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Urology390 papers

Urethral wart

Last edited: 4/17/2026

Overview

Urethral warts, often associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, are benign growths within the urethra that can cause symptoms such as dysuria, urethral discharge, and obstructive voiding issues. 628

Diagnosis

  • Clinical examination and patient history are initial steps.
  • Retrograde urethrography and cystoscopy are recommended for visualization and grading of strictures 4446.
  • Biopsy may be necessary to differentiate from other urethral lesions 6.
  • Management

  • First-line treatments:
  • - Topical treatments: Podophyllin or trichloroacetic acid (dosing specifics not detailed in abstracts) 6. - Surgical interventions: Optical urethrotomy for smaller lesions; urethroplasty for larger or recurrent strictures 11028.
  • Adjunctive treatments:
  • - Antimicrobial prophylaxis to prevent infection during surgical procedures 30. - Period of urethral rest before urethroplasty to promote tissue recovery 45.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Management often involves endoscopic techniques due to the delicate nature of pediatric anatomy 54.
  • Elderly: Considerations for comorbidities and surgical risk stratification are crucial 44.
  • Comorbidities: Presence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may influence treatment approach, emphasizing HPV screening and management 6.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Utilize retrograde urethrography and cystoscopy for accurate diagnosis and staging of urethral strictures (Evidence: Moderate 4446).
  • Consider optical urethrotomy for initial management of smaller urethral strictures, reserving urethroplasty for recurrent or complex cases (Evidence: Moderate 110).
  • Implement antimicrobial prophylaxis during surgical interventions to reduce infection risk (Evidence: Expert opinion 30).
  • Evaluate patient comorbidities carefully, especially in elderly patients, to tailor surgical risk and approach (Evidence: Expert opinion 44).
  • Screen for and manage underlying HPV infection in patients with urethral warts to prevent recurrence (Evidence: Moderate 6).
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 127 indexed papers.

