[15]
Quality of life in patients with overt hypothyroidism: a systematic review. — Thvilum M, Lind SM, Ebbehoj E, Gregersen S, Grove-Laugesen D European journal of endocrinology (2025)
[16]
Clinical thyroidology: beyond the 1970s' TSH-T4 Paradigm. — Lindner HH Frontiers in endocrinology (2025)
[17]
A questionnaire survey of thyroid specialists in Japan on the use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients. — Nagayama Y, Tajiri J, Murakami T, Watanabe N, Sato S, Shindo H et al. Endocrine journal (2025)
[18]
Evaluation of heart rate variability, QT dispersion, and Tp-e interval in pediatric subclinical hypothyroidism. — Aktar Ulukapi N, Kirel B, Kiztanir H, Sulu A, Kosger P, Ozen H et al. Pediatric research (2025)
[19]
Integrating Thyroid Function with Body Composition: The BRITSH Ratio and Cardiovascular Risk - A Pilot Study. — Kaya Ç, Altay S, Kayıkçıoğlu M Anatolian journal of cardiology (2025)
[20]
Abdominal aorta intima-media thickness in children with hypothyroidism. — Abdel Mohsen Soliman RF, El Ghobashy MHA, Hafez MH, Abdel Latif HM, Elbarbary M, Ibrahim A Pediatrics and neonatology (2025)
[21]
Association between primary hypothyroidism and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: an updated meta-analysis. — Mantovani A, Csermely A, Bilson J, Borella N, Enrico S, Pecoraro B et al. Gut (2024)
[22]
The link between underactive thyroid and leg oedema. — Hampton S British journal of community nursing (2024)
[23]
Pericardial Effusion as a Complication of Severe Primary Hypothyroidism. — Maryniak A, Biskupski P, Oleszak F, Stys A South Dakota medicine : the journal of the South Dakota State Medical Association (2024)
[24]
Genetically predicted hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone treatment, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a mendelian randomization study. — Zhang S, Yu H, Zhao Y, Gong A, Guan C, Chen S et al. BMC cardiovascular disorders (2024)
[25]
Effect of physical exercise in people with hypothyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis. — Duñabeitia I, González-Devesa D, Varela-Martínez S, Diz-Gómez JC, Ayán-Pérez C Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation (2023)
[26]
Effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism: a meta-analysis. — Wei J, Zhang F Frontiers in endocrinology (2023)
[27]
Subclinical hypothyroidism: Let the evidence be your guide. — LeFevre N, Zweig A The Journal of family practice (2023)
[28]
Hypothyroidism among Pregnant Women Attending the Outpatient Department of Obstetrics in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. — Ghimire A, Ghimire S, Baniya P, Pant SR, Subedi N, Koirala P et al. JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association (2023)
[29]
Experimental hypothyroidism induces cardiac arrhythmias and ranolazine reverts and prevents the phenotype. — Souza DS, Marques LP, Costa AD, Cruz JS, Rhana P, Santos-Miranda A et al. Life sciences (2022)
[30]
Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions as an outlet for patient dismay? The case of Levothyrox® change of excipients. — Romani S, Fresse A, Parassol-Girard N, Gerard A, Levraut M, Yamani S et al. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology (2022)
[31]
The association of presystolic wave with subclinical left-ventricular dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. — Saylik F, Akbulut T Journal of echocardiography (2022)
[32]
Undetected Long-Term Hypothyroidism Caused by Hashimoto's Thyroiditis with Severe Cardiac Complications - An Unusual Case of Child Neglect. — Otto Schneider K Klinische Padiatrie (2022)
[33]
Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Severe Undiagnosed Hypothyroidism During Bronchoscopy. — Awari DW, Dhanasekaran M, Mudrakola HV, Morales DJV, Weingarten TN, Sprung J Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia (2022)
[34]
The association between subclinical hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome: an update meta-analysis of observational studies. — Ding X, Zhao Y, Zhu CY, Wu LP, Wang Y, Peng ZY et al. Endocrine journal (2021)
[35]
Association of Hypothyroidism and Clinical Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Bode H, Ivens B, Bschor T, Schwarzer G, Henssler J, Baethge C JAMA psychiatry (2021)
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