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Cardiology487 papers

Sinoatrial nodal reentrant tachycardia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) involves a reentrant circuit within the AV node, typically characterized by a slow-fast pattern, but can also present as slow-slow variants. Sinoatrial nodal reentrant tachycardia (SNRT) is less common but shares similar mechanisms involving dual pathways within the atrioventricular (AV) node 1 2 15.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Narrow QRS complex tachycardia, often with characteristic P wave patterns (retrograde P waves) 1 15.

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Identification of typical AVNRT patterns, including retrograde P waves and a narrow QRS complex 1 15.

Electrophysiological Study (EPS): Confirmation through programmed stimulation, identifying dual AV nodal pathways 1 15 23.

High-Density Mapping: Utilization of advanced mapping techniques to delineate slow and fast pathways within the triangle of Koch 3 7 11 23.

Management

First-Line Treatment: Catheter ablation targeting the slow pathway for definitive cure 4 21 24 27 37 41 50 51.

- Cryoablation: Preferred due to lower risk of AV block compared to radiofrequency ablation 4 21 24 27 37 41 50 51.

Adjunctive Treatments: Pharmacological management with antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) for acute control 1 15.

Ablation Techniques:

- Slow Pathway Ablation: Guided by high-resolution mapping, focusing on late activation patterns 7 11 23 33. - Cryoablation Protocols: Multiple freeze-thaw cycles may reduce recurrence rates 28 41.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Cryoablation is preferred over radiofrequency due to lower risk of complications 24 44.

Elderly: Careful consideration of AV block risk during ablation; cryoablation may offer advantages 4 21 50.

Comorbidities: Patients with coronary sinus anomalies or other structural heart disease may require tailored ablation strategies 39 63.

Key Recommendations

Primary Treatment with Catheter Ablation: Perform catheter ablation targeting the slow pathway for definitive treatment of AVNRT (Evidence: Strong 4 21 24 27 37 41 50 51).

Prefer Cryoablation Over Radiofrequency: Given the lower risk of AV block, cryoablation is recommended for AVNRT ablation (Evidence: Strong 4 21 24 27 37 41 50 51).

Utilize High-Density Mapping Techniques: Employ advanced mapping methods to accurately identify and ablate the slow pathway (Evidence: Moderate 7 11 23 33).

Consider Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles: For cryoablation, multiple freeze-thaw cycles may reduce long-term recurrence rates (Evidence: Moderate 28 41).

Tailored Approach for Special Populations: Adapt ablation techniques based on patient age and comorbidities to minimize risks (Evidence: Expert opinion).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 224 indexed papers.

