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Cardiology443 papers

Acute myocardial ischemia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) is characterized by inadequate blood supply to the myocardium, often due to coronary artery occlusion, leading to potential myocardial infarction and significant morbidity or mortality if not promptly addressed.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating 22 26

Electrocardiogram (ECG): ST-segment elevation, T-wave inversion, new left bundle branch block 22 27

Cardiac Biomarkers: Elevated troponin levels 22 27

Imaging: Coronary angiography to identify occlusions 22 44

Risk Stratification: Use of novel biomarkers like d-lactate and ischemia-modified albumin for early detection 41

Management

Primary PCI: Urgent percutaneous coronary intervention is the preferred reperfusion strategy 22 44

Fibrinolytic Therapy: Considered when PCI is not available within 120 minutes 22 16

Antiplatelet Therapy: Aspirin (loading dose) and P2Y12 inhibitor (e.g., ticagrelor, prasugrel) 22 16

Anticoagulation: Heparin or bivalirudin during PCI 22 16

Revascularization Techniques: Endovascular approaches (thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy) for specific scenarios 5 11 21 50

Secondary Prevention: Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, statins post-AMI 22 26

Special Populations

Elderly: Frailty assessment impacts outcomes; consider frailty index for risk stratification 20 48

Chronic Kidney Disease: Higher risk of complications; monitor closely during endovascular therapy 27

Atrial Fibrillation: Anticoagulation management crucial to prevent embolic events 66

Key Recommendations

Urgent Reperfusion: Perform primary PCI within 90 minutes of first medical contact (FMC) to reduce mortality (Evidence: Strong 22)

Antiplatelet Therapy: Administer aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor as soon as possible after symptom onset (Evidence: Strong 22 16)

Monitor Frailty: Assess frailty in elderly patients to guide treatment intensity and predict outcomes (Evidence: Moderate 20 48)

Consider Endovascular Options: Use endovascular techniques like mechanical thrombectomy when PCI is not feasible or delayed (Evidence: Moderate 5 11 50)

Manage Comorbidities: Tailor anticoagulation strategies in patients with atrial fibrillation to prevent embolic events (Evidence: Moderate 66)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 173 indexed papers.