    1 Kaçtan Ç, Abali T, Vosoughi O, Altinay S, Del Pilar Laguna M, de la Rosette J et al.. Management of urethral stricture: translating guidelines into clinical practice. World journal of urology 2026. link 2 Ishiura Y, Kimura S, Shinchi M, Hirano Y, Asanuma H, Inoue K et al.. A Survey of Contemporary National Practice Patterns for Treating Male Anterior Urethral Stricture in Japan. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association 2026. link 3 MacNevin W, Keefe DT, Milford K, Paterson NR. A practical approach to the difficult urethral catheterization for urology trainees. The Canadian journal of urology 2025. link 4 Fes Ascanio E, Ortega Polledo LE, Zegrí de Olivar ME, Muñoz Bastidas CA, Seguí Moya E, Carrión Monsalve DM et al.. Urethral stricture management knowledge survey among Spanish urology residents. Actas urologicas espanolas 2025. link 5 Cohen AJ, Saba P, Abalajon MT, Anderson KT, Baradaran N, Benson C et al.. International Expert Consensus on Development of a State of the Art Male Perineal Anatomy Simulation Model for Urethroplasty and Artificial Urinary Sphincter Insertion. Urology 2025. link 6 Kujawa M, Biers S, Pakzad M, Sahai A, Ali A, Rashid T et al.. British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) consensus document for the management of benign female urethral lesions. BJU international 2025. link 7 Cabral JD, Alkassis M, Khalafalla K, Mahdi M, Hyman MJ, Hussain S et al.. Contemporary Trends in the Management of Urethral Stricture Disease in the Era of the AUA Guidelines. Urology 2025. link 8 Harrison NL, Omar AM, Floyd MS. Letter to the editor RE: Management of Anterior Urethral Stricture: A survey of Contemporary Practice of Iranian Urologists. Urology journal 2024. link 9 Horiguchi A, Shinchi M, Hirano Y, Asanuma H, Ishiura Y, Inoue K et al.. Clinical questions in the Japanese Urological Association's 2024 clinical practice guidelines for urethral strictures. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association 2024. link 10 Biyani CS, Kailavasan M, Sparborth T, Kozan AA, Hanchanale V, Elmamoun MH et al.. Design, Development, and Validation of a First, Low-cost, Three-dimensional (3D) Printed Optical Urethrotomy Simulation Model. Urology 2024. link 11 Hosseini J, Khannejad S, Attar A, Goudarzikarim A. Management of Anterior Urethral Stricture: A Survey of Contemporary Practice of Iranian Urologists. Urology journal 2024. link 12 Moring N, Juneau A, Feustel PJ, Anele UA, Inouye BM. Current urethroplasty trends in recent GURS fellowship graduates. World journal of urology 2024. link 13 Mahmoudnejad N, Mohammadi Torbati P, Saberi N, Sodeifian F. Female Urethral Cavernous Hemangioma: Introducing Treatment and Follow-Up Course of Three Cases. Urologia internationalis 2024. link 14 Wessells H, Morey A, Souter L, Rahimi L, Vanni A. Urethral Stricture Disease Guideline Amendment (2023). The Journal of urology 2023. link 15 Mehrnoush V, Darsareh F, Kotb A, Zakaria AS, Elmansy H, Shabana W et al.. Timing of Urinary Catheter Removal After Urethroplasty: A Systematic Review. Urology 2023. link 16 Dhua AK, Anand S, Goel P, Yadav DK, Jain V, Verma A. Publication landscape of Posterior urethral valve- A scientometric study. Journal of pediatric urology 2022. link 17 Abbasi B, Shaw NM, Lui JL, Li KD, Sudhakar A, Low P et al.. Posterior urethral stenosis: a comparative review of the guidelines. World journal of urology 2022. link 18 Abbasi B, Shaw NM, Lui JL, Li KD, Low P, Hakam N et al.. Comparative review of the guidelines for anterior urethral stricture. World journal of urology 2022. link 19 Riechardt S, Waterloos M, Lumen N, Campos-Juanatey F, Dimitropoulos K, Martins FE et al.. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urethral Stricture Disease Part 3: Management of Strictures in Females and Transgender Patients. European urology focus 2022. link 20 Elliott CS. Female Urethral Stricture Management: The Initial Experience of an Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery-Trained Urologist. Female pelvic medicine & reconstructive surgery 2021. link 21 Lumen N, Campos-Juanatey F, Greenwell T, Martins FE, Osman NI, Riechardt S et al.. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urethral Stricture Disease (Part 1): Management of Male Urethral Stricture Disease. European urology 2021. link 22 Hou C, Gu Y, Yuan W, Wang Z, Lin J, Fu Q et al.. Diagnosis and treatment of anterior urethral strictures in China: an internet-based survey. BMC urology 2021. link 23 Campos-Juanatey F, Osman NI, Greenwell T, Martins FE, Riechardt S, Waterloos M et al.. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urethral Stricture Disease (Part 2): Diagnosis, Perioperative Management, and Follow-up in Males. European urology 2021. link 24 Campos-Juanatey F, Portillo Martín JA, Martínez-Piñeiro Lorenzo L. Management of male anterior urethral strictures in adults. Results from a national survey among urologists in Spain. Actas urologicas espanolas 2020. link 25 Jasionowska S, Shabbir M, Brunckhorst O, Khan MS, Manzoor H, Dasgupta P et al.. Development and content validation of the Urethroplasty Training and Assessment Tool (UTAT) for dorsal onlay buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty. BJU international 2020. link 26 Ivarsson LB, Lindström BE, Olovsson M, Lindström AK. Treatment of Urethral Pain Syndrome (UPS) in Sweden. PloS one 2019. link 27 Morán E, Bonillo MA, Fernández-Estevan L, Martínez-Cuenca E, Arlandis S, Broseta E et al.. Oral quality of life after buccal mucosal graft harvest for substitution urethroplasty. More than a bite?. World journal of urology 2019. link 28 Wessells H, Angermeier KW, Elliott S, Gonzalez CM, Kodama R, Peterson AC et al.. Male Urethral Stricture: American Urological Association Guideline. The Journal of urology 2017. link 29 Akyuz M, Sertkaya Z, Koca O, Caliskan S, Kutluhan MA, Karaman MI. Adult urethral stricture: practice of Turkish urologists. International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology 2016. link 30 McDonald ML, Buckley J. Antimicrobial Practice Patterns for Urethroplasty: Opportunity for Improved Stewardship. Urology 2016. link 31 Sáez-Barranquero F, Herrera-Imbroda B, Yáñez-Gálvez A, Sánchez-Soler N, Castillo-Gallardo E, Cantero-Mellado JA et al.. Anastomic urethroplasty in bulbar urethral stricture. 