1 Katritsis DG. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart rhythm 2026. link 2 Sudo K, Kuroki K, Nakagawa K, Asakawa T, Aonuma K, Sato A. Complex Signal Identification Map for Optimal Ablation Site in Slow-Fast Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2026. link 3 Abu-Alrub S, Florian F, Boudias A, Catalan PA, Jean F, Clerfond G et al.. Slow/fast atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia catheter ablation guided by atrial resetting: The new insight. Heart rhythm 2026. link 4 Koca H, Harbalıoğlu H, Ardıc ML, Icen YK, Koca F, Coşkun H et al.. A Single 480-s Cryoablation Reduces Long-Term Arrhythmia Recurrence Rate Than Standard Cryoablation in Patients With AVNRT. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2026. link 5 Wang Q, Ji X, Sun X, Deng S, Ju W, Yang G et al.. Electrophysiological Characteristics of Coronary Sinus Activation Sequence Alteration During Left Lateral AP Ablation. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2026. link 6 Hirata S, Nagashima K, Watanabe R, Wakamatsu Y, Hirata M, Sawada M et al.. Precise Activation Within the Triangle of Koch: Insights from Ultra-High-Resolution Mapping and Cryoablation Terminating AVNRT. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2026. link 7 Sahin AT, Ozyesil B, Kan H, Keskin O, Sertdemir AL, Gul EE. High-density electroanatomic mapping-guided ablation in AVNRT: the role of slow pathway late activation mapping technique. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2026. link 8 Wakamatsu Y, Nagashima K, Watanabe R, Hirata S, Hirata M, Okumura Y. Beyond the lens: Unveiling the invisible atrioventricular node in the era of high-density mapping. Journal of cardiology 2025. link 9 Tamura S, Nakatani Y, Hasegawa H, Kobari T, Kaneko Y, Ishii H. Two Distinct Atrial Breakthroughs During Fast-Slow Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2025. link 10 Shen C, Bai R, Jia Z, Feng M, Yu Y, Du X et al.. Unexpected transient atrioventricular block and slow junctional rhythm using pulsed field ablation for slow pathway modification: Excited or cautious for ablators. Heart rhythm 2025. link 11 Katritsis DG, Fragakis N, Katritsis G, Doukas V, Marine JE, Desmukh A et al.. High-resolution mapping of the circuit of typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2024. link 12 Okishige K, Tachibana S, Shigeta T, Yamauchi Y, Tanno K, Hirao K et al.. Novel method to avoid serious injurious effects on the atrioventricular nodal (AVN) conduction during catheter ablation of the AVN slow pathway utilizing cryofreezing energy. Journal of cardiology 2024. link 13 Takahashi K, Kuwahara T, Makita T, Ito Y, Oyagi Y, Kadono K et al.. A novel approach to typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with high-resolution mapping using the CARTO 3 cardiac mapping system. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2024. link 14 Costa A, Marinelli A, Rauhe W, Martignani C, Ignatiuk B, Sabbatani P et al.. Voltage mapping of Koch's triangle in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia ablation : Results from an observational multicenter prospective registry. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2023. link 15 Pandozi C, Matteucci A, Galeazzi M, Russo M, Lavalle C, Ficili S et al.. New insights into atrioventricular nodal anatomy, physiology, and immunochemistry: A comprehensive review and a proposed model of the slow-fast atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia circuit in agreement with direct potential recordings in the Koch's triangle area. Heart rhythm 2023. link 16 Katritsis D, Tretter JT, Marine JE, Calkins H, Anderson RH. Quantitative assessment of the fast pathway in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2023. link 17 Guan F, Saguner AM, Hofer D, Wolber T, Breitenstein A, Krasniqi N et al.. Distinctive characteristics of His bundle potentials in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Cardiology journal 2023. link 18 Bun SS, Wedn AM, Taher A, Taghji P, Squara F, Hasni K et al.. Slow pathway elimination using antegrade conduction improvement with fast atrial pacing during AVNRT radiofrequency ablation: a proof-of-concept study. Acta cardiologica 2022. link 19 Bailin SJ, Rhodes TE, Arter JC, Kocherla C, Kaushik N. Physiology of slow pathway conduction during sinus rhythm: evidence from high density mapping within the triangle of Koch. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2022. link 20 Schricker AA, Winkle R, Moskovitz R, Suchomel L, Fowler S, Engel G et al.. Open-window mapping of accessory pathways utilizing high-density mapping. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2021. link 21 Hoshiyama T, Ashikaga K, Tsujita K, Shibata Y. Efficacy of cryo-ablation during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart and vessels 2021. link 22 Hooks DA, Dubois R, Meillet V, Nicot J, Berte B, Yamashita S et al.. Automated rhythm-based control of radiofrequency ablation close to the atrioventricular node: Preclinical, animal, and first-in-human testing. Heart rhythm 2021. link 23 Pandozi C, Lavalle C, Bongiorni MG, Catalano A, Pelargonio G, Russo M et al.. High-density mapping of Koch's triangle during sinus rhythm and typical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia: new insight. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2021. link 24 Kafalı HC, Özgür S, Şahin GT, Akay EÖ, Güzeltaş A, Ergül Y. Cryoablation with an 8-mm tip catheter for typical AVNRT in children: a single center 5-year experience. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2021. link 25 Okishige K, Okumura K, Tsurugi T, Yotsukura A, Nanbu T, Sugiura H et al.. Japan ablation registry: cryoablation in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia ("JARCANRET study"): results from large multicenter retrospective investigation. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2020. link 26 Kaneko Y, Nakajima T, Iizuka T, Tamura S, Hasegawa H, Kurabayashi M. Atypical Slow-Slow Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia with Use of a Superior Slow Pathway. International heart journal 2020. link 27 Dechering DG, Schleberger R, Greiser E, Dickow J, Koebe J, Frommeyer G et al.. Outcome of slow pathway modulation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with 50 versus 30 watts-more power, more effect?. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2018. link 28 Chua K, Upadhyay GA, Lee E, Aziz Z, Beaser AD, Ozcan C et al.. High-resolution mapping of the triangle of Koch: Spatial heterogeneity of fast pathway atrionodal connections. Heart rhythm 2018. link 29 Adachi T, Yoshida K, Kuroki K, Yamasaki H, Sekiguchi Y, Nogami A et al.. Unmasking of a concealed slow pathway by atrioventricular simultaneous basic pacing. Journal of electrocardiology 2018. link 30 Matta M, Anselmino M, Scaglione M, Vitolo M, Ferraris F, Di Donna P et al.. Cooling dynamics: a new predictor of long-term efficacy of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia cryoablation. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2017. link 31 Iwasawa J, Miyazaki S, Takagi T, Taniguchi H, Nakamura H, Hachiya H et al.. Optimal slow pathway ablation site for slow-fast atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with 2:1 atrioventricular conduction. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2017. link 32 Kiedrowicz RM, Kaźmierczak J, Wielusiński M. The effect of atrial pacing site on electrophysiological properties of the atrioventricular junction and induction of atrioventricular nodal reentry in patients with typical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Kardiologia polska 2017. link 33 Lin CH, Lin YJ, Chang SL, Lo LW, Huang HK, Chiang CH et al.. Novel electrophysiological characteristics of atrioventricular nodal continuous conduction curves in atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia with concomitant cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent atrial flutter. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2016. link 34 Khori V, Alizadeh AM, Moheimani HR, Zahedi M, Aminolsharieh Najafi S, Shakiba D et al.. Acute effects of simvastatin to terminate fast reentrant tachycardia through increasing wavelength of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia circuit. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology 2015. link 35 Zhang Y. Transverse versus longitudinal electrical propagation within the atrioventricular node during dual pathway conduction: basis of dual pathway electrophysiology and His electrogram alternans (Zhang's phenomenon). International journal of cardiology 2014. link 36 Nakatani Y, Mizumaki K, Nishida K, Sakamoto T, Yamaguchi Y, Kataoka N et al.. Electrophysiological and anatomical differences of the slow pathway between the fast-slow form and slow-slow form of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2014. link 37 Santangeli P, Proietti R, Di Biase L, Bai R, Natale A. Cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2014. link 38 Qureshi MY, Ratnasamy C, Sokoloski M, Young ML. Low recurrence rate in treating atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with triple freeze-thaw cycles. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2013. link 39 Kawata H, Satomi K, Yamagata K, Kamakura S. Successful slow pathway ablation in a patient with a rare unroofed type coronary sinus. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2013. link 40 Liao JN, Hu YF, Wu TJ, Fong AN, Lin WS, Lin YJ et al.. Permanent pacemaker implantation for late atrioventricular block in patients receiving catheter ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. The American journal of cardiology 2013. link 41 Peyrol M, Sbragia P, Uhry S, Boccara G, Dolla E, Quatre A et al.. Slow pathway elimination for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with the 8-mm tip cryoablation catheter: an 18-month follow-up study. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2013. link 42 de Sisti A, Tonet J. Cryoablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: a clinical review. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2012. link 43 Chen Z, Sunni N, A'atty O, Ward DE, Sutherland GR, Gallagher MM. Successful ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in a patient with left atrial isomerism. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2012. link 44 Alhumaid F, Cheng A, Calkins H, Berger RD. Successful cryothermal ablation for Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia after radiofrequency ablation failure. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2012. link 45 Lin JF, Li YC, Yang PL, Tang JF. Ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in a patient with reversal of slow and fast pathways inputs into the atrioventricular node. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2012. link 46 Malik AK, Ching CK, Liew R, Chong DT, Teo WS. Successful ablation of sinus node reentrant tachycardia using remote magnetic navigation system. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2012. link 47 Hirai Y, Wen MS, Yeh SJ, Wu D. A specific sign for differential diagnosis of atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from atrial tachycardia. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2012. link 48 Tanaka S, Yoshida A, Fukuzawa K, Takei A, Kanda G, Takami K et al.. Recognition of inferiorly dislocated fast pathways guided by three-dimensional electro-anatomical mapping. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2011. link 49 Gist K, Tigges C, Smith G, Clark J. Learning curve for zero-fluoroscopy catheter ablation of AVNRT: early versus late experience. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2011. link 50 Schwagten B, Knops P, Janse P, Kimman G, Van Belle Y, Szili-Torok T et al.. Long-term follow-up after catheter ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: a comparison of cryothermal and radiofrequency energy in a large series of patients. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2011. link 51 Stern JD, Rolnitzky L, Goldberg JD, Chinitz LA, Holmes DS, Bernstein NE et al.. Meta-analysis to assess the appropriate endpoint for slow pathway ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2011. link 52 Katritsis DG, Giazitzoglou E, Zografos T, Ellenbogen KA, Camm AJ. An approach to left septal slow pathway ablation. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2011. link 53 Opel A, Murray S, Kamath N, Dhinoja M, Abrams D, Sporton S et al.. Cryoablation versus radiofrequency ablation for treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: cryoablation with 6-mm-tip catheters is still less effective than radiofrequency ablation. Heart rhythm 2010. link 54 Fishberger SB, Whalen R, Zahn EM, Welch EM, Rossi AF. Radiofrequency ablation of pediatric AV nodal reentrant tachycardia during the ice age: a single center experience in the cryoablation era. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2010. link 55 Sorgente A, Chierchia GB, De Asmundis C, Yazaki Y, Sarkozy A, Brugada P. Stepwise transition of 2:1 atrio-ventricular block to 1:1 conduction induced by ventricular premature beats in a patient with atypical AVNRT. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2010. link 56 Ardashev AV, Makarenko AS, Zhelyakov EG, Shavarov AA. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia treatment using novel potential. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2010. link 57 Ricard P, Latcu DG, Yaïci K, Zarqane N, Saoudi N. Slow pathway radiofrequency ablation in patients with AVNRT: junctional rhythm is less frequent during magnetic navigation ablation than with the conventional technique. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2010. link 58 Alvarez M, Tercedor L, Almansa I, Ros N, Galdeano RS, Burillo F et al.. Safety and feasibility of catheter ablation for atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia without fluoroscopic guidance. Heart rhythm 2009. link 59 Medina J, Rapp B. Phantom tactile sensations modulated by body position. Current biology : CB 2008. link 60 Rivard L, Dubuc M, Guerra PG, Novak P, Roy D, Macle L et al.. Cryoablation outcomes for AV nodal reentrant tachycardia comparing 4-mm versus 6-mm electrode-tip catheters. Heart rhythm 2008. link 61 Nikoo MH, Emkanjoo Z, Jorat MV, Kharazi A, Alizadeh A, Fazelifar AF et al.. Can successful radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia be predicted by pattern of junctional ectopy?. Journal of electrocardiology 2008. link 62 Otomo K, Nagata Y, Uno K, Fujiwara H, Iesaka Y. Atypical atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with eccentric coronary sinus activation: electrophysiological characteristics and essential effects of left-sided ablation inside the coronary sinus. Heart rhythm 2007. link 63 Hirai Y, Chou CC, Wen MS. Catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in a patient with complete situs inversus, atrial septal defect and "inverse" persistent left superior vena cava. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 64 Ong MG, Lee PC, Tai CT, Lin YJ, Hsieh MH, Chen YJ et al.. The electrophysiologic characteristics of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia with eccentric retrograde activation. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 65 Huang H, Wang X, Ouyang F, Antz M. Catheter ablation of anteroseptal accessory pathway in the non-coronary aortic sinus. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2006. link 66 Liuba I, Jönsson A, Säfström K, Walfridsson H. Gender-related differences in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. The American journal of cardiology 2006. link 67 Lee PC, Tai CT, Hwang B, Hsieh MH, Tsai CF, Chiang CE et al.. The electrophysiologic characteristics in patients with only ventricular-pacing inducible slow-fast form atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2005. link 68 Yu CC, Lai LP, Lin JL. Proximal common pathway in the circuit of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2005. link 69 Miyazaki A, Blaufox AD, Fairbrother DL, Saul JP. Prolongation of the fast pathway effective refractory period during cryoablation in children: a marker of slow pathway modification. Heart rhythm 2005. link 70 Kilic A, Amasyali B, Kose S, Aytemir K, Celik T, Kursaklioglu H et al.. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia ablated from left atrial septum: clinical and electrophysiological characteristics and long-term follow-up results as compared to conventional right-sided ablation. International heart journal 2005. link 71 Katritsis DG, Becker AE, Ellenbogen KA, Karabinos I, Giazitzoglou E, Korovesis S et al.. Right and left inferior extensions of the atrioventricular node may represent the anatomic substrate of the slow pathway in humans. Heart rhythm 2004. link 72 Kaltman JR, Rhodes LA, Wieand TS, Ennis JE, Vetter VL, Tanel RE. Slow pathway modification for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. The American journal of cardiology 2004. link 73 Markowitz SM, Christini DJ, Stein KM, Mittal S, Iwai S, Slotwiner DJ et al.. Time course and predictors of autonomic dysfunction after ablation of the slow atrioventricular nodal pathway. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2004. link 74 Geller JC, Biblo LA, Carlson MD. Relation between the AH interval and the ablation site in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2004. link 75 Lee SH, Tai CT, Chiang CE, Yu WC, Cheng JJ, Ding YA et al.. Spontaneous transition of 2:1 atrioventricular block to 1:1 atrioventricular conduction during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: evidence supporting the intra-Hisian or infra-Hisian area as the site of block. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2003. link 76 Okumura Y, Watanabe I, Oshikawa N, Masaki R, Ohkubo K, Yamada T et al.. Reproducible induction of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia with adenosine triphosphate. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2003. link 77 Maruyama M, Kawaguchi N, Miyamoto S, Tadera T, Ino T, Atarashi H. Pseudotermination of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia related to isorhythmic atrioventricular dissociation. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2003. link 78 Machado C, Liddon V, Roy D. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of fast pathway via unconventional right subclavian venous access for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Journal of interventional cardiology 2003. link 79 Lee PC, Wu JM, Wolff GS, Young ML. Effects of a blocked atrial beat on the atrioventricular nodal recovery property in patients with dual nodal pathways. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2003. link 80 Katoh T, Kinoshita S, Tsujimura Y, Sasaki Y. "Sinus node" reentrant tachycardia associated with respiration. Journal of electrocardiology 2002. link 81 Wang L, Wu T. Predictors of long-term success in catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: a multivariate regression analysis. International journal of cardiology 2002. link00356-x) 82 Delise P, Sitta N, Zoppo F, Corò L, Verlato R, Mantovan R et al.. Radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: the risk of intraprocedural, late and long-term atrioventricular block. The Veneto Region multicenter experience. Italian heart journal : official journal of the Italian Federation of Cardiology 2002. link 83 Heinroth KM, Kattenbeck K, Stabenow I, Trappe HJ, Weismüller P. Multiple AV nodal pathways in patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia--more common than expected?. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2002. link 84 Matsushita T, Chun S, Sung RJ. Influence of isoproterenol on the accelerated junctional rhythm observed during radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal slow pathway conduction. American heart journal 2001. link 85 Itagaki T, Ohnishi Y, Inoue T, Yokoyama M. Linking phenomenon in dual atrioventricular nodal pathways. Japanese circulation journal 2001. link 86 Yamabe H, Shimasaki Y, Honda O, Kimura Y, Hokamura Y. Demonstration of the exact anatomic tachycardia circuit in the fast-slow form of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Circulation 2001. link 87 Delise P, Bonso A, Coro L, Fantinel M, Gasparini G, Themistoclakis S et al.. Pacemapping of the triangle of Koch: a simple method to reduce the risk of atrioventricular block during radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2001. link 88 Stellbrink C, Diem B, Schauerte P, Brehmer K, Schuett H, Hanrath P. Differential effects of atropine and isoproterenol on inducibility of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2001. link 89 Marill KA, Runge T. Meta-analysis of the Risk of Torsades de Pointes in patients treated with intravenous racemic sotalol. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2001. link 90 Mewis C, Kühlkamp V, Bosch RF, Seipel L. Variable responsiveness of anterograde and retrograde fast pathway conduction to adenosine in patients with typical AV-nodal reentry tachycardia. International journal of cardiology 2000. link00368-5) 91 Kantharia BK, Mittleman RS. Case report: anterograde 2:1 and retrograde 3:2 Wenckebach block during atrioventricular nodal tachycardia: controversies of the upper and lower common pathways. 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Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2000. link 96 Inoue S, Becker AE, Riccardi R, Gaita F. Interruption of the inferior extension of the compact atrioventricular node underlies successful radio frequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 1999. link 97 Enjoji Y, Sugi K, Ikeda T, Sakata T, Noro M, Kondo N et al.. A simple technique for anatomical slow pathway ablation in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Japanese heart journal 1999. link 98 Yamabe H, Misumi I, Fukushima H, Ueno K, Kimura Y, Hokamura Y. Electrophysiological delineation of the tachycardia circuit in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Circulation 1999. link 99 Larson MS, McDonald K, Young C, Sung R, Hlatky MA. Quality of life before and after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with drug refractory atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. 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Original source