1 Del Río-Solá MAL, Asensio-Rodriguez S, Pérez-Fernandez S, Roedan-Oliver J. Inflammatory Biomarkers and Outcomes in Acute Lower Limb Ischemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 2 Wainwright BS, Chihade DB, Costanza MJ, Feghali AC, Shaw PM. Paradigm Shift of Interventional Strategies and Outcomes for Acute Limb Ischemia Post-Pandemic. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2026. link 3 Taha AG, Basta KR, Shahat M, Ahmed AKS. Mid-term Outcomes of Image-Guided Surgical Thromboembolectomy and Routine Intraoperative Angiography for Native Vessel Acute Lower-Limb-Threatening Ischemia. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2026. link 4 Guo J, Lin Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Li W. Construction of a Prognostic Nomogram for Major Amputation Within 30 Days Postrevascularization in Patients With Acute Lower Limb Ischemia Based on 2D Perfusion Parameters. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2026. link 5 Abuajamieh M, Beshr MS, Salama AH, Khalleefah DR, Basheer E, Darwish M et al.. Endovascular versus open surgical approach in patients with acute limb ischemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of vascular surgery 2026. link 6 Lowenkamp MN, Jarosinski MC, Li K, Andraska EA, Sachdev-Ost U, Chaer R et al.. Female patients at increased risk for adverse outcomes after acute limb ischemia. Journal of vascular surgery 2026. link 7 Yasar A, Ayar MS, Caliskan F, Yucel SM. The Predictive Role of BUN/Creatinine Ratio and Inflammatory Markers in Determining Amputation Risk in Acute Limb Ischemia Patients. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2026. link 8 Cheffers M, Ujueta N. Acute Limb Ischemia and Compartment Syndrome. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2026. link 9 Sattar Y, Rao A, Neppala S, Chigurupati HD, Alruwaili W, Virk HUH et al.. Cardiovascular and periprocedural outcomes of endovascular intervention for acute limb ischemia at experienced urban versus rural centers in the US: national inpatient sample analysis 2016-2021. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy 2026. link 10 Haraguchi T, Takahara M, Iida O, Kohsaka S, Ishii H, Nakamura M et al.. Impact of Hospital Volume on Procedural Failure of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Limb Ischemia: The Japanese Nationwide Endovascular Therapy Registry. Angiology 2026. link 11 Aldaher Z, Patel M, Munagapati S, Doddala B, Agarwal G, Jordan W et al.. Comparative Outcomes of Infusion Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis and Ultrasound-Enhanced Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis in Acute Limb Ischemia: A 10-Year Single Institution Retrospective Analysis. Annals of vascular surgery 2026. link 12 Ye X, Hong G, Dou R, Wang Z, Lin Z, Shao Y et al.. MARK4 as a novel biomarker of acute myocardial ischemia-induced sudden cardiac death. Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2026. link 13 Auda ME, Ratner M, Pezold M, Rockman C, Sadek M, Jacobowitz G et al.. Short-term outcomes of endovascular management of acute limb ischemia using aspiration mechanical thrombectomy. Vascular 2025. link 14 Chihade DB, Williams ZE, Wainwright BS, Shaw PM. Incidence of Compartment Syndrome Following Peri-Pandemic Intervention for Non-traumatic Acute Limb Ischemia. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2025. link 15 Konstantinou N, Argyriou A, Dammer F, Bisdas T, Chlouverakis G, Torsello G et al.. Outcomes After Open Surgical, Hybrid, and Endovascular Revascularization for Acute Limb Ischemia. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2025. link 16 Singh N, Santos T, Ali AB, Khan H, Kibrik P, Storch J et al.. Contraindications to tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis for acute lower extremity ischemia. Vascular 2025. link 17 Ohnari Y, Ueno K, Mori K, Kawashima T, Nishida H, Higuchi A et al.. Resorcimoline as a Novel Therapeutic Agent Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Hind Extremities. Annals of vascular surgery 2025. link 18 Zou J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Xiong L, Chen X, He Y et al.. Study on the protective mechanism of Xuemaitong Capsule against acute myocardial ischemia rat based on network pharmacology and metabolomics. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 2025. link 19 Haraguchi T, Tan M, Uchida D, Dannoura Y, Shibata T, Iwata S et al.. Importance of Successful Revascularization in Acute Limb Ischemia: Sub-Analysis From the RESCUE ALI Trial. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2025. link 20 Gonzalez M, Paz M, Babrowski T. Association of Frailty Index and Postoperative Outcomes of Open Bypass Lower Extremity Revascularization for Acute Limb Ischemia Using the Vascular Quality Initiative. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2025. link 21 Soares RA, Campos ABC, Portela MVV, Brienze CS, Brancher GQB, Sacilotto R. Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy with Angiojet in acute arterial occlusions: A prospective study among the results and outcomes. Vascular 2025. link 22 Braga D, Dobson L, Rahnemai-Azar AA, Sauk S, Guevara CJ, Ushinsky A. A Laser Atherectomy-Thrombectomy System for Primary Management of Acute Limb Ischemia. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2025. link 23 Apichartpiyakul P, Khorana J, Rerkasem K, Tantraworasin A. Outcomes of prophylactic fasciotomy in patients with non-traumatic acute limb ischemia. Vascular 2025. link 24 Casian D, Predenciuc A, Culiuc V. Clinical value of foot thermometry in patients with acute limb ischemia. Vascular 2025. link 25 Miwa H, Hayakawa N, Tsuchida Y, Ichihara S, Hirano S, Maruta S et al.. One-year clinical outcomes of endovascular revascularization in patients with acute limb ischemia. Heart and vessels 2025. link 26 Okano DR, Ko B, Giuliano M, Mitchell S, Cartwright J, Moore C et al.. Stunned Myocardium as a Sequela of Acute Severe Anemia: An Adult Simulation Case for Anesthesiology Residents. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2024. link 27 Patel HP, Decter D, Thakkar S, Anantha-Narayanan M, Kumar A, Sheth AR et al.. Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease on In-Hospital Outcomes of Hospitalizations With Acute Limb Ischemia Undergoing Endovascular Therapy. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2024. link 28 Natour AK, Shepard A, Nypaver T, Weaver M, Peshkepija A, Kafri O et al.. Socioeconomic status is not associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with acute limb ischemia. Vascular 2024. link 29 Engin M, Sunbul SA, Tatli AB, Pala AA, Ata Y, Aydın U et al.. Investigation of the effect of acute to chronic glycemic ratio on major amputation development after surgical thromboembolectomy in patients with acute lower extremity ischemia. Vascular 2024. link 30 Acosta S, Kulezic A, Zarrouk M, Gottsäter A. Management of Acute Lower Limb Ischemia Without Surgical Revascularization - A Population-Based Study. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2024. link 31 Carboni J, Sadaghianloo N, Haudebourg P, Declemy S, Hassen-Khodja R, Jean-Baptiste E. Role of Anticoagulation in Nonagenarian Patients with Acute Limb Ischemia. Annals of vascular surgery 2024. link 32 Maldonado TS, Powell A, Wendorff H, Rowse J, Nagarsheth KH, Dexter DJ et al.. Safety and efficacy of mechanical aspiration thrombectomy for patients with acute lower extremity ischemia. Journal of vascular surgery 2024. link 33 Tan M, Takahara M, Haraguchi T, Uchida D, Dannoura Y, Shibata T et al.. One-Year Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Factors Following Revascularization in Patients With Acute Limb Ischemia　- Results From the RESCUE ALI Study. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2024. link 34 Juneja A, Garuthara M, Talathi S, Rao A, Landis G, Etkin Y. Predictors of poor outcomes after lower extremity revascularization for acute limb ischemia. Vascular 2024. link 35 Predenciuc A, Casian D, Culiuc V. Outcomes of Surgical Revascularization for Acute Limb Ischemia in COVID-19 Patients Comparing to Noninfected Cohort: A Single-Center Observational Prospective Study. Annals of vascular surgery 2023. link 36 de Donato G, Pasqui E, Galzerano G, Anzaldi MG, Cappelli A, Palasciano G. The Combination of Vacuum-Assisted Thromboaspiration and Covered Stent Graft for Acute Limb Ischemia due to Thromboembolic Complications of Popliteal Aneurysm. Annals of vascular surgery 2023. link 37 Chahrour MA, Berri N, Jaafar R, Sfeir R, Haddad F, Hoballah JJ. Thromboembolectomy for acute lower limb ischemia: Contemporary outcomes of two surgical methods from a single tertiary