Overview
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by demyelination and axonal damage 3. Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) is the most common disease course, defined by discrete attacks (relapses) followed by periods of partial or complete recovery (remissions) 2.Diagnosis
The 2024 revision of diagnostic criteria includes the optic nerve as the 5th central nervous system topography 1.
Radiologically isolated syndromes in specific cases are now considered MS 1.
Diagnostic power is enhanced by considering lesions with a central vein sign, paramagnetic rim lesions, and cortical lesions 1.
For pediatric onset MS in patients younger than 12 years, antibody testing for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is introduced 1.Management
Recommendations exist for the management of MS relapses, developed through expert consensus 2.
Basic and escalating immunomodulatory treatments are outlined, with indications and safety issues evaluated based on published data 3.Special Populations
The 2024 revised criteria refine the diagnostic work-up of pediatric onset multiple sclerosis 1.Key Recommendations
The 2024 revision of diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis includes the optic nerve as the 5th central nervous system topography 1. (Evidence: Expert opinion)
Specific cases with radiologically isolated syndromes at risk of future relapses are now considered as having multiple sclerosis 1. (Evidence: Expert opinion)
Recommendations for the management of multiple sclerosis relapses have been developed through formal expert consensus 2. (Evidence: Expert opinion)
Basic and escalating immunomodulatory treatments in multiple sclerosis are outlined, evaluating indications and safety issues based on published data 3. (Evidence: Expert opinion)References
1 Tenembaum SN. [New diagnostic criteria 2024 for multiple sclerosis]. Medicina 2025. link
2 Laplaud D, Bodiguel E, Bensa C, Blanc F, Brassat D, Magy L et al.. Recommendations for the management of multiple sclerosis relapses. Revue neurologique 2012. link
3 Wiendl H, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P, Gold R, Hartung HP, Hohlfeld R. Basic and escalating immunomodulatory treatments in multiple sclerosis: current therapeutic recommendations. Journal of neurology 2008. link