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Cardiology7312 papers

Cardiac arrest

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Cardiac arrest is characterized by the cessation of cardiac mechanical activity leading to a lack of effective circulation and oxygenation. It necessitates immediate resuscitation efforts to restore circulation and prevent irreversible organ damage. 3353

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Loss of consciousness, absence of breathing, and absence of palpable pulse.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): Identification of shockable rhythms (ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia) or non-shockable rhythms (asystole, pulseless electrical activity).
  • Initial Assessment: Focus on identifying the rhythm type and initiating CPR promptly. 21833
  • Management

  • Immediate Actions:
  • - CPR: High-quality chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute, depth of 5-6 cm for adults. 32633 - Defibrillation: Early defibrillation for shockable rhythms. 1967 - Airway Management: Rapid establishment of an open airway, ideally using supraglottic airways or endotracheal intubation based on provider expertise. 209
  • Medications:
  • - Epinephrine: Administered every 3-5 minutes to enhance myocardial contractility and vasoconstriction. 2939 - Sodium Bicarbonate: Consideration in cases of metabolic acidosis, though evidence is mixed. 41
  • Advanced Support:
  • - Extracorporeal CPR (ECPR): For refractory cases, particularly in younger patients with shockable rhythms. 4480 - Targeted Temperature Management (TTM): Post-resuscitation cooling to 32-36°C for 24 hours to reduce neurological injury. 5366

    Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Resuscitative hysterotomy may be necessary in maternal cardiac arrest scenarios. 23
  • Pediatrics: Focus on minimizing hypoxia and optimizing post-arrest care, including early EEG for prognostication. 1813
  • Elderly: Consider comorbidities and frailty in resuscitation decisions and post-arrest care planning. 510
  • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate High-Quality CPR Immediately: Ensure chest compressions are performed at an appropriate rate and depth. (Evidence: Strong 326)
  • Early Defibrillation for Shockable Rhythms: Promptly apply defibrillation to patients with ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. (Evidence: Strong 1967)
  • Consider ECPR for Refractory Cases: Evaluate and implement ECPR in selected adult patients with initial shockable rhythms and ongoing resuscitation failure. (Evidence: Moderate 44)
  • Implement Targeted Temperature Management: Cool post-arrest patients to 32-36°C for 24 hours to improve neurological outcomes. (Evidence: Strong 5366)
  • Use of Supraglottic Airways: Prefer supraglottic airways over traditional endotracheal intubation for airway management during CPR, based on training and expertise. (Evidence: Moderate 20)
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 4270 indexed papers.

    1 Gagnon DJ, Burkholder KM, Weissman AJ, Riker RR, Ryzhov S, May TL et al.. Ceftriaxone to Prevent Early-Onset Pneumonia in Comatose Patients Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial and Resistome Assessment (PROTECT). Chest 2026. link 2 Long B, Adrian RJ, Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: Point-of-care ultrasound in cardiac arrest. The American journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 3 Sahin AS, Dilaver E, Candas KB, Cekic OG, Beser MF, Imamoglu M et al.. Effect of 24-h Shifts on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performance and Fatigue: A Simulation-Based Study. The Journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 4 Reardon J, Blissett S, Jamshidi-Shahvar A, Taylor TSM. Decoding Code OB: A National Survey of Obstetrical Emergency Codes. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2026. link 5 Sato H, Kuwabara D, Minoguchi K, Masubuchi T, Matsumoto M, Okuyama Y et al.. Enhancement of the capacity of a healthcare team through real-time information-sharing using a wireless intercom system: a prospective simulation study. BMJ open 2026. link 6 Qu Z, Xu C, Qu Z, Liang H. Procedural sedation in emergency departments: Efficacy and adverse outcomes from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University 2026. link 7 Shepard LN, DeVivo A, Abella BS, Morgan RW. Physiology-Guided CPR. Critical care clinics 2026. link 8 Doan TN, Rashford S, Rolley A, Schultz B, Bosley E. Vascular access by paramedics during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A retrospective study of insertion success