Overview
Occipital subdural hematoma (SDH) is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the surface of the brain, often occurring due to bridging vein rupture, though it can also be spontaneous or secondary to underlying conditions like aneurysms or dural fistulas. 21463Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 315 indexed papers.
1 Fleisher MS, La Gamma C, Rosner MK. Surgical Management of Concurrent Cranial and Spinal Subdural Hematomas Causing Confusion and Lower-Extremity Weakness: A Case Report and Literature Review. The American journal of case reports 2026. link 2 Gabay S, Bergman L, Niry D, Budylev A, Gonen L, Kempfner A et al.. Spontaneous acute subdural hematoma: Etiologic spectrum, diagnostic approach, and clinical correlates. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2026. link 3 Jungberg E, Casto F, Blettler W, Saavedra Azcona T, Paolinelli P, Tilano Núñez N et al.. Immediate Postoperative Outcomes of Burr-Hole versus Bone Flap: A Hounsfield Unit Threshold in Subacute Subdural Hematoma. World neurosurgery 2026. link 4 Zhang X, Ou Y, He Q, Xie X, Wang C, Wu Z et al.. A combination of High-Pitch turbo FLASH mode and iterative Beam-Hardening correction in cranial computed tomography Facilitates acute small subdural hematoma visualization. European journal of radiology 2026. link 5 Cook R, Zima L, Kitagawa R. Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Burr Holes for Subdural Hematoma Evacuation versus Craniotomies in the Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization Era. Neuro-Chirurgie 2026. link 6 Chen H, McIntyre MK, Lakhani DA, Salim HA, Malhotra A, Colasurdo M et al.. Timing of Adjunctive Middle Meningeal Artery Embolization Relative to Surgical Evacuation for Chronic and Subacute Subdural Hematomas. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2026. link 7 Ghanekar SD, Serrato P, Brown EDL, Sadeghzadeh S, Maity A, Khalid SI et al.. Assessing combined effects of RAI, GNRI, and Anemia on morbidity and mortality in elderly patients after subdural hematoma evacuation. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2026. link 8 Edward Liu J, Barras CD, Shaygi B, Kok HK, Pavlin-Premrl D, Slater LA et al.. A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of Middle meningeal artery embolization for Non-Acute Subdural Haematoma: A proposed treatment algorithm. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2026. link 9 Isikbay M, Caton MT, Narvid J, Talbott J, Cha S, Calabrese E. Deep learning segmentation-based bone removal from computed tomography of the brain improves subdural hematoma detection. Journal of neuroradiology = Journal de neuroradiologie 2025. link 10 Cook R, Zima L, Kitagawa R. Acute subdural hematomas in nonagenarians and centenarians. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2025. link 11 Naylor RM, Braksick SA. Contemporary Management of Subdural Hematoma. Neurologic clinics 2025. link 12 Takahashi N, Mishima T, Nakamura D, Fujioka S, Tsuboi Y. Three Cases of Subdural Hematoma with Transient Neurological Deficits: Importance of Sulcal Hyperintensity in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fluid-attenuated Inversion Recovery Images. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2025. link 13 Serrato P, Craft S, Sayeed S, Hengartner AC, Belkasim S, Sadeghzadeh S et al.. Impact of preoperative nutritional status on morbidity and mortality in elderly patients undergoing subdural hematoma evacuation: the role of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index. Journal of neurosurgery 2025. link 14 Romero-López C, Ros de San Pedro J, Arteaga-Romero F, Cuartero-Pérez B, Martín-Schrader I. Acute subdural hematoma from ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysm: A rare and critical analysis of 25 cases. Neurocirugia 2025. link 15 Al-Salihi MM, Al-Jebur MS, Al-Salihi Y, Dumour E, Saleh A, Daie M et al.. Craniotomy versus Decompressive Craniectomy in Acute Subdural Hematoma Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2025. link 16 Gkantsinikoudis N, Monioudis P, Antoniades E, Tsitouras V, Magras I. Fatal postoperative tension pneumocephalus after acute subdural hematoma evacuation: a case report. The International journal of neuroscience 2025. link 17 Salah WK, Baker C, Scoville JP, Hunsaker JC, Ogilvy CS, Moore JM et al.. Middle meningeal artery embolization as a perioperative adjunct to surgical evacuation of nonacute subdural hematomas: An multicenter analysis of safety and efficacy. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2025. link 18 Pedro T, Prisco I, Albuquerque L, Vaz R, Silva PA. The distance between the falx cerebri and the corpus callosum in patients with bilateral subdural hematomas: A potential measure of disease severity. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2024. link 19 Pruitt P, Castillo R, Rogers A, Prabhakaran S, Muschong K, Scudder M et al.. External Validation of a Tool to Identify Low-Risk Patients With Isolated Subdural Hematoma and Preserved Consciousness. Annals of emergency medicine 2024. link 20 Ran KR, Ejimogu NE, Yang W, Kilgore CB, Nair SK, Monroy Trujillo JM et al.. Risk of Subdural Hematoma Expansion in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease: Continuous Venovenous Hemodialysis Versus Intermittent Hemodialysis. Neurosurgery 2024. link 21 Trevisi G, Scerrati A, Rustemi O, Ricciardi L, Raneri F, Tomatis A et al.. The role of the craniotomy size in the surgical evacuation of acute subdural hematomas in elderly patients: a retrospective multicentric study. Journal of neurosurgical sciences 2024. link 22 Scoville JP, Joyce E, A Tonetti D, Bounajem MT, Thomas A, Ogilvy CS et al.. Radiographic and clinical outcomes with particle or liquid embolic agents for middle meningeal artery embolization of nonacute subdural hematomas. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2023. link 23 Ding H, Liao S, Liu L. A case with a postoperative rapidly calcified subdural hematoma. British journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 24 Abdollahifard S, Farrokhi A, Mowla A. Application of deep learning models for detection of subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2023. link 25 Aydın SO, Etli MU, Köylü RC, Varol E, Yaltırık CK, Ramazanoğlu AF. Factors Associated with Nontraumatic Spontaneous Subdural Hematomas in Pediatric Patients. Neuropediatrics 2023. link 26 Rutledge C, Baranoski JF, Catapano JS, Jadhav AP, Albuquerque FC, Ducruet AF. Republished: Resolution of an enlarging subdural haematoma after contralateral middle meningeal artery embolisation. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2023. link 27 Bonney PA, Briggs RG, Chartrain AG, Giannotta SL, Lee DJ. Preexisting Ventricular Shunts Are Associated with Failed Evacuation of Acute Subdural Hematomas: Single-Institution Case Series of Complications and Management Strategies. World neurosurgery 2022. link 28 Martins LB, Bisinotto FMB, Dezena RA, Meirelles R. Intracranial rebleeding post spinal anesthesia in pregnant patient with undiagnosed chronic subdural hematoma: case report. Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) 2022. link 29 Lin GX, Chen CM, Kim JS, Song KS. The Transformation of Intracranial Subdural Hygroma to Chronic Subdural Hematoma Following Endoscopic Spinal Surgery: A Case Report. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2022. link 30 Won SY, Dubinski D, Freiman T, Seifert V, Gessler F, Strzelczyk A et al.. Acute-on-chronic subdural hematoma: a new entity for prophylactic anti-epileptic treatment?. European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society 2022. link 31 Copley PC, Dean B, Davidson AL, Jackson M, Sokol D. Spontaneous subdural haematoma in a neonate requiring urgent surgical evacuation. Acta neurochirurgica 2021. link 32 Robinson D, Pyle L, Foreman B, Ngwenya LB, Adeoye O, Woo D et al.. Factors Associated with Early versus Delayed Expansion of Acute Subdural Hematomas Initially Managed Conservatively. Journal of neurotrauma 2021. link 33 Shahrestani S, Strickland BA, Micko A, Brown NJ, Zada G. Management of acute subdural hematoma in incarcerated patients. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2021. link 34 González-Bonet LG. Spontaneous Cranial Bone Regeneration After a Craniectomy in an Adult. World neurosurgery 2021. link 35 Pruitt P, Naidech A, Prabhakaran S, Holl JL, Courtney DM, Borczuk P. External Validation of a Tool to Predict Neurosurgery in Patients with Isolated Subdural Hematoma. World neurosurgery 2021. link 36 René O, Martin H, Pavol S, Kristián V, Tomáš F, Branislav K. Factors influencing the results of surgical therapy of non-acute subdural haematomas. European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society 2021. link 37 Snopko P, Kolarovszki B, Opsenak R, Hanko M, Benco M. Chronic calcified subdural hematoma - case report of a rare diagnosis. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 2020. link 38 Gaist D, García Rodríguez LA, Hald SM, Hellfritzsch M, Poulsen FR, Halle B et al.. Antidepressant drug use and subdural hematoma risk. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2020. link 39 Turgut M, Akhaddar A, Turgut AT. Calcified or Ossified Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Systematic Review of 114 Cases Reported During Last Century with a Demonstrative Case Report. World neurosurgery 2020. link 40 Chrastina J, Šilar Č, Zeman T, Svoboda M, Krajsa J, Musilová B et al.. Reoperations after surgery for acute subdural hematoma: reasons, risk factors, and effects. European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society 2020. link 41 Kayahara T, Kikkawa Y, Komine H, Kamide T, Suzuki K, Shibata A et al.. Predictors of subacute hematoma expansion requiring surgical evacuation after initial conservative treatment in patients with acute subdural hematoma. Acta neurochirurgica 2020. link 42 Abunimer AM, Abou-Al-Shaar H, White TG, Pruitt R, Ullman JS, Chalif DJ. Rescue Craniectomy with Subsequent Cranioplasty for Recurrent Symptomatic Subdural Hematoma in Elderly Patients. World neurosurgery 2020. link 43 Robinson D, Khoury JC, Kleindorfer D. Regional Variation in the Management of Nontraumatic Subdural Hematomas Across the United States. World neurosurgery 2020. link 44 Ding H, Quan X, Liao S, Liu S, Liu L. Recurrent Acute Subdural Hematoma Due to Middle Meningeal Artery Bleeding Treated by Embolization. World neurosurgery 2020. link 45 Evans LR, Jones J, Lee HQ, Gantner D, Jaison A, Matthew J et al.. Prognosis of Acute Subdural Hematoma in the Elderly: A Systematic Review. Journal of neurotrauma 2019. link 46 Bus S, Verbaan D, Kerklaan BJ, Sprengers MES, Vandertop WP, Stam J et al.. Do older patients with acute or subacute subdural hematoma benefit from surgery?. British journal of neurosurgery 2019. link 47 Krenzlin H, Jussen D, Plath M, Tretzel SJ, Krämer T, Kempski O et al.. Occurrence of Spontaneous Cortical Spreading Depression Is Increased by Blood Constituents and Impairs Neurological Recovery after Subdural Hematoma in Rats. Journal of neurotrauma 2019. link 48 Ichimura S, Takahara K, Nakaya M, Yoshida K, Mochizuki Y, Fukuchi M et al.. Neuroendoscopic hematoma removal with a small craniotomy for acute subdural hematoma. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2019. link 49 Dauleac C, Vinckier F, Bourdillon P. Subdural hematoma and electroconvulsive therapy: A case report and review of the literature. Neuro-Chirurgie 2019. link 50 Lv J, Qi X, Wang Y, Wu H, Wang K, Niu H et al.. Contralateral Subdural Hematoma Following Surgical Evacuation of Acute Subdural Hematoma: Super-Early Intervention and Clinical Implications. World neurosurgery 2019. link 51 Franko LR, Sheehan KM, Roark CD, Joseph JR, Burke JF, Rajajee V et al.. A propensity score analysis of the impact of surgical intervention on unexpected 30-day readmission following admission for subdural hematoma. Journal of neurosurgery 2018. link 52 Ferrante E, Rubino F, Beretta F, Regna-Gladin C, Ferrante MM. Treatment and outcome of subdural hematoma in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a report of 35 cases. Acta neurologica Belgica 2018. link 53 Mulcahy MJ, Chaganti J, Dower A, Al-Khawaja D. Spontaneous Acute Arterial Subdural Hematoma. World neurosurgery 2018. link 54 Kawasaki T, Kurosaki Y, Fukuda H, Kinosada M, Ishibashi R, Handa A et al.. Flexible endoscopically assisted evacuation of acute and subacute subdural hematoma through a small craniotomy: preliminary results. Acta neurochirurgica 2018. link 55 Moussa WMM, Khedr WM, Elwany AH. Prognostic significance of hematoma thickness to midline shift ratio in patients with acute intracranial subdural hematoma: a retrospective study. Neurosurgical review 2018. link 56 Lee HC, Chong S, Lee JY, Cheon JE, Phi JH, Kim SK et al.. Benign extracerebral fluid collection complicated by subdural hematoma and fluid collection: clinical characteristics and management. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2018. link 57 Matsumoto H, Hanayama H, Okada T, Sakurai Y, Minami H, Masuda A et al.. Which surgical procedure is effective for refractory chronic subdural hematoma? Analysis of our surgical procedures and literature review. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2018. link 58 Jussen D, Krenzlin H, Papaioannou C, Ens S, Kempski O, Alessandri B. Blood Aggravates Histological and Functional Damage after Acute Subdural Hematoma in Rats. Journal of neurotrauma 2017. link 59 Cui ZY, Famaey N, Depreitere B, Ivens J, Kleiven S, Vander Sloten J. On the assessment of bridging vein rupture associated acute subdural hematoma through finite element analysis. Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering 2017. link 60 Saeed AA, Edström E, Pikuleva I, Eggertsen G, Björkhem I. On the importance of albumin binding for the flux of 7α-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid in the brain. Journal of lipid research 2017. link 61 Hall A, White MAJ, Myles L. Spontaneous subdural haemorrhage from an arachnoid cyst: a case report and literature review. British journal of neurosurgery 2017. link 62 Scoco A, Emily Bennett E, Recinos V. Cortical herniation through compressive subdural membrane in an infant with a history of a large bihemispheric subdural hematoma and subdural-peritoneal shunt: case report. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2017. link 63 de Aguiar GB, Veiga JC, Silva JM, Conti ML. Spontaneous acute subdural hematoma: A rare presentation of a dural intracranial fistula. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2016. link 64 Tsermoulas G, Shah O, Wijesinghe HE, Silva AHD, Ramalingam SK, Belli A. Surgery for Acute Subdural Hematoma: Replace or Remove the Bone Flap?. World neurosurgery 2016. link 65 Kpelao E, Beketi KA, Moumouni AK, Doleagbenou A, Ntimon B, Egbohou P et al.. Clinical profile of subdural hematomas: dangerousness of subdural subacute hematoma. Neurosurgical review 2016. link 66 Scranton RA, Evans RW, Baskin DS. A Motion Simulator Ride Associated With Headache and Subdural Hematoma: First Case Report. Headache 2016. link 67 Park J, Cho JH, Goh DH, Kang DH, Shin IH, Hamm IS. Postoperative subdural hygroma and chronic subdural hematoma after unruptured aneurysm surgery: age, sex, and aneurysm location as independent risk factors. Journal of neurosurgery 2016. link 68 Chen YC, Wang YF, Li JY, Chen SP, Lirng JF, Hseu SS et al.. Treatment and prognosis of subdural hematoma in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache 2016. link 69 Inokuchi G, Makino Y, Yajima D, Motomura A, Chiba F, Torimitsu S et al.. A case of acute subdural hematoma due to ruptured aneurysm detected by postmortem angiography. International journal of legal medicine 2016. link 70 Dabdoub CB, Adorno JO, Urbano J, Silveira EN, Orlandi BM. Review of the Management of Infected Subdural Hematoma. World neurosurgery 2016. link 71 Lukasiewicz AM, Grant RA, Basques BA, Webb ML, Samuel AM, Grauer JN. Patient factors associated with 30-day morbidity, mortality, and length of stay after surgery for subdural hematoma: a study of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Journal of neurosurgery 2016. link 72 Raj R, Mikkonen ED, Kivisaari R, Skrifvars MB, Korja M, Siironen J. Mortality in Elderly Patients Operated for an Acute Subdural Hematoma: A Surgical Case Series. World neurosurgery 2016. link 73 Bakheet MF, Pearce LA, Hart RG. Effect of addition of clopidogrel to aspirin on subdural hematoma: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 2015. link 74 Bakar B, Ozer E, Tekkok IH. Life-threatening acute subdural haematoma after combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia in labour. Brazilian journal of anesthesiology (Elsevier) 2015. link 75 Fujimoto K, Otsuka T, Yoshizato K, Kuratsu J. Predictors of rapid spontaneous resolution of acute subdural hematoma. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2014. link 76 Post A, Hoshizaki TB, Gilchrist MD, Brien S, Cusimano MD, Marshall S. The influence of dynamic response and brain deformation metrics on the occurrence of subdural hematoma in different regions of the brain. Journal of neurosurgery 2014. link 77 Miller JD, Nader R. Acute subdural hematoma from bridging vein rupture: a potential mechanism for growth. Journal of neurosurgery 2014. link 78 Kokubo R, Kim K, Mishina M, Isu T, Kobayashi S, Yoshida D et al.. Prospective assessment of concomitant lumbar and chronic subdural hematoma: is migration from the intracranial space involved in their manifestation?. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2014. link 79 Singla A, Jacobsen WP, Yusupov IR, Carter DA. Subdural evacuating port system (SEPS)--minimally invasive approach to the management of chronic/subacute subdural hematomas. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2013. link 80 Balik V, Kolembus P, Svajdler M, Sulla I, Vaverka M, Hrabalek L. A case report of rapid spontaneous redistribution of acute supratentorial subdural hematoma to the entire spinal subdural space presenting as a Pourfour du Petit syndrome and review of the literature. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2013. link 81 Yamada Y, Inamasu J, Moriya S, Oguri D, Hasegawa M, Abe M et al.. Subdural hematoma caused by epithelioid angiosarcoma originating from the skull. Head and neck pathology 2013. link 82 Hoya K, Tanaka Y, Uchida T, Takano I, Nagaishi M, Kowata K et al.. Treatment of traumatic acute subdural hematoma in adult hydrocephalus patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunt. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2012. link 83 Panczykowski DM, Okonkwo DO. Premorbid oral antithrombotic therapy and risk for reaccumulation, reoperation, and mortality in acute subdural hematomas. Journal of neurosurgery 2011. link 84 Stray-Pedersen A, Omland S, Nedregaard B, Klevberg S, Rognum TO. An infant with subdural hematoma and retinal hemorrhages: does von Willebrand disease explain the findings?. Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 2011. link 85 Baechli H, Behzad M, Schreckenberger M, Buchholz HG, Heimann A, Kempski O et al.. Blood constituents trigger brain swelling, tissue death, and reduction of glucose metabolism early after acute subdural hematoma in rats. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2010. link 86 Naama O, Belhachmi A, Ziadi T, Boulahroud O, Abad Elasri C, Elmostarchid B et al.. Acute spontaneous subdural hematoma: an unusual form of cerebrovacular accident. Journal of neurosurgical sciences 2009. link 87 Bilginer B, Onal MB, Oguz KK, Akalan N. Arachnoid cyst associated with subdural hematoma: report of three cases and review of the literature. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2009. link 88 Lee CH, Kang DH, Hwang SH, Park IS, Jung JM, Han JW. Spontaneous rapid reduction of a large acute subdural hematoma. Journal of Korean medical science 2009. link 89 Wen L, Liu WG, Ma L, Zhan RY, Li G, Yang XF. Spontaneous rapid resolution of acute subdural hematoma after head trauma: is it truly rare? Case report and relevant review of the literature. Irish journal of medical science 2009. link 90 Menon G, Bahuleyan B, Nair S. Acute subdural hematoma after transsphenoidal surgery. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2009. link 91 Barton JC, Bertoli LF, O'Malley S. Bilateral subdural hematomas in an adult with hereditary factor VII deficiency: A complication of sit-ups and inversion?. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 2009. link 92 Goldberg R, Drummond KJ. Recombinant activated factor VII for a warfarinised Jehovah's Witness with an acute subdural haematoma. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2008. link 93 Larionov SN, Sorokovikov VA, Novozilov VA. Management of acute subdural hematomas in infants: intrathecal infusion streptokinase for clot lysis combined with subdural to subgaleal shunt. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2008. link 94 Henriques JG, Pianetti Filho G, Henriques KS, Fonseca LF, Melo RP, Silva MC et al.. Spontaneous acute subdural hematoma contralateral to an arachnoid cyst. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2007. link 95 Vyas NA, Chicoine MR. Extended survival after evacuation of subdural hematoma in a 102-year-old patient: case report and review of the literature. Surgical neurology 2007. link 96 Zeidan A, Farhat O, Maaliki H, Baraka A. Does postdural puncture headache left untreated lead to subdural hematoma? Case report and review of the literature. International journal of obstetric anesthesia 2006. link 97 Eloqayli H, Cappelen J, Vik A. Acute spontaneous subdural haematoma after transsphenoidal surgery. Acta neurochirurgica 2006. link 98 Meyer PG, Ducrocq S, Rackelbom T, Orliaguet G, Renier D, Carli P. Surgical evacuation of acute subdural hematoma improves cerebral hemodynamics in children: a transcranial Doppler evaluation. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2005. link 99 Yamaguchi S, Kurisu K, Arita K, Takeda M, Tani I, Araki O. Simultaneous cranial and spinal subdural hematoma. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2005. link 100 Kaspera W, Rothkegel K, Stadnicki A. Subdural hematoma in a patient with Hageman trait--case report. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2005. link