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Cardiology906 papers

Mitral valve prolapse

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is characterized by the abnormal bulging of one or both mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population 3 27. It is often associated with mitral annular disjunction (MAD) and can lead to mitral regurgitation, arrhythmias, and increased cardiovascular risk 2 10 12.

Diagnosis

Echocardiography: Essential for diagnosis, assessing leaflet prolapse, degree of regurgitation, and presence of MAD 3 7 10 27.

Cardiac MRI: Useful for evaluating left ventricular fibrosis, papillary muscle involvement, and tissue characterization 6 16 20 22 30.

Electrocardiography: May reveal specific findings like arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities 11 44.

Sex-based differences: Female predominance noted, with higher arrhythmic risk 2.

Management

Regular Monitoring: For asymptomatic patients, regular echocardiograms to monitor progression 5.

Symptomatic Management: Beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers for palpitations or anxiety 48.

Antithrombotic Therapy: Considered in patients with high platelet volume or thromboembolic risk 48.

Surgical Intervention: Indicated for severe regurgitation, recurrent arrhythmias, or symptoms refractory to medical therapy 29 45 46.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Increased cardiovascular demands; close monitoring required 24.

Pediatrics: Quality of life assessments important; echocardiography critical for diagnosis and follow-up 56.

Elderly: Higher risk of complications; individualized management based on comorbidities 5.

Comorbidities: Left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis associated with increased arrhythmic risk 13 44 47.

Key Recommendations

Routine Echocardiography for diagnosis and monitoring progression of MVP and associated complications (Evidence: Strong 3 10).

Consider Cardiac MRI in patients with suspected arrhythmic risk or significant left ventricular involvement (Evidence: Moderate 6 22).

Surgical Repair for symptomatic patients with severe mitral regurgitation or recurrent arrhythmias (Evidence: Moderate 29 45).

Regular Clinical Follow-up for asymptomatic patients to assess for new symptoms or complications (Evidence: Expert opinion).

Tailored Management in special populations, particularly focusing on pregnancy and pediatric care (Evidence: Moderate 24 56).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 449 indexed papers.