rates and survival outcomes of intravenous versus intraosseous route. The American journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 9 Lacy AJ, Liebendorfer A, Guess SM, Al-Aref RS, Kronfli AP, Armstrong RE et al.. Airway management in emergency department thoracotomy: A narrative review. The American journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 10 Joshi VL, de la Cour FD, Stenbæk DS, Borregaard B, Hassager C, Wagner MK. The role of in-hospital traumatic distress after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in later fatigue, sleep quality, and health-related quality of life. International journal of cardiology 2026. link 11 Agervig F, Gedde AR, Østergård AV, Nettinger M, Müller SD, Nielsen RP et al.. Association between barriers of resuscitation and chest compression quality metrics during in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation attempts. Resuscitation 2026. link 12 Mavrovounis G, Beltsios E, Boutsikos I, Tseriotis VS, Gkraikou T, Papageorgiou P et al.. Neuroprognostication After Cardiac Arrest Using Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Critical care medicine 2026. link 13 Ullman NL, Reeder RW, Topjian A, Morgan RW, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM et al.. Severe intracranial hemorrhage or ischemia associated with unfavorable outcomes after pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2026. link 14 Alm-Kruse K, Scquizzato T, Di Mauro M, Fu J, Gazzato A, Vargas M et al.. Features and circumstances of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests caught on camera: an analysis of publicly available online videos. Resuscitation 2026. link 15 Wang Y, Tao W, Pan W, Zhu J, Yang X. Transient hepatic portal venous gas following resuscitated cardiac arrest in a patient with aconitine poisoning. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2026. link 16 Beekman R, Lucey K, Gray J, Neuschatz K, Moeller JJ, Gilmore EJ. Postcardiac Arrest Care Clinics and Multidisciplinary Outpatient Follow Up. Critical care clinics 2026. link 17 Wang X, Cai SQ, Gao Y, Fan JJ, Ren LW, Gao HC et al.. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 3 Mediated Neuroinflammation is Critically Involved in the Development of Brain Injury Following Cardiac Arrest in Mice. Neurochemical research 2026. link 18 Benedetti GM, Pardo AC, Nelson Sanchez-Pinto L, Straley M, Wainwright MS, Kurz JE et al.. Predicting pediatric cardiac arrest outcomes using early quantitative EEG. Resuscitation 2026. link 19 Lupton JR, Magliocca A, Daya MR, Dorian P, Cheskes S. A Review of External Defibrillation Strategies. Critical care clinics 2026. link 20 Scholz SS, Niewald P, Alexandru MG, Thies KC, Rehberg S, Jansen G. Airway Management Training Might Improve Return Of Spontaneous Circulation Rate in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Using Supraglottic Airways vs. Endotracheal Intubation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 21 Ferrier FJ, Perez-Lao EJ, Lipsky RH, Goldstein JR, Escobar I, Saul I et al.. Preservation of Septo-Hippocampal Theta Oscillations via Cholinergic Protection Underlies Cognitive Recovery After Physical Exercise Post-Cardiac Arrest. Stroke 2026. link 22 Adriansen DJ, Fischberg BL, Marill KA. A Heterogeneous Legal Landscape Governs Community AED Use: Crowdsourced United States AED Legal Review and Gap Analysis. Prehospital emergency care 2026. link 23 Rajendran G, Mahalingam S, Ramkumar A, Krishnamoorthy Y, Ganessane E, Pt K et al.. Resuscitative Hysterotomy and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality in Maternal Cardiac Arrest Patients---A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2026. link 24 Visanji M, Dewidar O, Aves T, Allan KS, Guan M, Grunau B et al.. Age and sex differences in the sensitivity of ICD-10 diagnostic codes for identifying patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in the British Columbia cardiac arrest registry: a retrospective cohort study. Resuscitation 2026. link 25 Westein R, Nickel L, Phelan MB. Phantom Scanning in Point-of-Care Ultrasound After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Impact of Clinical Presentation in a Single-Center Analysis. The Journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 26 Marill KA, Menegazzi JJ, Gumucio JA, Forghani R, Salcido DD. Chest Compressions Synchronized to Native Cardiac Contractions are More Effective than Unsynchronized Compressions for Improving Coronary Perfusion Pressure in a Novel Pseudo-PEA Swine Model. Prehospital emergency care 2026. link 27 Tartaglia E, Bucci T, Askarinejad A, Rossi M, Alobaida M, Lam SHM et al.. Prognostic Impact of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Arrest: Observations From a Federated Research Network. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2026. link 28 Kelly C, Kannikeswaran N, Kazi R, Ramgopal S, Jaeger L. Comparing definitions of pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests using a national EMS database. The American journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 29 Ahn GJ, Cha KC, Lee J, Son YJ, Roh YI, Jung WJ et al.. Comparison of the Hemodynamic Effects of Epinephrine on Blood Pressure Augmentation at 1-, 3-, and 5-Minute Dosing Intervals. Journal of the American Heart Association 2026. link 30 Mellon J, Bahilo-Martinez M. MicroRNAs as neuro-prognostic biomarkers after cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Cardiovascular research 2026. link 31 Huppert EL, Roellke E, Anbarasan D, Spiegel R, Tarpey T, Abe O et al.. Relationship between cortical electrical responsiveness and changes in regional cerebral oxygenation (rSO. Resuscitation 2026. link 32 Qiu B, Wang L, Ding P, Wang A, Zhang X, Li Q et al.. Role of HTK solution in protecting cardiomyocytes against oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2 during cardiac arrest and resuscitation: a rat model with a right thoracotomy. Perfusion 2026. link 33 Abazi LF, Forsberg S, Böhm F, Jonsson M, Ringh M, Riva G et al.. Coronary angiography findings in relation to defibrillation refractoriness in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - A nationwide study over 10 years. Resuscitation 2026. link 34 Puerma-Jiménez J, Carrasco-Cáliz A, Pérez-Villares JM, Carrasco-Cáliz A. Prognostic value of new neuron-specific biomarkers in patients recovered from cardiac arrest. Medicina intensiva 2026. link 35 Coute RA, Smith T, Nathanson BH, Richardson JD, Ferguson WC, Strickland JD et al.. Discrepancies in Bystander CPR Documentation: Comparing the Birmingham CARES Data with 9-1-1 Audio Review. Prehospital emergency care 2026. link 36 Zhang X, Chen L, Wang F, Wu Y, Chen J, Chen F et al.. Impact of differential temperature trajectories following targeted temperature management on outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients receiving ECPR: a multicenter, retrospective study with prospective validation. Resuscitation 2026. link 37 Silva LEV, Gaudio HA, Padmanabhan V, Forti RM, Shi L, Mason M et al.. Machine Learning-Based Return of Spontaneous Circulation Prediction During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Swine Model of Cardiac Arrest: Effect of Data Resolution and Multimodal Physiological Waveforms. Critical care medicine 2026. link 38 Taira T, Inoue A, Ijuin S, Nishimura T, Moriyama T, Omoda M et al.. Acute Kidney Injury After Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Critical care medicine 2026. link 39 Steiner L, Lanz S, Iten M, Lehmann B, Exadaktylos AK, Müller M. Clinical resuscitation management of non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) in Swiss emergency centres: a survey study. Swiss medical weekly 2026. link 40 Hindborg M, Yonis H, Gnesin F, Sørensen KK, Andersen MP, Eriksson F et al.. Bystander Defibrillation and Survival According to Emergency Medical Service Response Time After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Nationwide Registry-Based Cohort Study. Prehospital emergency care 2026. link 41 Pozueco Zaffari G, Noguero Duarte L, Queiroz I, Soares Curi J, Landal de Almeida Lobo G. Effectiveness of Sodium Bicarbonate Administration in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Prehospital emergency care 2026. link 42 Shore E, Moseley GA, DeLong R, Register-Mihalik J, Drezner JA, Dickey GJ et al.. Incidents and patterns of . Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention 2026. link 43 Zhao Q, Pei T, Sun C, Yang H, Zhuang W, Hu S et al.. IL-17A monoclonal antibody as a translational therapy for post-cardiac arrest brain injury: clinical and preclinical evidence. Resuscitation 2026. link 44 Alhuneafat L, Ghanem F, Brankovic M, Obeidat O, Pertuz GDR, Gutierrez A et al.. Predictors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation utilization and survival during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out and in-hospital cardiac arrest. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 2026. link 45 Hafeez U, Rahma AT, Abdullahi AS, Belfakir M, Alseiari K, Alsaadi MA et al.. Predictors, barriers and facilitators of bystander interventions in out of hospital cardiac arrest: a cross-sectional study from the UAE. Frontiers in public health 2026. link 46 Gianotto-Oliveira R, Rojas M, Queiroz M, Zanchetta F, Ferrari A, Kojima L et al.. Remote Augmented Reality Versus Traditional Simulation for Team Leader Assessment in a Cardiac Arrest Scenario: Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR medical education 2026. link 47 Geri G, Gouge AL, Lascarrou JB. Number of hospital-free days: a clinically relevant patient-centered outcome in cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation 2026. link 48 Tolles J, Goebel M, Johnson NJ, Abramson TM, Eisner D, Ghurabi W et al.. Impact of an eCPR Pilot Program on Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest for Patients Who Do Not Receive eCPR in a Large, Urban EMS System. Prehospital emergency care 2026. link 49 Gong AK, Oh SH, Jang J, Park KN, Youn CS, Lee JY et al.. Brain MRI-based prognostication after cardiac arrest: qualitative assessment outperforms variable voxel-wise ADC thresholds. Resuscitation 2026. link 50 Thuccani M, Hellsén G, Herlitz J, Rylander C, Rawshani A, Lundgren P. Predicting recurrent cardiac arrest within one year after surviving in-hospital cardiac arrest using a machine learning model. Resuscitation 2026. link 51 Dewey MG, Moore EE, Sauaia A, Moore HB. Resuscitative thoracotomy: What you need to know. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2026. link 52 Nadir A, Sari M. The Effect of Therapeutic Hypothermia on the QT Interval in Postcardiac Arrest Cases. Therapeutic hypothermia and temperature management 2026. link 53 Hassager C, Meyer MAS, Perman SM, Møller JE, Kjaergaard J, Nielsen N et al.. Intensive care after cardiac arrest. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care 2026. link 54 Loaec M, Vossough A, Francoeur C, Graham K, Morgan RW, Topjian AA et al.. Spinal cord ischemia following pediatric cardiac arrest: An unexplored complication of hypoxic ischemic injury. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2026. link 55 Lee SH, Kim TH, Hong WP, Shin SD, Song KJ, Ro YS et al.. Video-vs audio-instructed dispatcher-assisted CPR and outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide registry-based cohort study. Resuscitation 2026. link 56 Chang HC, Tsai MS, Kuo LK, Hsu HH, Huang WC, Lai CH et al.. Analysis of possible factors affecting neurologic outcomes of resuscitated cardiac arrest patients with initial non-shockable rhythm after targeted temperature management. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2026. link 57 Dang L, Rehman AU, Zhang J, Zhang R, Yu X, Sheng H et al.. Activation of Intestinal Mast Cells Contributes to Gut Damage After Cardiac Arrest in Mice. Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 2026. link 58 Magliocca A, Merigo G, Crivellari C, Rezoagli E, Ristagno G. Detection of gasping through transthoracic impedance: a new approach to early cardiac arrest recognition. Resuscitation 2026. link 59 Nishi M, Shikuma A, Uchino E, Matoba S, Yonemoto N, Tahara Y et al.. Practical adaptability of a pre-hospital prognostic prediction model for patients following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ health & care informatics 2026. link 60 Nishimura T, Taira T, Suga M, Ijuin S, Inoue A, Matsuyama S et al.. Prevalence and efficacy of new protocol for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with "do not attempt resuscitation" orders in Japan. Resuscitation 2026. link 61 Ko SY, Ghotb Razmjou S, Haagsma JA, Verdonschot RJCG. Point-of-Care Ultrasound vs. Manual Palpation for Pulse Check in Cardiac Arrest Patients: A Systematic Review. The Journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 62 Drennan IR, Neth MR, Walsh BK. Advancements in Ventilation During Cardiac Resuscitation. Critical care clinics 2026. link 63 Wang P, Liang L, Tan Y, Ge Q, Huang Z, Yu T. Empagliflozin Attenuates Global Cerebral Ischemic Injury After Cardiac Arrest Through Enhancing Ketone Body Oxidative Metabolism in Rats. Journal of the American Heart Association 2026. link 64 Nadir A, Sari M. Therapeutic Efficacy of Craniocerebral Hypothermia Helmet Versus Arctic Sun Surface Cooling System in Post-Cardiac Arrest Syndrome: A Prospective Comparative Study. Therapeutic hypothermia and temperature management 2026. link 65 Ghazala M, Alkodami L, Farhat NMN, Alkhabour ST, Zain Al-Abeden MS, Jihwaprani MC et al.. Prognostic Value of Point-of-Care Blood Gas Values to Predict Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcome in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients: A Systematic Review. The Journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 66 Mok V, Brebner C, Hsu J, Kreinbrook J, Singh L, Hutton J et al.. The association of mechanical versus manual chest compressions with neurological outcomes at hospital discharge among out-of-hospital cardiac