center. Vascular 2023. link 38 Gratl A. Study Protocol of a Prospective Multicenter Observational Study Evaluating Acute Lower Limb Ischemia. The Journal of surgical research 2023. link 39 Power Foley M, Alawy M, Tubassam M. Acute limb ischaemia due to thrombosed persistent sciatic artery aneurysm presents a surgical challenge in a frail octogenarian. Vascular 2023. link 40 Silverberg D, Hater H, Ismail O, Kenet G, Halak M. Acute Limb Ischemia in Pediatric Intensive Care Units. Annals of vascular surgery 2023. link 41 Tomandlova M, Novotny T, Staffa R, Smutna J, Krivka T, Kruzliak P et al.. Kinetics of d-lactate and ischemia-modified albumin after abdominal aortic surgery and their ability to predict intestinal ischemia. Clinical biochemistry 2023. link 42 Obmann MM, Punjabi G, Obmann VC, Boll DT, Heye T, Benz MR et al.. Dual-energy CT of acute bowel ischemia. Abdominal radiology (New York) 2022. link 43 Bouras N, Xu E, Podeur-Beuzit F, Risson JR. Computed-tomography angiography in arterial acute intestinal ischemia: prognostic interest of vascular semiology. Abdominal radiology (New York) 2022. link 44 Nath K, Reyaldeen R, Mack K, Sistla L, Palamuthusingam D, Zahir SF et al.. A retrospective analysis of the investigative practices of acute limb ischaemia presenting with an unknown aetiology. ANZ journal of surgery 2022. link 45 Straarup D, Gotschalck KA, Mikalone R, Thorlacius-Ussing O. Preoperative findings on non-specific CT in patients with primary acute intestinal ischemia: a case-control study. European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society 2022. link 46 Kulezic A, Macek M, Acosta S. Inadequacies of Physical Examination in Patients with Acute Lower Limb Ischemia Are Associated with Dreadful Consequences. Annals of vascular surgery 2022. link 47 Abdelaty MH, Aborahma AM, Elheniedy MA, Kamhawy AH. Outcome of catheter directed thrombolysis for popliteal or infrapopliteal acute arterial occlusion. Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 2021. link 48 Sarkar A, St John A, Nagarsheth KH. Predictive Effect of Frailty on Amputation, Mortality, and Ambulation in Patients Undergoing Revascularization for Acute Limb Ischemia. Annals of vascular surgery 2021. link 49 Poursina O, Elizondo-Adamchik H, Montero-Baker M, Pallister ZS, Mills JL, Chung J. Safety and efficacy of an endovascular-first approach to acute limb ischemia. Journal of vascular surgery 2021. link 50 Liu L, Zhang X, Huang M, Li J, Zhao Z, Huang J. The effectiveness of percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy in the treatment of acute thromboembolic occlusions of lower extremity. Vascular 2021. link 51 Ascher E, Kibrik P, Rizvi SA, Alsheekh A, Marks N, Hingorani A. Fast-track thrombolysis protocol for acute limb ischemia. Journal of vascular surgery 2021. link 52 Higashitani M, Anzai H, Mizuno A, Utsunomiya M, Umemoto T, Yamanaka T et al.. One-year limb outcome and mortality in patients undergoing revascularization therapy for acute limb ischemia: short-term results of the Edo registry. Cardiovascular intervention and therapeutics 2021. link 53 Mansour W, Sirignano P, Capoccia L, Fornelli F, Speziale F. Urgent Mechanical Thrombectomy by Indigo System® in Acute Thrombosed Popliteal Artery Aneurysms: A Report of Two Cases. Annals of vascular surgery 2020. link 54 Orfany A, Arriola CG, Doulamis IP, Guariento A, Ramirez-Barbieri G, Moskowitzova K et al.. Mitochondrial transplantation ameliorates acute limb ischemia. Journal of vascular surgery 2020. link 55 Hurd JR, Emanuels DF, Aarabi S, Dasari M, Starnes BW, Quiroga E et al.. Limb Salvage Does Not Predict Functional Limb Outcome after Revascularization for Traumatic Acute Limb Ischemia. Annals of vascular surgery 2020. link 56 de Athayde Soares R, Matielo MF, Brochado Neto FC, Pereira de Carvalho BV, Sacilotto R. Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of the Endovascular Treatment for Acute Limb Ischemia with Percutaneous Pharmacomechanical Thrombectomy Compared with Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis. Annals of vascular surgery 2020. link 57 Vorwerk D, Triebe S, Ziegler S, Ruppert V. Percutaneous Mechanical Thromboembolectomy in Acute Lower Limb Ischemia. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2019. link 58 Zhi H, Deng Y, Yan B, Li Z, Han S, Zhang Y et al.. Study on the herb-herb interaction of Danqi Tongmai Tablet based on the pharmacokinetics of twelve notoginsenoides in acute myocardial ischemia and sham rats. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 2019. link 59 Piffaretti G, Angrisano A, Franchin M, Ferrario M, Rivolta N, Bacuzzi A et al.. Risk factors analysis of thromboembolectomy for acute thromboembolic lower extremity ischemia in native arteries. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 2018. link 60 Wang SK, Lemmon GW, Drucker NA, Motaganahalli RL, Dalsing MC, Gutwein AR et al.. Results of nonoperative management of acute limb ischemia in infants. Journal of vascular surgery 2018. link 61 Wholey MH, Palacios RG, Mendez-Castillo A, Pounds LC. Novel approach in using ultrasound in treating acute limb ischemia. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 2018. link 62 Santistevan JR. Acute Limb Ischemia: An Emergency Medicine Approach. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2017. link 63 Hu T, Tie C, Wang Z, Zhang JL. Highly sensitive and specific derivatization strategy to profile and quantitate eicosanoids by UPLC-MS/MS. Analytica chimica acta 2017. link 64 Galanakis N, Kontopodis N, Peteinarakis I, Kehagias E, Ioannou CV, Tsetis D. Direct Stenting in Patients with Acute Lower Limb Arterial Occlusions: Immediate and Long-Term Results. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2017. link 65 Barshes NR, Pisimisis G, Kougias P. Compartment syndrome of the foot associated with a delayed presentation of acute limb ischemia. Journal of vascular surgery 2016. link 66 Spanos K, Athanasoulas A, Argyriou C, Vassilopoulos I, Giannoukas AD. Acute limb ischemia and anticoagulation in patients with history of atrial fibrillation. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 2016. link 67 Flück M, von Allmen RS, Ferrié C, Tevaearai H, Dick F. Protective effect of focal adhesion kinase against skeletal muscle reperfusion injury after acute limb ischemia. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2015. link 68 Schreck DM, Fishberg RD. Detection of acute myocardial ischemic injury by gender using a novel cardiac electrical biomarker. The American journal of emergency medicine 2015. link 69 Schmidt CA, Rancic Z, Lachat ML, Mayer DO, Veith FJ, Wilhelm MJ. Hypothermic, initially oxygen-free, controlled limb reperfusion for acute limb ischemia. Annals of vascular surgery 2015. link 70 Marmagkiolis K, Lendel V, Cilingiroglu M. EKOS™ ultrasound - accelerated catheter - directed thrombolysis for acutely occluded femoro-popliteal graft. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 2014. link 71 Johner F, Thalhammer C, Jacomella V, Husmann M, Amann-Vesti B. Differences in cardiovascular risk factors between patients with acute limb ischemia and intermittent claudication. Angiology 2014. link 72 Schreck DM, Fishberg RD. Diagnostic accuracy of a new cardiac electrical biomarker for detection of electrocardiogram changes suggestive of acute myocardial ischemic injury. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2014. link 73 Corfield L, McCormack DJ, Bell R, Taylor P, Reidy J. Role of the femorofemoral crossover graft in acute lower limb ischemia due to acute type B aortic dissection. Vascular 2014. link 74 Byrne RM, Taha AG, Avgerinos E, Marone LK, Makaroun MS, Chaer RA. Contemporary outcomes of endovascular interventions for acute limb ischemia. Journal of vascular surgery 2014. link 75 Acosta S, Block T, Björnsson S, Resch T, Björck M, Nilsson T. Diagnostic pitfalls at admission in patients with acute superior mesenteric artery occlusion. The Journal of emergency medicine 2012. link 76 Collins D, Moloney MA, O'Donnell D, Brophy D, Sheehan SJ. Acute aortic occlusion in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia treated by thrombectomy. Irish journal of medical science 2012. link 77 Dundar ZD, Cander B, Gul M, Karabulut KU, Kocak S, Girisgin S et al.. Serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein and phosphate levels in the diagnosis of acute intestinal ischemia: an experimental study in rabbits. The Journal of emergency medicine 2012. link 78 Alfred R, Wright-Pascoe R. Acute limb ischaemia in a septic patient with diabetic ketoacidosis. The West Indian medical journal 2011. link 79 Farthing DE, Sica D, Hindle M, Edinboro L, Xi L, Gehr TW et al.. A rapid and simple chemiluminescence method for screening levels of inosine and hypoxanthine in non-traumatic chest pain patients. Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence 2011. link 80 Adusumilli S, Mah J, Richardson A. Acute leg ischemia secondary to embolization of an Angio-Seal device. Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) 2011. link 81 Kim SK, Kwak HS, Chung GH, Han YM. Acute upper limb ischemia due to cardiac origin thromboembolism: the usefulness of percutaneous aspiration thromboembolectomy via a transbrachial approach. Korean journal of radiology 2011. link 82 Jie X, Gurev V, Trayanova N. Mechanisms of mechanically induced spontaneous arrhythmias in acute regional ischemia. Circulation research 2010. link 83 Demir S, Akin S, Tercan F, Ariboğan A, Oğuzkurt L. Ergotamine-induced lower extremity arterial vasospasm presenting as acute limb ischemia. Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) 2010. link 84 Lehmann A, Kiessling AH, Isgro F, Zeitler C, Thaler E, Boldt J. Levosimendan in patients with acute myocardial ischaemia undergoing emergency surgical revascularization. European journal of anaesthesiology 2008. link 85 Toorop RJ, Bender MH, Charbon JA, Pasmans H, Scheltinga MR. Abberant sex habits leading to acute limb ischemia and hematuria. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2007. link 86 Murty OP, Mahinda HA. Bandaged penis. Journal of forensic and legal medicine 2007. link 87 Nicholson C. A systematic review of the effectiveness of oxygen in reducing acute myocardial ischaemia. Journal of clinical nursing 2004. link 88 de Donato G, Gussoni G, de Donato G. Is it possible to improve outcome in patients undergoing surgery for acute limb ischemia? Can iloprost, a prostacyclin analogue, be helpful?. Chirurgia italiana 2004. link 89 Licht PB, Balezantis T, Wolff B, Baudier JF, Røder OC. Long-term outcome following thrombembolectomy in the upper extremity. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2004. link 90 Kalinowski M, Wagner HJ. Adjunctive techniques in percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy. Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology 2003. link 91 Tsetis DK, Katsamouris AN, Androulakakis Z, Chamalakis K, Kostas T, Chlapoutakis K et al.. Use of the Trellis Peripheral Infusion System for enhancement of rt-PA thrombolysis in acute lower limb ischemia. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2003. link 92 Ouriel K. Endovascular techniques in the treatment of acute limb ischemia: thrombolytic agents, trials, and percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy techniques. Seminars in vascular surgery 2003. link 93 Tokunaga N, Yamazaki T, Akiyama T, Sano S, Mori H. Acute limb ischemia does not facilitate but inhibits norepinephrine release from muscle sympathetic nerve endings in anesthetized rabbit. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 2003. link 94 Udelson JE, Beshansky JR, Ballin DS, Feldman JA, Griffith JL, Handler J et al.. Myocardial perfusion imaging for evaluation and triage of patients with suspected acute cardiac ischemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002. link 95 Witz M, Korzets Z, Ellis M, Shnaker A, Lehmann J. Intraoperative intra-arterial urokinase therapy after failed embolectomy in acute lower limb ischemia. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 2002. link 96 Nishikawa S, Ito K, Takada H, Tsubakimoto Y, Yuba T, Adachi Y et al.. Increasing myocardial 123I-BMIPP uptake in non-ischemic area in a patient with acute myocardial ischemia. Annals of nuclear medicine 2002. link 97 Forbes TL, DeRose G, Harris KA. Is long-term anticoagulation after acute thromboembolic limb ischemia always necessary?. Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie 2002. link 98 Chandra A, Rudraiah L, Zalenski RJ. Stress testing for risk stratification of patients with low to moderate probability of acute cardiac ischemia. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2001. link70169-3) 99 Laird JR. The management of acute limb ischemia: techniques for dealing with thrombus. Journal of interventional cardiology 2001. link 100 Wung SF. Computer-assisted continuous ST-segment analysis for clinical research: methodological issues. Biological research for nursing 2001. link

