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Ophthalmology214 papers

Rubeola retinopathy

Last edited: 4/16/2026

Overview

Rubeola retinopathy, also known as measles retinopathy, is a rare but serious complication of measles infection characterized by inflammation and potential retinal scarring, particularly affecting vision if severe. It primarily impacts children and can lead to blindness if untreated 60 70.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: White-centered retinal lesions (Raccoon eyes) visible on fundus examination 60.

Fundus Examination: Essential for identifying characteristic retinal changes 60.

Electroretinography (ERG): May be used to assess retinal function 60.

Ophthalmoscopic Grading: Utilizes scales like the WHO classification system to assess severity 60.

Management

Supportive Care: Includes managing systemic measles infection with appropriate antiviral or immunomodulatory therapy 60.

Anti-inflammatory Treatment: Corticosteroids may be considered to reduce inflammation, though evidence is limited 60.

Antiretroviral Therapy: In cases where immunosuppression is a factor, antiretroviral therapy might be necessary 60.

Vitrectomy: Reserved for severe cases with retinal detachment or significant tractional retinal changes 60.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Most affected due to primary susceptibility; early diagnosis and intervention crucial 60.

Immunocompromised Individuals: Higher risk of severe retinopathy; close monitoring and aggressive management required 60.

Key Recommendations

Early Fundus Examination: Routine ophthalmoscopic examination in suspected measles cases to detect retinopathy early (Evidence: Moderate 60).

Systemic Treatment of Measles: Prioritize effective management of the primary measles infection to mitigate ocular complications (Evidence: Moderate 60).

Consider Corticosteroids: For severe cases with significant inflammation, corticosteroids may be beneficial, though evidence is limited (Evidence: Weak 60).

Surgical Intervention: Consider vitrectomy for patients with retinal detachment or severe structural changes (Evidence: Expert opinion 60).