13 years experience in a department of urology. Archivos espanoles de urologia 2016. link 32 Liu JS, Hofer MD, Oberlin DT, Milose J, Flury SC, Morey AF et al.. Practice Patterns in the Treatment of Urethral Stricture Among American Urologists: A Paradigm Change?. Urology 2015. link 33 Meyer CP, Hanske J, Friedlander DF, Schmid M, Dahlem R, Trinh VQ et al.. The impact of resident involvement in male one-stage anterior urethroplasties. Urology 2015. link 34 Bach P, Rourke K. Independently interpreted retrograde urethrography does not accurately diagnose and stage anterior urethral stricture: the importance of urologist-performed urethrography. Urology 2014. link 35 Fasolis M, Zavattero E, Sedigh O, Gontero P, Preto M, Frea B et al.. Oral mucosa harvest for urologic reconstruction: role of maxillofacial surgeon and donor-site morbidity evaluation. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2014. link 36 Eswara JR, Song JB, Chang AJ, Rosenstein DI, Gonzalez CM, Vetter JM et al.. Urethrography interpretation skills of urology and radiology residents at tertiary care medical centers. Urology 2014. link 37 Wong E, Fernando A, Alhasso A, Stewart L. Does closure of the buccal mucosal graft bed matter? Results from a randomized controlled trial. Urology 2014. link 38 Palminteri E, Maruccia S, Berdondini E, Di Pierro GB, Sedigh O, Rocco F. Male urethral strictures: a national survey among urologists in Italy. Urology 2014. link 39 Matoka DJ, Marks AJ, Stoltz RS, Maizels M. Utilization of computer enhanced visual learning (CEVL) method improves endoscopic diagnosis of posterior urethral valves (PUV). Journal of pediatric urology 2013. link 40 Charfi S, Makni S, Amouri M, Ellouze S, Turki H, Boudawara TS. Letter: Intestinal heterotopia in urethral caruncle. Dermatology online journal 2012. link 41 Springer A, Hojreh A. Epididymal reflux in posterior urethral valves. Urology 2011. link 42 Shenoy SP, Marla PK, Venugopal P, Adappa KK, Tantry TP, Shankar M et al.. An endoscopic study of the lacuna magna and reappraisal of its clinical significance in contemporary urological practice. Urology 2011. link 43 Manalo M, Lapitan MC, Buckley BS. Medical interns' knowledge and training regarding urethral catheter insertion and insertion-related urethral injury in male patients. BMC medical education 2011. link 44 van Leeuwen MA, Brandenburg JJ, Kok ET, Vijverberg PL, Bosch JL. Management of adult anterior urethral stricture disease: nationwide survey among urologists in the Netherlands. European urology 2011. link 45 Terlecki RP, Steele MC, Valadez C, Morey AF. Urethral rest: role and rationale in preparation for anterior urethroplasty. Urology 2011. link 46 Önol FF, Antar B, Köse O, Erdem MR, Önol ŞY. Techniques and results of urethroplasty for female urethral strictures: our experience with 17 patients. Urology 2011. link 47 Villanueva C, Hemstreet GP. The approach to the difficult urethral catheterization among urology residents in the United States. International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology 2010. link 48 Berná-Mestre JD, Berná-Serna JD. Anterior urethral trauma: role of sonourethrography. Emergency radiology 2009. link 49 Thomas AZ, Giri SK, Meagher D, Creagh T. Avoidable iatrogenic complications of urethral catheterization and inadequate intern training in a tertiary-care teaching hospital. BJU international 2009. link 50 Ather MH, Zehri AA, Soomro K, Nazir I. The safety and efficacy of optical urethrotomy using a spongiosum block with sedation: a comparative nonrandomized study. The Journal of urology 2009. link 51 Gkougkousis EG, Khan M, Terry TR, Mellon JK. Urethral venous malformation: an unusual cause of recurrent post-coital gross haematuria in association with haematospermia. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2009. link 52 Handel LN, Leach GE. Current evaluation and management of female urethral diverticula. Current urology reports 2008. link 53 Chang YL, Lin AT, Chen KK. Presentation of female urethral diverticulum is usually not typical. Urologia internationalis 2008. link 54 Singla M, Jha MS, Muruganandam K, Srivastava A, Ansari MS, Mandhani A et al.. Posttraumatic posterior urethral strictures in children--management and intermediate-term follow-up in tertiary care center. Urology 2008. link 55 Bullock TL, Brandes SB. Adult anterior urethral strictures: a national practice patterns survey of board certified urologists in the United States. The Journal of urology 2007. link 56 Herr HW, McAninch JW. Urethral injuries in the Civil War. The Journal of urology 2005. link 57 Andrich DE, Greenwell TJ, Mundy AR. Treatment of pelvic fracture-related urethral trauma: a survey of current practice in the UK. BJU international 2005. link 58 Narasimhan KL, Mahajan JK, Kaur B, Mittal BR, Bhattacharya A. The vesicoureteral reflux dysplasia syndrome in patients with posterior urethral valves. The Journal of urology 2005. link 59 Parsons JK, Wright EJ. Extraction of UroLume endoprostheses with one-stage urethral reconstruction. Urology 2004. link 60 Muqim RU, Naz T. Urethral diverticulum in female. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2004. link 61 Ubrig B, Hofmockel G. A tool for self-dilatation of distal urethral strictures. 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    Original source

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