1 Silbiger JJ, Marchenko O, Bazaz R, Panday P, Alter A, Salerno PRVO. Anomalous Attachment of the Posterior Mitral Annulus to the Crest of the Left Ventricle in Patients With Mitral Annular Disjunction (MAD) and Mitral Valve Prolapse. The American journal of cardiology 2026. link 2 Cristin L, Tastet L, Jhawar R, Rich AB, Tang JJ, Bibby D et al.. Sex-Based Differences in Mitral Annular Disjunction Severity and Arrhythmic Risk in Mitral Valve Prolapse. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2026. link 3 Silbiger JJ, Marchenko O, Safi L, Panday P. Echocardiographic and Pathophysiologic Insights Into Mitral Regurgitation, Mitral Annular Disjunction, and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2026. link 4 Zhao M, Zhu Z, Dai Y, Jiang L, Wen Q, Zhang Y et al.. ZFP36 inhibits the pro-apoptotic effects of transforming growth factor β1 on mitral valve interstitial cells via the GTP-binding protein 6 pathway in mitral valve prolapse. Experimental physiology 2026. link 5 Bhonsale A, Zawadzki J, Thoma F, Katz W, Voigt A, Shalaby A et al.. Mortality, Hospitalization, and Cardiac Interventions Among Patients With Mitral Valve Prolapse <65 Years of Age. Journal of the American Heart Association 2026. link 6 Tondi D, Sturla F, Marin-Cuartas M, Dieterlen MT, Jahnke C, Paetsch I et al.. Magnetic resonance-based computational modelling of healthy and prolapsing mitral valves to quantify the load transfer between the mitral apparatus and the ventricular myocardium. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 2026. link 7 Al-Alusi MA, Lau ES, Small AM, Reeder C, Shnitzer T, Andrews CT et al.. A Deep Learning Model to Identify Mitral Valve Prolapse From the Echocardiogram. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2026. link 8 Jaworski K, Kowalik I, Firek B, Marczak M, Spiewak M, Baranowski R et al.. Multiparametric Approach to Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse: Novel and Recognized Markers of Increased Sudden Cardiac Arrest Risk. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2026. link 9 Figliozzi S, Di Maio S, Georgiopoulos G, Vandenberk B, Chiribiri A, Francone M et al.. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2025. link 10 Fiore G, Rizza V, Ingallina G, Ancona F, Stella S, Biondi F et al.. Prevalence of Diastolic and Systolic Mitral Annular Disjunction in Patients With Mitral Valve Prolapse. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2025. link 11 Beyazal M, Ozgur S, Sayici IU, Celebi SK. Assessment of Heart Rate Variability in Children with Mitral Valve Prolapse. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 12 Chianese S, Ordine L, Pacella D, Canciello G, Di Napoli S, Lombardi R et al.. Arrhythmic risk in mitral valve prolapse with mitral annular disjunction: meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Scientific reports 2025. link 13 Cesmat AP, Chaudry AM, Gupta S, Weickert TT, Simpson RJ, Syed FF. Left ventricular hypertrophy and ventricular ectopy in mitral valve prolapse. International journal of cardiology 2025. link 14 Pistelli L, Vetta G, Parlavecchio A, Crea P, Parisi F, Magnocavallo M et al.. Arrhythmic risk profile in mitral valve prolapse: A systematic review and metanalysis of 1715 patients. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2024. link 15 Esposito A, Gatti M, Trivieri MG, Agricola E, Peretto G, Gallone G et al.. Imaging for the assessment of the arrhythmogenic potential of mitral valve prolapse. European radiology 2024. link 16 Spampinato RA, Marin-Cuartas M, van Kampen A, Fahr F, Sieg F, Strotdrees E et al.. Left ventricular fibrosis and CMR tissue characterization of papillary muscles in mitral valve prolapse patients. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2024. link 17 Cecere A, Cipriani A, De Lazzari M, Graziano F, Brunetti G, De Conti G et al.. Left ventricular fibrosis in arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse: quantification and comparison of semi-automated techniques assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2024. link 18 Son MJ, Chun EJ, Yoo SM, Lee SJ, White CS. Identification of Mitral Valve Prolapse on Non-electrocardiography-gated Enhanced Chest Computed Tomography. Journal of thoracic imaging 2024. link 19 Wand O, Gabbai D, Epstein Shochet G, Prokupetz A, Kats T, Ben-Ari O et al.. Negative impact of high-performance flights on aviators with mitral valve prolapse. Journal of cardiology 2023. link 20 Essayagh B, Benfari G, Antoine C, Grigioni F, Le Tourneau T, Roussel JC et al.. The MIDA-Q Mortality Risk Score: A Quantitative Prognostic Tool for the Mitral Valve Prolapse Spectrum. Circulation 2023. link 21 Battaglia V, Santangelo G, Bursi F, Simeoli P, Guazzi M. Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death: An Update and Current Perspectives. Current problems in cardiology 2023. link 22 Van De Heyning CM, Holtackers RJ, Nazir MS, Grapsa J, Demetrescu C, Pype L et al.. Dark-blood late gadolinium enhancement CMR improves detection of papillary muscle fibrosis in patients with mitral valve prolapse. European journal of radiology 2022. link 23 Musella F, Azzu A, Antonopoulos AS, La Mura L, Mohiaddin RH. Comprehensive mitral valve prolapse assessment by cardiovascular MRI. Clinical radiology 2022. link 24 Wilkie GL, Qureshi WT, O'Day KW, Aurigemma GP, Goldberg RJ, Amjad W et al.. Cardiac and Obstetric Outcomes Associated With Mitral Valve Prolapse. The American journal of cardiology 2022. link 25 Marano PJ, Lim LJ, Sanchez JM, Alvi R, Nah G, Badhwar N et al.. Long-term outcomes of ablation for ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2021. link 26 Sonaglioni A, Nicolosi GL, Lombardo M, Gensini GF, Ambrosio G. Influence of chest conformation on myocardial strain parameters in healthy subjects with mitral valve prolapse. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2021. link 27 El-Tallawi KC, Kitkungvan D, Xu J, Cristini V, Yang EY, Quinones MA et al.. Resolving the Disproportionate Left Ventricular Enlargement in Mitral Valve Prolapse Due to Barlow Disease: Insights From Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2021. link 28 Han HC, Parsons SA, Curl CL, Teh AW, Raaijmakers AJA, Koshy AN et al.. Systematic quantification of histologic ventricular fibrosis in isolated mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death. Heart rhythm 2021. link 29 Yano M, Nishimura M, Yokota A, Mori K. Mitral valve repair in Barlow's disease by chordal reconstruction using the adjustable slip-knot technique. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 30 Pradella S, Grazzini G, Brandani M, Calistri L, Nardi C, Mori F et al.. Cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with mitral valve prolapse: Focus on late gadolinium enhancement and T1 mapping. European radiology 2019. link 31 Hei S, Iwataki M, Jang JY, Kuwaki H, Mahara K, Fukuda S et al.. Possible mechanism of late systolic mitral valve prolapse: systolic superior shift of leaflets secondary to annular dilatation that causes papillary muscle traction. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2019. link 32 Clemenceau A, Bérubé JC, Bélanger P, Gaudreault N, Lamontagne M, Toubal O et al.. Deleterious variants in DCHS1 are prevalent in sporadic cases of mitral valve prolapse. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine 2018. link 33 Erolu E, Akalın F, Çetiner N, Şaylan Çevik B. Aortic elasticity and carotid intima-media thickness in children with mitral valve prolapse. Cardiology in the young 2018. link 34 Bui AH, Roujol S, Foppa M, Kissinger KV, Goddu B, Hauser TH et al.. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis in patients with mitral valve prolapse and ventricular arrhythmia. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2017. link 35 Yano M, Matsuyama M, Nishimura M, Kawagoe K. The adjustable slipknot technique for implanting neochordae in the repair of mitral valve prolapse. Multimedia manual of cardiothoracic surgery : MMCTS 2016. link 36 Choi A, McPherson DD, Kim H. Biomechanical evaluation of the pathophysiologic developmental mechanisms of mitral valve prolapse: effect of valvular morphologic alteration. Medical & biological engineering & computing 2016. link 37 Arslan HH, Aparci M, Arslan Z, Ozturk C, Isilak Z, Balta S et al.. Increased frequency of mitral valve prolapse in patients with deviated nasal septum. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2015. link 38 Theofilogiannakos EK, Boudoulas KD, Gawronski BE, Langaee TY, Dardas PS, Ninios V et al.. Floppy mitral valve/mitral valve prolapse syndrome: Beta-adrenergic receptor polymorphism may contribute to the pathogenesis of symptoms. Journal of cardiology 2015. link 39 Chiang SJ, Daimon M, Wang LH, Hung MJ, Chang NC, Lin HC. Association between mitral valve prolapse and open-angle glaucoma. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2015. link 40 Delling FN, Rong J, Larson MG, Lehman B, Osypiuk E, Stantchev P et al.. Familial clustering of mitral valve prolapse in the community. Circulation 2015. link 41 Cagli K, Lafci G, Cicek O. An alternative "no resection" technique for posterior mitral leaflet prolapse repair: reverse T-plasty. Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2014. link 42 Moriyama H, Tomita S, Watanabe G. Dynamic evaluation of the loop technique using the U-Clip. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2014. link 43 Hien MD, Großgasteiger M, Weymann A, Rauch H, Rosendal C. Reproducibility in echocardiographic two- and three-dimensional mitral valve assessment. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2014. link 44 Roberts WC, Vowels TJ, Ko JM, Hebeler RF. Gross and histological features of excised portions of posterior mitral leaflet in patients having operative repair of mitral valve prolapse and comments on the concept of missing (= ruptured) chordae tendineae. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2014. link 45 Feins EN, Yamauchi H, Marx GR, Freudenthal FP, Liu H, Del Nido PJ et al.. Repair of posterior mitral valve prolapse with a novel leaflet plication clip in an animal model. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2014. link 46 Tsukui H, Umehara N, Saito H, Saito S, Yamazaki K. Early outcome of folding mitral valve repair technique without resection for mitral valve prolapse in 60 patients. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2013. link 47 Sakaguchi T, Nishi H, Miyagawa S, Yoshikawa Y, Fukushima S, Yoshioka D et al.. One-knot technique: a simple modification of the loop technique for mitral valve repair. Surgery today 2013. link 48 Icli A, Aksoy F, Dogan A, Arslan A, Ersoy I, Yucel H et al.. Mean platelet volume may be elevated in mitral valve prolapse and associated with the severity of prolapse. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 2013. link 49 Lee AP, Hsiung MC, Salgo IS, Fang F, Xie JM, Zhang YC et al.. Quantitative analysis of mitral valve morphology in mitral valve prolapse with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: importance of annular saddle shape in the pathogenesis of mitral regurgitation. Circulation 2013. link 50 Bhattacharya S, He Z. Annulus tension of the prolapsed mitral valve corrected by edge-to-edge repair. Journal of biomechanics 2012. link 51 Yiginer O, Keser N, Ozmen N, Tokatli A, Kardesoglu E, Isilak Z et al.. Classic mitral valve prolapse causes enlargement in left ventricle even in the absence of significant mitral regurgitation. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2012. link 52 Ghosh N, Al-Shehri H, Chan K, Mesana T, Chan V, Chen L et al.. Characterization of mitral valve prolapse with cardiac computed tomography: comparison to echocardiographic and intraoperative findings. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2012. link 53 Isoda S, Osako M, Kimura T, Mashiko Y, Yamanaka N, Nakamura S et al.. The "loop with anchor" technique to repair mitral valve prolapse. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia 2012. link 54 Calafiore AM, Di Mauro M, Iacò AL, Varone E, Romeo A, Mangiafico S et al.. Resecting and nonresecting techniques for posterior mitral leaflet prolapse. Journal of cardiac surgery 2011. link 55 Kassem S, Moasis GA, Biglioli P. Tent-shape technique: another procedure to repair P2 of posterior leaflet of mitral valve. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2011. link 56 Janiec I, Werner B, Sieminska J, Ravens-Sieberer U. Quality of life of children with mitral valve prolapse. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation 2011. link 57 Prunotto M, Caimmi PP, Bongiovanni M. Cellular pathology of mitral valve prolapse. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2010. link 58 Matos-Souza JR, Fernandes-Santos ME, Hoehne EL, Franchini KG, Nadruz W. Isolated mitral valve prolapse is an independent predictor of aortic root size in a general population. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2010. link 59 Turker Y, Ozaydin M, Acar G, Ozgul M, Hoscan Y, Varol E et al.. Predictors of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2010. link 60 Chepurnenko SA. Clinical and diagnostic significance of measurement of blood activity of endopeptidases and their inhibitors in youths with mitral valve prolapse. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 2010. link 61 Turker Y, Ozaydin M, Acar G, Ozgul M, Hoscan Y, Varol E et al.. Predictors of atrial arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Acta cardiologica 2009. link 62 Uno K, Takenaka K, Ebihara A, Nawata K, Hayashi N, Nagasaki M et al.. Value of live 3D transoesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of mitral valve lesions. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2009. link 63 Mahimkar R, Nguyen A, Mann M, Yeh CC, Zhu BQ, Karliner JS et al.. Cardiac transgenic matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression induces myxomatous valve degeneration: a potential model of mitral valve prolapse disease. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2009. link 64 Chen HY. Relationship of heart rate turbulence, heart rate variability and the number of ventricular premature beats in patients with mitral valve prolapse and non-significant regurgitation. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 65 Valchanov K, Wells FC. You can love it so much. Heart shape. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2008. link 66 Avierinos JF, Inamo J, Grigioni F, Gersh B, Shub C, Enriquez-Sarano M. Sex differences in morphology and outcomes of mitral valve prolapse. Annals of internal medicine 2008. link 67 Williams JL, Toyoda Y, Ota T, Gutkin D, Katz W, Zenati M et al.. Feasibility of myxomatous mitral valve repair using direct leaflet and chordal radiofrequency ablation. Journal of interventional cardiology 2008. link 68 Guven B, Eroglu AG, Babaoglu K, Demir T, Güzeltas A, Oztunc F et al.. QT dispersion and diastolic functions in differential diagnosis of primary mitral valve prolapse and rheumatic mitral valve prolapse. Pediatric cardiology 2008. link 69 Anders S, Said S, Schulz F, Püschel K. Mitral valve prolapse syndrome as cause of sudden death in young adults. Forensic science international 2007. link 70 Hung HF, Kao PF, Lin YS, Chen FC, Chen FC, Tsai JC et al.. Changes of serum beta-endorphin by programmed exercise training are correlated with improvement of clinical symptoms and quality of life in female mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Cardiology 2007. link 71 Yosefy C, Ben Barak A. Floppy mitral valve/mitral valve prolapse and genetics. The Journal of heart valve disease 2007. link 72 Hepner AD, Ahmadi-Kashani M, Movahed MR. The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in patients undergoing echocardiography for clinical reason. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 73 Pepi M, Tamborini G, Maltagliati A, Galli CA, Sisillo E, Salvi L et al.. Head-to-head comparison of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the localization of mitral valve prolapse. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006. link 74 Delabays A, Jeanrenaud X, Chassot PG, Von Segesser LK, Kappenberger L. Localization and quantification of mitral valve prolapse using three-dimensional echocardiography. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2004. link 75 Weyman AE, Scherrer-Crosbie M. Marfan syndrome and mitral valve prolapse. The Journal of clinical investigation 2004. link 76 Koutlianos NA, Kouidi EJ, Metaxas TI, Deligiannis AP. Non-invasive cardiac electrophysiological indices in soccer players with mitral valve prolapse. European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology 2004. link 77 Arcari L. Mitral valve prolapse associated with celiac artery stenosis: a new ultrasonographic syndrome?. Cardiovascular ultrasound 2004. link 78 Butany J, Privitera S, David TE. Mitral valve prolapse: an atypical variation of the anatomy. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2003. link 79 James PA, Aftimos S, Skinner JR. Familial mitral valve prolapse associated with short stature, characteristic face, and sudden death. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 2003. link 80 Hayek E, Griffin B. Mitral valve prolapse: old beliefs yield to new knowledge. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2002. link 81 Avierinos JF, Gersh BJ, Melton LJ, Bailey KR, Shub C, Nishimura RA et al.. Natural history of asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse in the community. Circulation 2002. link 82 Freed LA, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Evans JC, Fuller DL et al.. Mitral valve prolapse in the general population: the benign nature of echocardiographic features in the Framingham Heart Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2002. link02161-7) 83 Chou HT, Hung JS, Chen YT, Shi YR, Tsai FJ. Association between angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism and mitral valve prolapse syndrome in Taiwan Chinese. The Journal of heart valve disease 2002. link 84 Chou HT, Shi YR, Chang CT, Tsai FJ. The polymorphisms of codon 727 and 52 of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor gene are not associated with mitral valve prolapse syndrome in Taiwan Chinese. Japanese heart journal 2002. link 85 Fasol R, Joubert-Hübner E. Triangular resection of the anterior leaflet for repair of the mitral valve. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2001. link02065-8) 86 Devereux RB, Jones EC, Roman MJ, Howard BV, Fabsitz RR, Liu JE et al.. Prevalence and correlates of mitral valve prolapse in a population-based sample of American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. The American journal of medicine 2001. link00981-0) 87 Zouridakis EG, Parthenakis FI, Kochiadakis GE, Kanoupakis EM, Vardas PE. QT dispersion in patients with mitral valve prolapse is related to the echocardiographic degree of the prolapse and mitral leaflet thickness. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2001. link 88 Chetri K, Choudhuri G, Gogoi R, Baijal SS, Sikora SS. Pseudoaneurysm of gastroduodenal artery associated with mitral valve prolapse presenting as haemobilia. Tropical gastroenterology : official journal of the Digestive Diseases Foundation 2001. link 89 Di Salvo G, Pergola V, Ratti G, Tedesco MA, Giordano C, Scialdone A et al.. Atrial natriuretic factor and mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Minerva cardioangiologica 2001. link 90 Tamam L, Ozpoyraz N, San M, Bozkurt A. Association between idiopathic mitral valve prolapse and panic disorder. Croatian medical journal 2000. link 91 Casset-Senon D, Babuty D, Philippe L, Fauchier L, Eder V, Fauchier JP et al.. Fourier phase analysis of SPECT equilibrium radionuclide angiography in symptomatic patients with mitral valve prolapse without significant mitral regurgitation: assessment of biventricular functional abnormalities suggesting a cardiomyopathy. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2000. link 92 Scordo KA. The treatment of mitral valve prolapse syndrome in a nurse-managed outpatient mitral valve prolapse clinic. The Nursing clinics of North America 2000. link 93 Podgorelec V, Brest J, Kokol P. Power of heterogeneous computing as a vehicle for implementing E(3) medical decision support systems. International journal of medical informatics 2000. link00086-1) 94 Rajaratnam K, Kumar PD, Sahasranam KV. Supernumerary nipple as a cutaneous marker of mitral valve prolapse in Asian Indians. The American journal of cardiology 2000. link01057-2) 95 Tikiz H, Balbay Y, Kural T, Göksel S. Assessment of left ventricular systolic function in patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse using dobutamine stress echocardiography. Clinical cardiology 2000. link 96 Flack JM, Kvasnicka JH, Gardin JM, Gidding SS, Manolio TA, Jacobs DR. Anthropometric and physiologic correlates of mitral valve prolapse in a biethnic cohort of young adults: the CARDIA study. American heart journal 1999. link70151-1) 97 Wu TC, Chen JW, Hsu NW, Chen YH, Lin SJ, Wang SP et al.. Coronary flow reserve and ischemic-like electrocardiogram in patients with symptomatic mitral valve prolapse. Japanese heart journal 1999. link 98 Olsen LH, Fredholm M, Pedersen HD. Epidemiology and inheritance of mitral valve prolapse in Dachshunds. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 1999. link013<0448:eaiomv>2.3.co;2) 99 Ulgen MS, Biyik I, Karadede A, Temamogullari AV, Alan S, Toprak N. Relation between QT dispersion and ventricular arrhythmias in uncomplicated isolated mitral valve prolapse. Japanese circulation journal 1999. link 100 Disse S, Abergel E, Berrebi A, Houot AM, Le Heuzey JY, Diebold B et al.. Mapping of a first locus for autosomal dominant myxomatous mitral-valve prolapse to chromosome 16p11.2-p12.1. American journal of human genetics 1999. link