arrests treated with intra-arrest transport. Resuscitation 2026. link 67 Kimura R, Nakagawa K, Kinoshi T, Tanaka H. Association Between Immediate Defibrillation and Outcomes in Shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Propensity Score Analysis. Prehospital emergency care 2026. link 68 Dillon DG, Kellison C, Montoy JCC, Sokol J, Wang RC, Rodriguez RM. Inter-Rater Reliability and Acceptability of a Clinical Prediction Rule for Opioid-Associated Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital emergency care 2026. link 69 Hou Y, Sang W, Deng Y, Zheng J, Yuan Z, Xia D et al.. Impact of the coronavirus pandemic on bystander CPR, dispatcher-assisted CPR, EMS response time, and survival outcomes in China. The American journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 70 Greenberg M, Burns B, Lay P, Wu T, Coggins A, Austin D et al.. ECPR eligible refractory out of hospital cardiac arrests - A post-hoc analysis of the EVIDENCE randomised controlled trial and Registry. Resuscitation 2026. link 71 Yagi T, Nagao K, Yonemoto N, Tachibana E, Chiba N, Ashida T et al.. Outcomes of Patients From All-Japan Utstein Registry Managed by 2015 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Guidelines for Nonshockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Journal of the American Heart Association 2026. link 72 Merigo G, Ristagno G. Gas Therapies for Neuro-Protection. Critical care clinics 2026. link 73 Walker D, Allali D, Szulewski A, Howes D, Brennan EE, Chaplin T et al.. Code Blue blindspots: mapping nursing exposure to cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 2026. link 74 Cha MS, Song MJ, Kim JS. Incidence of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest on a Postholiday Weekday. JAMA network open 2026. link 75 van den Berg PL, Henderson SG, Li H, Dicker B, Jagtenberg CJ. Simulation of phased alerting of community first responders for cardiac arrest. PloS one 2026. link 76 Harmer B, Erickson J, Ross S, Bhatnagar D, Dowker S, Park H et al.. Development and Evaluation of a Multimodal Debriefing Dashboard for Virtual Reality Cardiac Arrest Simulation. Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 2026. link 77 Rolland TJ, Hudson ER, Graser LA, Zahra S, Cucinotta D, Sonkawade SD et al.. Mitochondrial DNA-Mediated Immune Activation After Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest. Journal of the American Heart Association 2026. link 78 Pál-Jakab Á, Pesti P, Horti-Maricza Z, Nagy B, Kiss B, Biebel B et al.. Meteorological associations with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A national population-based time-series analysis. Public health 2026. link 79 Nakao S, Irisawa T, Yamada T, Yoshiya K, Park C, Nishimura T et al.. Association Between Annual Procedural Volume and Outcomes in Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Japan (the JAAM-OHCA Registry). ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 2026. link 80 Gramm ER, Gumucio JA, Flickinger K, Salcido DD, Menegazzi JJ. Improving Bystander Response: How Long Does It Take to Retrieve an AED From Varying Distances. Prehospital emergency care 2026. link 81 Jiang T, Zhang H, Sun Y, Ji X, Xue L, Pan C et al.. SS-31 improves post-cardiac arrest brain injury by inhibiting microglial ferroptosis and polarization. Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 2026. link 82 Mendrala K, Darocha T, Podsiadło P, Hymczak H, Witt-Majchrzak A, Nowak E et al.. Oxygenation metrics have limited prognostic value in non-asphyxial hypothermic cardiac arrest. 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A Machine Learning Model to Predict Treatment Effect Associated with Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest. Neurocritical care 2026. link 87 Sheikh AP, Grabmayr AJ, Torp-Pedersen C, Hassager C, Tfelt-Hansen J, Knudsen EE et al.. Bystander interventions and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to neighborhood ethnicity. Resuscitation 2026. link 88 Moskowitz A, Holmberg MJ, Kimbrell JM, Granfeldt A, Andersen LW, Johnson NJ et al.. External validation of rules for termination of resuscitation in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2026. link 89 Zeinoun A, Alerhand S. Transesophageal echocardiography diagnosis of dextrocardia during cardiac arrest guided optimal chest compression location: A case report. The American journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 90 Li Z, Xu W, Ren S, Zheng Q, Xing J. Curcumin augments mitophagy via Nrf2-PINK1-mediated, Parkin-dependent ubiquitination to suppress ferroptosis in post-cardiac arrest brain injury. 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