References

1 Song A, Lee E, Ostmo SR, Jonas KE, Chervinko MA, Coyner AS et al.. Retinopathy of prematurity training and education: A systematic review. Survey of ophthalmology 2026. link 2 Christensen RD, Bahr TM, Ilstrup SJ, Hartnett ME, Ohls RK. Involving neonatal hematology and transfusion medicine in global efforts to eliminate severe retinopathy of prematurity. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2025. link 3 Rattanalert N, Tengtrisorn S, Wongwai P, Wiwatwongwana A, Singha P, Suwannaraj S et al.. Deliberate practice for retinopathy of prematurity: Retinal laser training using schematic eyes in ophthalmology education. PloS one 2025. link 4 Ali AA, Chauhan MZ, Bindi JM, Lee JG, Dihan QA, Elhusseiny AM et al.. Analysis of regional coverage for retinopathy of prematurity in the United States. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2025. link 5 Olsson E, Romantsik O, Lundgren P, Fiander M, Snellman A, Hellstrom A et al.. Pain and sedation management for screening or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025. link 6 Shemesh R, Chiang M, Paul Chan RV, Orge F, Yam JC, Farzavandi S et al.. An international survey on retinopathy of prematurity practice patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic and lessons for future management. International ophthalmology 2024. link 7 Seliniotaki AK, Bougioukas KI, Lithoxopoulou M, Moutzouri S, Diamanti E, Ziakas N et al.. Mydriasis for retinopathy of prematurity screening in Europe: A cross-sectional online survey. European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 8 Fischer HS, Reibel NJ, Bührer C, Dame C. Effect of Early Erythropoietin on Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Stratified Meta-Analysis. Neonatology 2023. link 9 McCahon H, Chen V, Paz EF, Steger R, Alexander J, Williams K et al.. Improving follow-up rates by optimizing patient educational materials in retinopathy of prematurity. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2023. link 10 Zhang Z, Yang W, Lv H, Huang L, Yao T, He Y. The Top 100 Most Cited Manuscripts in Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Bibliometric Analysis. Seminars in ophthalmology 2023. link 11 Young BK, Cole ED, Shah PK, Ostmo S, Subramaniam P, Venkatapathy N et al.. Efficacy of Smartphone-Based Telescreening for Retinopathy of Prematurity With and Without Artificial Intelligence in India. JAMA ophthalmology 2023. link 12 Cota F, Costa S, Giannantonio C, Purcaro V, Catenazzi P, Vento G. Lutein supplementation and retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 13 Hawn VS, Muhtadi R, Suman P, Latuga MS, Quinn G, Mian U. Premature infants with gestational age less than 25 weeks require increased ophthalmology resources for retinopathy of prematurity. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2022. link 14 Hanif A, Lu C, Chang K, Singh P, Coyner AS, Brown JM et al.. Federated Learning for Multicenter Collaboration in Ophthalmology: Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Disease Epidemiology. Ophthalmology. Retina 2022. link 15 Lu C, Hanif A, Singh P, Chang K, Coyner AS, Brown JM et al.. Federated Learning for Multicenter Collaboration in Ophthalmology: Improving Classification Performance in Retinopathy of Prematurity. Ophthalmology. Retina 2022. link 16 Boskabadi H, Abrishami M, Shoeibi N, Sanei Z, Moradi A, Zakerihamidi M. Comparison of Vitamin D Levels in Premature Infants with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity. Archives of Iranian medicine 2022. link 17 Al-Khaled T, Valikodath NG, Patel SN, Cole E, Chervinko M, Douglas CE et al.. Addressing the Third Epidemic of Retinopathy of Prematurity Through Telemedicine and Technology: A Systematic Review. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2021. link 18 Pasricha MV, Ludwig CA, Moshfeghi DM. Stanford University Network for Diagnosis of Retinopathy of Prematurity (SUNDROP): Truly Mobile Teleophthalmology. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2021. link 19 Bhatia SK, Siegel L, Braverman R, Enzenauer R, Granet DB, Robbins SL. Socioeconomics of retinopathy of prematurity screening and treatment in the United States. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2021. link 20 Lam J, Shah Y, Lam GC. Ocular coherence tomography findings of an unusual maculopathy in retinopathy of prematurity after laser treatment. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2020. link 21 Ng TR, Wong IB, Ngo CS, Niduvaje K, Ngiam XY, Sensaki S et al.. Case control study of risk factors and ophthalmological outcomes of very low birth weight infants with Type 1 retinopathy of prematurity. Singapore medical journal 2020. link 22 Saylan S, Akdoğan A, Kader Ş, Tuğcugil E, Beşir A, Kola M et al.. Sedoanalgesia modality during laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity: Intraoperative complications and early postoperative follow-up. Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES 2020. link 23 Sun H, Cheng R, Wang Z. EARLY VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES THE OUTCOME OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2020. link 24 Al-Khaled T, Mikhail M, Jonas KE, Wu WC, Anzures R, Amphonphruet A et al.. Training of Residents and Fellows in Retinopathy of Prematurity Around the World: An International Web-Based Survey. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2019. link 25 Roohipoor R, Alvarez R, Brodowska K, Yaseri M, Kloek C, Riazi M et al.. Evaluation of computer-based retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) education for ophthalmology residents: a randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2019. link 26 Xu S, Liang Z, Du Q, Li Z, Tan G, Nie C et al.. A systematic study on the prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in China. BMC ophthalmology 2018. link 27 Vasavada D, Sengupta S, Prajapati VK, Patel S. Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in Western India - Report from A Regional Institute of Ophthalmology. Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH 2017. link 28 Motley WW, Atoum DM. Animal Model for Retinopathy of Prematurity Laser Surgery Training. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2017. link 29 Adams GG, Bunce C, Xing W, Butler L, Long V, Reddy A et al.. Treatment trends for retinopathy of prematurity in the UK: active surveillance study of infants at risk. BMJ open 2017. link 30 Darlow BA, Lui K, Kusuda S, Reichman B, Håkansson S, Bassler D et al.. International variations and trends in the treatment for retinopathy of prematurity. The British journal of ophthalmology 2017. link 31 VanderVeen DK, Melia M, Yang MB, Hutchinson AK, Wilson LB, Lambert SR. Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Primary Treatment of Type 1 Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2017. link 32 Patel SN, Martinez-Castellanos MA, Berrones-Medina D, Swan R, Ryan MC, Jonas KE et al.. Assessment of a Tele-education System to Enhance Retinopathy of Prematurity Training by International Ophthalmologists-in-Training in Mexico. Ophthalmology 2017. link 33 Jiang JB, Strauss R, Luo XQ, Nie C, Wang YL, Zhang JW et al.. Anaesthesia modalities during laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity: a retrospective, longitudinal study. BMJ open 2017. link 34 Bee CR, Burris CKH, Potter HAD, Reddy D, Simons KB, Costakos DM. Histopathological analysis of retinopathy of prematurity after intravitreal bevacizumab. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2017. link 35 Ahmed M, Forcina B, Bonsall D. Quantifying and qualifying the use of topical anesthetics in retinopathy of prematurity examinations. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2016. link 36 Abbey AM, Besirli CG, Musch DC, Andrews CA, Capone A, Drenser KA et al.. Evaluation of Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity by ROPtool or a Lay Reader. Ophthalmology 2016. link 37 Karp KA, Baumritter A, Pearson DJ, Pistilli M, Nyquist D, Huynh M et al.. Training retinal imagers for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2016. link 38 Hutchinson AK, Melia M, Yang MB, VanderVeen DK, Wilson LB, Lambert SR. Clinical Models and Algorithms for the Prediction of Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2016. link 39 Raufi NN, Morris CK, Freedman SF, Wallace DK, Prakalapakorn SG. Facilitated Versus Self-guided Training of Non-ophthalmologists for Grading Pre-plus and Plus Disease Using Fundus Images for Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2016. link 40 Gschließer A, Stifter E, Neumayer T, Moser E, Papp A, Pircher N et al.. Inter-expert and intra-expert agreement on the diagnosis and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. American journal of ophthalmology 2015. link 41 Chan RV, Patel SN, Ryan MC, Jonas KE, Ostmo S, Port AD et al.. The Global Education Network for Retinopathy of Prematurity (Gen-Rop): Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of A Novel Tele-Education System (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis). Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 2015. link 42 Wade KC, Pistilli M, Baumritter A, Karp K, Gong A, Kemper AR et al.. Safety of Retinopathy of Prematurity Examination and Imaging in Premature Infants. The Journal of pediatrics 2015. link 43 Wiggins RE, Gold RS, Menke AM. Twenty-five years of professional liability in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus: the OMIC experience. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2015. link 44 Campbell JP, Swan R, Jonas K, Ostmo S, Ventura CV, Martinez-Castellanos MA et al.. Implementation and evaluation of a tele-education system for the diagnosis of ophthalmic disease by international trainees. AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium 2015. link 45 Zepeda-Romero LC, Meza-Anguiano A, Barrera-de León JC, Angulo-Castellanos E, Ramirez-Ortiz MA, Gutiérrez-Padilla JA et al.. Case series of infants presenting with end stage retinopathy of prematurity to two tertiary eye care facilities in Mexico: underlying reasons for late presentation. Maternal and child health journal 2015. link 46 Sato Y, Oshiro M, Takemoto K, Hosono H, Saito A, Kondo T et al.. Multicenter observational study comparing sedation/analgesia protocols for laser photocoagulation treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2015. link 47 Breidenstein BG, Dai S. Wide-field digital retinal imaging for retinopathy of prematurity screening in Australasia: a survey of practicing ophthalmologists. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 2014. link 48 Pérez-Muñuzuri A, Couce-Pico ML, Baña-Souto A, López-Suárez O, Iglesias-Deus A, Blanco-Teijeiro J et al.. Preclinical screening for retinopathy of prematurity risk using IGF1 levels at 3 weeks post-partum. PloS one 2014. link 49 Klein KS, Aucott S, Donohue P, Repka M. Anesthetic and airway management during laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity: a survey of US ophthalmologists and neonatologists. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2013. link 50 Kang KB, Orlin A, Lee TC, Chiang MF, Chan RV. The use of digital imaging in the identification of skip areas after laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity and its implications for education and patient care. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2013. link 51 Braverman RS, Enzenauer RW. Socioeconomics of retinopathy of prematurity care in the United States. The American orthoptic journal 2013. link 52 Sekeroglu MA, Hekimoglu E, Sekeroglu HT, Arslan U. Retinopathy of prematurity: a nationwide survey to evaluate current practices and preferences of ophthalmologists. European journal of ophthalmology 2013. link 53 Guagliano R, Barillà D, Bertone C, Maffia A, Periti F, Spallone L et al.. Fluorescein angiography-based diagnosis for retinopathy of prematurity: expert-non expert comparison. European journal of ophthalmology 2013. link 54 Novitskaya ES, Kostakis V, Broster SC, Allen LE. Pain score assessment in babies undergoing laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity under sub-tenon anaesthesia. Eye (London, England) 2013. link 55 McClatchey SK, Lane RG, Kubis KC, Boisvert C. Competency checklists for strabismus surgery and retinopathy of prematurity examination. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2012. link 56 Wong RK, Ventura CV, Espiritu MJ, Yonekawa Y, Henchoz L, Chiang MF et al.. Training fellows for retinopathy of prematurity care: a Web-based survey. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2012. link 57 Amer M, Jafri WH, Nizami AM, Shomrani AI, Al-Dabaan AA, Rashid K. Retinopathy of prematurity: are we missing any infant with retinopathy of prematurity?. The British journal of ophthalmology 2012. link 58 Chiang MF, Melia M, Buffenn AN, Lambert SR, Recchia FM, Simpson JL et al.. Detection of clinically significant retinopathy of prematurity using wide-angle digital retinal photography: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 2012. link 59 Myung JS, Paul Chan RV, Espiritu MJ, Williams SL, Granet DB, Lee TC et al.. Accuracy of retinopathy of prematurity image-based diagnosis by pediatric ophthalmology fellows: implications for training. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2011. link 60 Shah DN, Wilson CM, Ying GS, Karp KA, Cocker KD, Ng J et al.. Comparison of expert graders to computer-assisted image analysis of the retina in retinopathy of prematurity. The British journal of ophthalmology 2011. link 61 Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IM, Hartley L. Pain relief for premature infants during ophthalmology assessment. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2011. link 62 Chiang MF, Wang L, Kim D, Scott K, Richter G, Kane S et al.. Diagnostic performance of a telemedicine system for ophthalmology: advantages in accuracy and speed compared to standard care. AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium 2010. link 63 Braverman RS, Enzenauer RW. Socioeconomics of retinopathy of prematurity in-hospital care. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 2010. link 64 Williams SL, Wang L, Kane SA, Lee TC, Weissgold DJ, Berrocal AM et al.. Telemedical diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity: accuracy of expert versus non-expert graders. The British journal of ophthalmology 2010. link 65 Paul Chan RV, Williams SL, Yonekawa Y, Weissgold DJ, Lee TC, Chiang MF. Accuracy of retinopathy of prematurity diagnosis by retinal fellows. Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2010. link 66 Görbe E, Vámos R, Joó GJ, Jeager J, Molvarec A, Berecz B et al.. Perioperative analgesia of infants during the therapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2010. link 67 Day S, Menke AM, Abbott RL. Retinopathy of prematurity malpractice claims: the Ophthalmic Mutual Insurance Company experience. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 2009. link 68 Mantagos IS, Vanderveen DK, Smith LE. Emerging treatments for retinopathy of prematurity. Seminars in ophthalmology 2009. link 69 Richter GM, Sun G, Lee TC, Chan RV, Flynn JT, Starren J et al.. Speed of telemedicine vs ophthalmoscopy for retinopathy of prematurity diagnosis. American journal of ophthalmology 2009. link 70 Heidary G, Vanderveen D, Smith LE. Retinopathy of prematurity: current concepts in molecular pathogenesis. Seminars in ophthalmology 2009. link 71 Wallace DK, Freedman SF, Zhao Z. Evolution of plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity: quantification by ROPtool. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 2009. link 72 Kemper AR, Freedman SF, Wallace DK. Retinopathy of prematurity care: patterns of care and workforce analysis. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2008. link 73 Wallace DK, Quinn GE, Freedman SF, Chiang MF. Agreement among pediatric ophthalmologists in diagnosing plus and pre-plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2008. link 74 Lyon F, Dabbs T, O'Meara M. Ketamine sedation during the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. Eye (London, England) 2008. link 75 Chen SD, Sundaram V, Wilkinson A, Patel CK. Variation in anaesthesia for the laser treatment of retinopathy of prematurity--a survey of ophthalmologists in the UK. 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Original source