Original source

[1]
Anomalous Attachment of the Posterior Mitral Annulus to the Crest of the Left Ventricle in Patients With Mitral Annular Disjunction (MAD) and Mitral Valve Prolapse. — Silbiger JJ, Marchenko O, Bazaz R, Panday P, Alter A, Salerno PRVO The American journal of cardiology (2026)
[2]
Sex-Based Differences in Mitral Annular Disjunction Severity and Arrhythmic Risk in Mitral Valve Prolapse. — Cristin L, Tastet L, Jhawar R, Rich AB, Tang JJ, Bibby D et al. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography (2026)
[3]
Echocardiographic and Pathophysiologic Insights Into Mitral Regurgitation, Mitral Annular Disjunction, and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse. — Silbiger JJ, Marchenko O, Safi L, Panday P Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography (2026)
[4]
ZFP36 inhibits the pro-apoptotic effects of transforming growth factor β1 on mitral valve interstitial cells via the GTP-binding protein 6 pathway in mitral valve prolapse. — Zhao M, Zhu Z, Dai Y, Jiang L, Wen Q, Zhang Y et al. Experimental physiology (2026)
[5]
Mortality, Hospitalization, and Cardiac Interventions Among Patients With Mitral Valve Prolapse <65 Years of Age. — Bhonsale A, Zawadzki J, Thoma F, Katz W, Voigt A, Shalaby A et al. Journal of the American Heart Association (2026)
[6]
Magnetic resonance-based computational modelling of healthy and prolapsing mitral valves to quantify the load transfer between the mitral apparatus and the ventricular myocardium. — Tondi D, Sturla F, Marin-Cuartas M, Dieterlen MT, Jahnke C, Paetsch I et al. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine (2026)
[7]
A Deep Learning Model to Identify Mitral Valve Prolapse From the Echocardiogram. — Al-Alusi MA, Lau ES, Small AM, Reeder C, Shnitzer T, Andrews CT et al. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2026)
[8]
Multiparametric Approach to Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse: Novel and Recognized Markers of Increased Sudden Cardiac Arrest Risk. — Jaworski K, Kowalik I, Firek B, Marczak M, Spiewak M, Baranowski R et al. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography (2026)
[9]
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with mitral valve prolapse. — Figliozzi S, Di Maio S, Georgiopoulos G, Vandenberk B, Chiribiri A, Francone M et al. Journal of cardiovascular magnetic resonance : official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (2025)
[10]
Prevalence of Diastolic and Systolic Mitral Annular Disjunction in Patients With Mitral Valve Prolapse. — Fiore G, Rizza V, Ingallina G, Ancona F, Stella S, Biondi F et al. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography (2025)
[11]
Assessment of Heart Rate Variability in Children with Mitral Valve Prolapse. — Beyazal M, Ozgur S, Sayici IU, Celebi SK Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[12]
Arrhythmic risk in mitral valve prolapse with mitral annular disjunction: meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. — Chianese S, Ordine L, Pacella D, Canciello G, Di Napoli S, Lombardi R et al. Scientific reports (2025)
[13]
Left ventricular hypertrophy and ventricular ectopy in mitral valve prolapse. — Cesmat AP, Chaudry AM, Gupta S, Weickert TT, Simpson RJ, Syed FF International journal of cardiology (2025)
[14]
Arrhythmic risk profile in mitral valve prolapse: A systematic review and metanalysis of 1715 patients. — Pistelli L, Vetta G, Parlavecchio A, Crea P, Parisi F, Magnocavallo M et al. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2024)
[15]
Imaging for the assessment of the arrhythmogenic potential of mitral valve prolapse. — Esposito A, Gatti M, Trivieri MG, Agricola E, Peretto G, Gallone G et al. European radiology (2024)
[16]
Left ventricular fibrosis and CMR tissue characterization of papillary muscles in mitral valve prolapse patients. — Spampinato RA, Marin-Cuartas M, van Kampen A, Fahr F, Sieg F, Strotdrees E et al. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging (2024)
[17]
Left ventricular fibrosis in arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse: quantification and comparison of semi-automated techniques assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance. — Cecere A, Cipriani A, De Lazzari M, Graziano F, Brunetti G, De Conti G et al. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging (2024)
[18]
Identification of Mitral Valve Prolapse on Non-electrocardiography-gated Enhanced Chest Computed Tomography. — Son MJ, Chun EJ, Yoo SM, Lee SJ, White CS Journal of thoracic imaging (2024)
[19]
Negative impact of high-performance flights on aviators with mitral valve prolapse. — Wand O, Gabbai D, Epstein Shochet G, Prokupetz A, Kats T, Ben-Ari O et al. Journal of cardiology (2023)
[20]
The MIDA-Q Mortality Risk Score: A Quantitative Prognostic Tool for the Mitral Valve Prolapse Spectrum. — Essayagh B, Benfari G, Antoine C, Grigioni F, Le Tourneau T, Roussel JC et al. Circulation (2023)
[21]
Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death: An Update and Current Perspectives. — Battaglia V, Santangelo G, Bursi F, Simeoli P, Guazzi M Current problems in cardiology (2023)
[22]
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The adjustable slipknot technique for implanting neochordae in the repair of mitral valve prolapse. — Yano M, Matsuyama M, Nishimura M, Kawagoe K Multimedia manual of cardiothoracic surgery : MMCTS (2016)
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Increased frequency of mitral valve prolapse in patients with deviated nasal septum. — Arslan HH, Aparci M, Arslan Z, Ozturk C, Isilak Z, Balta S et al. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2015)
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Association between mitral valve prolapse and open-angle glaucoma. — Chiang SJ, Daimon M, Wang LH, Hung MJ, Chang NC, Lin HC Heart (British Cardiac Society) (2015)
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Familial clustering of mitral valve prolapse in the community. — Delling FN, Rong J, Larson MG, Lehman B, Osypiuk E, Stantchev P et al. Circulation (2015)
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An alternative "no resection" technique for posterior mitral leaflet prolapse repair: reverse T-plasty. — Cagli K, Lafci G, Cicek O Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2014)
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Dynamic evaluation of the loop technique using the U-Clip. — Moriyama H, Tomita S, Watanabe G Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals (2014)
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Reproducibility in echocardiographic two- and three-dimensional mitral valve assessment. — Hien MD, Großgasteiger M, Weymann A, Rauch H, Rosendal C Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2014)