Original source

[1]
Inflammatory Biomarkers and Outcomes in Acute Lower Limb Ischemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Del Río-Solá MAL, Asensio-Rodriguez S, Pérez-Fernandez S, Roedan-Oliver J Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[2]
Paradigm Shift of Interventional Strategies and Outcomes for Acute Limb Ischemia Post-Pandemic. — Wainwright BS, Chihade DB, Costanza MJ, Feghali AC, Shaw PM Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists (2026)
[3]
Mid-term Outcomes of Image-Guided Surgical Thromboembolectomy and Routine Intraoperative Angiography for Native Vessel Acute Lower-Limb-Threatening Ischemia. — Taha AG, Basta KR, Shahat M, Ahmed AKS Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists (2026)
[4]
Construction of a Prognostic Nomogram for Major Amputation Within 30 Days Postrevascularization in Patients With Acute Lower Limb Ischemia Based on 2D Perfusion Parameters. — Guo J, Lin Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Li W Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists (2026)
[5]
Endovascular versus open surgical approach in patients with acute limb ischemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — Abuajamieh M, Beshr MS, Salama AH, Khalleefah DR, Basheer E, Darwish M et al. Journal of vascular surgery (2026)
[6]
Female patients at increased risk for adverse outcomes after acute limb ischemia. — Lowenkamp MN, Jarosinski MC, Li K, Andraska EA, Sachdev-Ost U, Chaer R et al. Journal of vascular surgery (2026)
[7]
The Predictive Role of BUN/Creatinine Ratio and Inflammatory Markers in Determining Amputation Risk in Acute Limb Ischemia Patients. — Yasar A, Ayar MS, Caliskan F, Yucel SM Vascular and endovascular surgery (2026)
[8]
Acute Limb Ischemia and Compartment Syndrome. — Cheffers M, Ujueta N Emergency medicine clinics of North America (2026)
[9]
Cardiovascular and periprocedural outcomes of endovascular intervention for acute limb ischemia at experienced urban versus rural centers in the US: national inpatient sample analysis 2016-2021. — Sattar Y, Rao A, Neppala S, Chigurupati HD, Alruwaili W, Virk HUH et al. Expert review of cardiovascular therapy (2026)
[10]
Impact of Hospital Volume on Procedural Failure of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Limb Ischemia: The Japanese Nationwide Endovascular Therapy Registry. — Haraguchi T, Takahara M, Iida O, Kohsaka S, Ishii H, Nakamura M et al. Angiology (2026)
[11]
Comparative Outcomes of Infusion Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis and Ultrasound-Enhanced Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis in Acute Limb Ischemia: A 10-Year Single Institution Retrospective Analysis. — Aldaher Z, Patel M, Munagapati S, Doddala B, Agarwal G, Jordan W et al. Annals of vascular surgery (2026)
[12]
MARK4 as a novel biomarker of acute myocardial ischemia-induced sudden cardiac death. — Ye X, Hong G, Dou R, Wang Z, Lin Z, Shao Y et al. Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2026)
[13]
Short-term outcomes of endovascular management of acute limb ischemia using aspiration mechanical thrombectomy. — Auda ME, Ratner M, Pezold M, Rockman C, Sadek M, Jacobowitz G et al. Vascular (2025)
[14]
Incidence of Compartment Syndrome Following Peri-Pandemic Intervention for Non-traumatic Acute Limb Ischemia. — Chihade DB, Williams ZE, Wainwright BS, Shaw PM Vascular and endovascular surgery (2025)
[15]
Outcomes After Open Surgical, Hybrid, and Endovascular Revascularization for Acute Limb Ischemia. — Konstantinou N, Argyriou A, Dammer F, Bisdas T, Chlouverakis G, Torsello G et al. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists (2025)
[16]
Contraindications to tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis for acute lower extremity ischemia. — Singh N, Santos T, Ali AB, Khan H, Kibrik P, Storch J et al. Vascular (2025)
[17]
Resorcimoline as a Novel Therapeutic Agent Attenuates Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Hind Extremities. — Ohnari Y, Ueno K, Mori K, Kawashima T, Nishida H, Higuchi A et al. Annals of vascular surgery (2025)
[18]
Study on the protective mechanism of Xuemaitong Capsule against acute myocardial ischemia rat based on network pharmacology and metabolomics. — Zou J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Xiong L, Chen X, He Y et al. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences (2025)
[19]
Importance of Successful Revascularization in Acute Limb Ischemia: Sub-Analysis From the RESCUE ALI Trial. — Haraguchi T, Tan M, Uchida D, Dannoura Y, Shibata T, Iwata S et al. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions (2025)
[20]
Association of Frailty Index and Postoperative Outcomes of Open Bypass Lower Extremity Revascularization for Acute Limb Ischemia Using the Vascular Quality Initiative. — Gonzalez M, Paz M, Babrowski T Vascular and endovascular surgery (2025)
[21]
Pharmacomechanical thrombectomy with Angiojet in acute arterial occlusions: A prospective study among the results and outcomes. — Soares RA, Campos ABC, Portela MVV, Brienze CS, Brancher GQB, Sacilotto R Vascular (2025)
[22]
A Laser Atherectomy-Thrombectomy System for Primary Management of Acute Limb Ischemia. — Braga D, Dobson L, Rahnemai-Azar AA, Sauk S, Guevara CJ, Ushinsky A Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR (2025)
[23]
Outcomes of prophylactic fasciotomy in patients with non-traumatic acute limb ischemia. — Apichartpiyakul P, Khorana J, Rerkasem K, Tantraworasin A Vascular (2025)
[24]
Clinical value of foot thermometry in patients with acute limb ischemia. — Casian D, Predenciuc A, Culiuc V Vascular (2025)
[25]
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