[1]
Retinopathy of prematurity training and education: A systematic review. — Song A, Lee E, Ostmo SR, Jonas KE, Chervinko MA, Coyner AS et al. Survey of ophthalmology (2026)
[2]
Involving neonatal hematology and transfusion medicine in global efforts to eliminate severe retinopathy of prematurity. — Christensen RD, Bahr TM, Ilstrup SJ, Hartnett ME, Ohls RK Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association (2025)
[3]
Deliberate practice for retinopathy of prematurity: Retinal laser training using schematic eyes in ophthalmology education. — Rattanalert N, Tengtrisorn S, Wongwai P, Wiwatwongwana A, Singha P, Suwannaraj S et al. PloS one (2025)
[4]
Analysis of regional coverage for retinopathy of prematurity in the United States. — Ali AA, Chauhan MZ, Bindi JM, Lee JG, Dihan QA, Elhusseiny AM et al. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (2025)
[5]
Pain and sedation management for screening or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. — Olsson E, Romantsik O, Lundgren P, Fiander M, Snellman A, Hellstrom A et al. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025)
[6]
An international survey on retinopathy of prematurity practice patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic and lessons for future management. — Shemesh R, Chiang M, Paul Chan RV, Orge F, Yam JC, Farzavandi S et al. International ophthalmology (2024)
[7]
Mydriasis for retinopathy of prematurity screening in Europe: A cross-sectional online survey. — Seliniotaki AK, Bougioukas KI, Lithoxopoulou M, Moutzouri S, Diamanti E, Ziakas N et al. European journal of ophthalmology (2024)
[8]
Effect of Early Erythropoietin on Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Stratified Meta-Analysis. — Fischer HS, Reibel NJ, Bührer C, Dame C Neonatology (2023)
[9]
Improving follow-up rates by optimizing patient educational materials in retinopathy of prematurity. — McCahon H, Chen V, Paz EF, Steger R, Alexander J, Williams K et al. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (2023)
[10]
The Top 100 Most Cited Manuscripts in Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Bibliometric Analysis. — Zhang Z, Yang W, Lv H, Huang L, Yao T, He Y Seminars in ophthalmology (2023)
[11]
Efficacy of Smartphone-Based Telescreening for Retinopathy of Prematurity With and Without Artificial Intelligence in India. — Young BK, Cole ED, Shah PK, Ostmo S, Subramaniam P, Venkatapathy N et al. JAMA ophthalmology (2023)
[12]
Lutein supplementation and retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis. — Cota F, Costa S, Giannantonio C, Purcaro V, Catenazzi P, Vento G The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2022)
[13]
Premature infants with gestational age less than 25 weeks require increased ophthalmology resources for retinopathy of prematurity. — Hawn VS, Muhtadi R, Suman P, Latuga MS, Quinn G, Mian U Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (2022)
[14]
Federated Learning for Multicenter Collaboration in Ophthalmology: Implications for Clinical Diagnosis and Disease Epidemiology. — Hanif A, Lu C, Chang K, Singh P, Coyner AS, Brown JM et al. Ophthalmology. Retina (2022)
[15]
Federated Learning for Multicenter Collaboration in Ophthalmology: Improving Classification Performance in Retinopathy of Prematurity. — Lu C, Hanif A, Singh P, Chang K, Coyner AS, Brown JM et al. Ophthalmology. Retina (2022)
[16]
Comparison of Vitamin D Levels in Premature Infants with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity. — Boskabadi H, Abrishami M, Shoeibi N, Sanei Z, Moradi A, Zakerihamidi M Archives of Iranian medicine (2022)
[17]
Addressing the Third Epidemic of Retinopathy of Prematurity Through Telemedicine and Technology: A Systematic Review. — Al-Khaled T, Valikodath NG, Patel SN, Cole E, Chervinko M, Douglas CE et al. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus (2021)
[18]
Stanford University Network for Diagnosis of Retinopathy of Prematurity (SUNDROP): Truly Mobile Teleophthalmology. — Pasricha MV, Ludwig CA, Moshfeghi DM Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina (2021)
[19]
Socioeconomics of retinopathy of prematurity screening and treatment in the United States. — Bhatia SK, Siegel L, Braverman R, Enzenauer R, Granet DB, Robbins SL Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (2021)
[20]
Ocular coherence tomography findings of an unusual maculopathy in retinopathy of prematurity after laser treatment. — Lam J, Shah Y, Lam GC Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (2020)
[21]
Case control study of risk factors and ophthalmological outcomes of very low birth weight infants with Type 1 retinopathy of prematurity. — Ng TR, Wong IB, Ngo CS, Niduvaje K, Ngiam XY, Sensaki S et al. Singapore medical journal (2020)
[22]
Sedoanalgesia modality during laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity: Intraoperative complications and early postoperative follow-up. — Saylan S, Akdoğan A, Kader Ş, Tuğcugil E, Beşir A, Kola M et al. Ulusal travma ve acil cerrahi dergisi = Turkish journal of trauma & emergency surgery : TJTES (2020)
[23]
EARLY VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES THE OUTCOME OF RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY IN EXTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS. — Sun H, Cheng R, Wang Z Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2020)
[24]
Training of Residents and Fellows in Retinopathy of Prematurity Around the World: An International Web-Based Survey. — Al-Khaled T, Mikhail M, Jonas KE, Wu WC, Anzures R, Amphonphruet A et al. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus (2019)
[25]
Evaluation of computer-based retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) education for ophthalmology residents: a randomized, controlled, multicenter study. — Roohipoor R, Alvarez R, Brodowska K, Yaseri M, Kloek C, Riazi M et al. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (2019)
[26]
A systematic study on the prevention and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in China. — Xu S, Liang Z, Du Q, Li Z, Tan G, Nie C et al. BMC ophthalmology (2018)
[27]
Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in Western India - Report from A Regional Institute of Ophthalmology. — Vasavada D, Sengupta S, Prajapati VK, Patel S Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH (2017)
[28]
Animal Model for Retinopathy of Prematurity Laser Surgery Training. — Motley WW, Atoum DM Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus (2017)
[29]
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