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Gross and histological features of excised portions of posterior mitral leaflet in patients having operative repair of mitral valve prolapse and comments on the concept of missing (= ruptured) chordae tendineae. — Roberts WC, Vowels TJ, Ko JM, Hebeler RF Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
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Early outcome of folding mitral valve repair technique without resection for mitral valve prolapse in 60 patients. — Tsukui H, Umehara N, Saito H, Saito S, Yamazaki K The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2013)
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One-knot technique: a simple modification of the loop technique for mitral valve repair. — Sakaguchi T, Nishi H, Miyagawa S, Yoshikawa Y, Fukushima S, Yoshioka D et al. Surgery today (2013)
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Mean platelet volume may be elevated in mitral valve prolapse and associated with the severity of prolapse. — Icli A, Aksoy F, Dogan A, Arslan A, Ersoy I, Yucel H et al. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis (2013)
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Quantitative analysis of mitral valve morphology in mitral valve prolapse with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: importance of annular saddle shape in the pathogenesis of mitral regurgitation. — Lee AP, Hsiung MC, Salgo IS, Fang F, Xie JM, Zhang YC et al. Circulation (2013)
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Annulus tension of the prolapsed mitral valve corrected by edge-to-edge repair. — Bhattacharya S, He Z Journal of biomechanics (2012)
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Classic mitral valve prolapse causes enlargement in left ventricle even in the absence of significant mitral regurgitation. — Yiginer O, Keser N, Ozmen N, Tokatli A, Kardesoglu E, Isilak Z et al. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2012)
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Characterization of mitral valve prolapse with cardiac computed tomography: comparison to echocardiographic and intraoperative findings. — Ghosh N, Al-Shehri H, Chan K, Mesana T, Chan V, Chen L et al. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging (2012)
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The "loop with anchor" technique to repair mitral valve prolapse. — Isoda S, Osako M, Kimura T, Mashiko Y, Yamanaka N, Nakamura S et al. Annals of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official journal of the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of Asia (2012)
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Resecting and nonresecting techniques for posterior mitral leaflet prolapse. — Calafiore AM, Di Mauro M, Iacò AL, Varone E, Romeo A, Mangiafico S et al. Journal of cardiac surgery (2011)
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Tent-shape technique: another procedure to repair P2 of posterior leaflet of mitral valve. — Kassem S, Moasis GA, Biglioli P European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery (2011)
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Quality of life of children with mitral valve prolapse. — Janiec I, Werner B, Sieminska J, Ravens-Sieberer U Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation (2011)
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Cellular pathology of mitral valve prolapse. — Prunotto M, Caimmi PP, Bongiovanni M Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology (2010)
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Isolated mitral valve prolapse is an independent predictor of aortic root size in a general population. — Matos-Souza JR, Fernandes-Santos ME, Hoehne EL, Franchini KG, Nadruz W European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology (2010)
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Predictors of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse. — Turker Y, Ozaydin M, Acar G, Ozgul M, Hoscan Y, Varol E et al. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging (2010)
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Clinical and diagnostic significance of measurement of blood activity of endopeptidases and their inhibitors in youths with mitral valve prolapse. — Chepurnenko SA Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine (2010)
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Predictors of atrial arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse. — Turker Y, Ozaydin M, Acar G, Ozgul M, Hoscan Y, Varol E et al. Acta cardiologica (2009)
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Value of live 3D transoesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of mitral valve lesions. — Uno K, Takenaka K, Ebihara A, Nawata K, Hayashi N, Nagasaki M et al. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology (2009)
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Cardiac transgenic matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression induces myxomatous valve degeneration: a potential model of mitral valve prolapse disease. — Mahimkar R, Nguyen A, Mann M, Yeh CC, Zhu BQ, Karliner JS et al. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology (2009)
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Relationship of heart rate turbulence, heart rate variability and the number of ventricular premature beats in patients with mitral valve prolapse and non-significant regurgitation. — Chen HY International journal of cardiology (2009)
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Sex differences in morphology and outcomes of mitral valve prolapse. — Avierinos JF, Inamo J, Grigioni F, Gersh B, Shub C, Enriquez-Sarano M Annals of internal medicine (2008)
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Feasibility of myxomatous mitral valve repair using direct leaflet and chordal radiofrequency ablation. — Williams JL, Toyoda Y, Ota T, Gutkin D, Katz W, Zenati M et al. Journal of interventional cardiology (2008)
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QT dispersion and diastolic functions in differential diagnosis of primary mitral valve prolapse and rheumatic mitral valve prolapse. — Guven B, Eroglu AG, Babaoglu K, Demir T, Güzeltas A, Oztunc F et al. Pediatric cardiology (2008)
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Mitral valve prolapse syndrome as cause of sudden death in young adults. — Anders S, Said S, Schulz F, Püschel K Forensic science international (2007)
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Changes of serum beta-endorphin by programmed exercise training are correlated with improvement of clinical symptoms and quality of life in female mitral valve prolapse syndrome. — Hung HF, Kao PF, Lin YS, Chen FC, Chen FC, Tsai JC et al. Cardiology (2007)
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The prevalence of mitral valve prolapse in patients undergoing echocardiography for clinical reason. — Hepner AD, Ahmadi-Kashani M, Movahed MR International journal of cardiology (2007)