[1]
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. — Katritsis DG Heart rhythm (2026)
[2]
Complex Signal Identification Map for Optimal Ablation Site in Slow-Fast Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. — Sudo K, Kuroki K, Nakagawa K, Asakawa T, Aonuma K, Sato A Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2026)
[3]
Slow/fast atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia catheter ablation guided by atrial resetting: The new insight. — Abu-Alrub S, Florian F, Boudias A, Catalan PA, Jean F, Clerfond G et al. Heart rhythm (2026)
[4]
A Single 480-s Cryoablation Reduces Long-Term Arrhythmia Recurrence Rate Than Standard Cryoablation in Patients With AVNRT. — Koca H, Harbalıoğlu H, Ardıc ML, Icen YK, Koca F, Coşkun H et al. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2026)
[5]
Electrophysiological Characteristics of Coronary Sinus Activation Sequence Alteration During Left Lateral AP Ablation. — Wang Q, Ji X, Sun X, Deng S, Ju W, Yang G et al. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2026)
[6]
Precise Activation Within the Triangle of Koch: Insights from Ultra-High-Resolution Mapping and Cryoablation Terminating AVNRT. — Hirata S, Nagashima K, Watanabe R, Wakamatsu Y, Hirata M, Sawada M et al. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2026)
[7]
High-density electroanatomic mapping-guided ablation in AVNRT: the role of slow pathway late activation mapping technique. — Sahin AT, Ozyesil B, Kan H, Keskin O, Sertdemir AL, Gul EE Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (2026)
[8]
Beyond the lens: Unveiling the invisible atrioventricular node in the era of high-density mapping. — Wakamatsu Y, Nagashima K, Watanabe R, Hirata S, Hirata M, Okumura Y Journal of cardiology (2025)
[9]
Two Distinct Atrial Breakthroughs During Fast-Slow Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. — Tamura S, Nakatani Y, Hasegawa H, Kobari T, Kaneko Y, Ishii H Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2025)
[10]
Unexpected transient atrioventricular block and slow junctional rhythm using pulsed field ablation for slow pathway modification: Excited or cautious for ablators. — Shen C, Bai R, Jia Z, Feng M, Yu Y, Du X et al. Heart rhythm (2025)
[11]
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