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Head-to-head comparison of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the localization of mitral valve prolapse. — Pepi M, Tamborini G, Maltagliati A, Galli CA, Sisillo E, Salvi L et al. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2006)
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Localization and quantification of mitral valve prolapse using three-dimensional echocardiography. — Delabays A, Jeanrenaud X, Chassot PG, Von Segesser LK, Kappenberger L European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology (2004)
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Marfan syndrome and mitral valve prolapse. — Weyman AE, Scherrer-Crosbie M The Journal of clinical investigation (2004)
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Non-invasive cardiac electrophysiological indices in soccer players with mitral valve prolapse. — Koutlianos NA, Kouidi EJ, Metaxas TI, Deligiannis AP European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology (2004)
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Mitral valve prolapse: an atypical variation of the anatomy. — Butany J, Privitera S, David TE The Canadian journal of cardiology (2003)
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Familial mitral valve prolapse associated with short stature, characteristic face, and sudden death. — James PA, Aftimos S, Skinner JR American journal of medical genetics. Part A (2003)
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Mitral valve prolapse: old beliefs yield to new knowledge. — Hayek E, Griffin B Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine (2002)
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Mitral valve prolapse in the general population: the benign nature of echocardiographic features in the Framingham Heart Study. — Freed LA, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Evans JC, Fuller DL et al. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
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Association between angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism and mitral valve prolapse syndrome in Taiwan Chinese. — Chou HT, Hung JS, Chen YT, Shi YR, Tsai FJ The Journal of heart valve disease (2002)
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The polymorphisms of codon 727 and 52 of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor gene are not associated with mitral valve prolapse syndrome in Taiwan Chinese. — Chou HT, Shi YR, Chang CT, Tsai FJ Japanese heart journal (2002)
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Triangular resection of the anterior leaflet for repair of the mitral valve. — Fasol R, Joubert-Hübner E The Annals of thoracic surgery (2001)
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Prevalence and correlates of mitral valve prolapse in a population-based sample of American Indians: the Strong Heart Study. — Devereux RB, Jones EC, Roman MJ, Howard BV, Fabsitz RR, Liu JE et al. The American journal of medicine (2001)
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QT dispersion in patients with mitral valve prolapse is related to the echocardiographic degree of the prolapse and mitral leaflet thickness. — Zouridakis EG, Parthenakis FI, Kochiadakis GE, Kanoupakis EM, Vardas PE Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology (2001)
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Pseudoaneurysm of gastroduodenal artery associated with mitral valve prolapse presenting as haemobilia. — Chetri K, Choudhuri G, Gogoi R, Baijal SS, Sikora SS Tropical gastroenterology : official journal of the Digestive Diseases Foundation (2001)
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Atrial natriuretic factor and mitral valve prolapse syndrome. — Di Salvo G, Pergola V, Ratti G, Tedesco MA, Giordano C, Scialdone A et al. Minerva cardioangiologica (2001)
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Association between idiopathic mitral valve prolapse and panic disorder. — Tamam L, Ozpoyraz N, San M, Bozkurt A Croatian medical journal (2000)
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Fourier phase analysis of SPECT equilibrium radionuclide angiography in symptomatic patients with mitral valve prolapse without significant mitral regurgitation: assessment of biventricular functional abnormalities suggesting a cardiomyopathy. — Casset-Senon D, Babuty D, Philippe L, Fauchier L, Eder V, Fauchier JP et al. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (2000)
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The treatment of mitral valve prolapse syndrome in a nurse-managed outpatient mitral valve prolapse clinic. — Scordo KA The Nursing clinics of North America (2000)
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Power of heterogeneous computing as a vehicle for implementing E(3) medical decision support systems. — Podgorelec V, Brest J, Kokol P International journal of medical informatics (2000)
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Supernumerary nipple as a cutaneous marker of mitral valve prolapse in Asian Indians. — Rajaratnam K, Kumar PD, Sahasranam KV The American journal of cardiology (2000)
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Assessment of left ventricular systolic function in patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse using dobutamine stress echocardiography. — Tikiz H, Balbay Y, Kural T, Göksel S Clinical cardiology (2000)
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Anthropometric and physiologic correlates of mitral valve prolapse in a biethnic cohort of young adults: the CARDIA study. — Flack JM, Kvasnicka JH, Gardin JM, Gidding SS, Manolio TA, Jacobs DR American heart journal (1999)
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Coronary flow reserve and ischemic-like electrocardiogram in patients with symptomatic mitral valve prolapse. — Wu TC, Chen JW, Hsu NW, Chen YH, Lin SJ, Wang SP et al. Japanese heart journal (1999)
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Epidemiology and inheritance of mitral valve prolapse in Dachshunds. — Olsen LH, Fredholm M, Pedersen HD Journal of veterinary internal medicine (1999)
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Relation between QT dispersion and ventricular arrhythmias in uncomplicated isolated mitral valve prolapse. — Ulgen MS, Biyik I, Karadede A, Temamogullari AV, Alan S, Toprak N Japanese circulation journal (1999)
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Mapping of a first locus for autosomal dominant myxomatous mitral-valve prolapse to chromosome 16p11.2-p12.1. — Disse S, Abergel E, Berrebi A, Houot AM, Le Heuzey JY, Diebold B et al. American journal of human genetics (1999)

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