Overview
Vascular dementia (VaD) is a cognitive disorder resulting from cerebrovascular disease, characterized by chronic neuroinflammation and impaired cerebral blood flow leading to cognitive deficits 1. It often coexists with metabolic disturbances and endothelial dysfunction, contributing to its pathogenesis 2.Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 731 indexed papers.
1 Li J, Song M, Bu Y, Chen J. Investigating the Therapeutic Potential of Cinnamic Acid in Vascular Dementia Through PARP1 Inhibition and Microglial M2 Polarization. Drug development research 2026. link 2 Raj B, Bhatia P, Kumar A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Modulation of mineralocorticoid and peroxisome proliferator activated receptors in attenuating hyperlipidemia induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular dementia. European journal of pharmacology 2026. link 3 Chen H, Kakadiya J, Salim HA, Essibayi MA, Adcock A, Yedavalli VS et al.. Safety and efficacy of anticoagulation for cerebral amyloid angiopathy patients with high-risk atrial fibrillation. Journal of neurology 2026. link 4 Xu J, Liu M, Qi Q, An J, Xiao Y, Guan T et al.. ELK1 suppressed the progression of vascular dementia via modulating mTOR/CREB/YAP/TFEB signaling induced ferroptosis in hippocampal cells. Scientific reports 2026. link 5 Zhang YJ, Liang HB, Wang XY, Chen FK, Guo S, Yang C et al.. YangXue QingNao Wan ameliorates vascular dementia in 2-VO rats via inhibition of ferroptosis. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2026. link 6 Qiao X, Yang M, Liu H, Ye Z, Sun B. Gut-brain axis-mediated mechanisms and immune regulatory pathways in vascular dementia: Insights into microbiota-derived metabolites and novel therapeutic strategies. Behavioural brain research 2026. link 7 Giraud M, Yun DH, Munting LP, Chung K, Bacskai BJ, Greenberg SM et al.. CAA-related enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with abnormal angioarchitecture in human brain tissue: A key role for white matter atrophy?. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2026. link 8 Seront E, Van Damme A, Coulie J, Boon LM, Vikkula M. Current and emerging pharmacotherapies for treating vascular malformations. Expert review of clinical pharmacology 2026. link 9 Gonzalez AD, Ghaseminejad-Bandpey A, Seshadri S, Etemadmoghadam S, Flanagan ME. Modeling small vessel disease burden and vascular dementia likelihood from NACC data. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2026. link 10 Simons RL, Ong ML, Lei MK, Beach SRH, Lu YW, Weaver RD et al.. Diabetes and Hypertension at Midlife Predict Increases in Biomarkers of Dementia Among Black Americans. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities 2026. link 11 Chen C, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Zhou P, Deng Y, Mao J et al.. From brain imaging phenotypes to vascular dementia subtypes: A comprehensive mendelian randomization study. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2026. link 12 Tsai HH, Lee BC, Liu CJ, Chiang PT, Tsai YC, Tsai LK et al.. Vascular β-amyloid potentially colocalises with phosphorylated tau in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Stroke and vascular neurology 2026. link 13 Gu C, Bostani A, Wang H. Morin Improves Cognitive Deficits in an in Vivo Model of Vascular Dementia by Modulating the N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Signaling Pathways. Neurochemical research 2026. link 14 Stefanou MI, Tentolouris A, Panagiotopoulos E, Theodorou A, Mengel A, Athanasaki A et al.. Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on vascular dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of diabetes and its complications 2026. link 15 Su Y, Kong L, Xue B, Shi P, Cai S, Xu Y et al.. The KLKB1-TFE3-BRAF/MEK/ERK axis regulates neuronal ferroptosis in vascular dementia. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 2026. link 16 Yin WM, He LC, Zhu HH, Cao Y, Li AM, Wang YC et al.. Dual roles of complement in cerebral amyloid angiopathy: A two-compartment framework across the blood-brain barrier. International immunopharmacology 2026. link 17 Brunet de Courssou JB, Edjlali M, Abdelhedi J, Neji A, Villain N, Vion PA et al.. Iatrogenic Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy After Cardiac Surgery: Two Case Reports. Neurology 2026. link 18 Salman A, Batool Zaide D, Imran R, Ul Ain H, Bhatti MO, Batool L et al.. Trends in vascular dementia-related mortality in the United States from 2005 to 2020. Minerva cardiology and angiology 2026. link 19 Lim C, Lim S, Moon SM, Cho S. Effect of Water Temperature during Aquatic Exercise on Cognitive Impairment in Mice with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Journal of vascular research 2026. link 20 Zhang X, Dong Y, Zou Z, Chen L, Li W, Wang L et al.. Association of human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid metabolomes with vascular dementia and its subtypes: A Mendelian randomization study. Brain research 2026. link 21 Schriemer SE, Hirschler L, van Etten ES, van Zwet EW, Lammers GJ, Liebler EJ et al.. Stimulating amyloid-β clearance in cerebral amyloid angiopathy with low-sodium oxybate and/or non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (Clear-Brain): study protocol for a randomised pre-post trial. BMJ open 2026. link 22 Guo P, Zhao J, Wang C, Bai Y, Zhang B, Liu A. Effect of DL0410 and tetrahydrocurcumin (LG0367) alone and in combination on learning and memory in vascular dementia. European journal of pharmacology 2026. link 23 Wang L, Yan Y, Qiao Y, Guo T, Wang L, Zhang Y et al.. Byakangelicin attenuates vascular dementia by modulating the KDR-NOS3 axis: An integration of network pharmacology and experimental validation. Brain research bulletin 2026. link 24 Ding H, Wu S, Huang D, Shan L. Astrocyte regulates neuroinflammation and myelination in BCCAO-related cognitive impairment via the PIAS1-STAT1 pathway. Brain research 2026. link 25 Mosi MH, Cheng D, Kharaji M, Zhang K, Watt C, Canton G et al.. The Evaluation of Quantitative MRA for Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy with Vascular Risk Factors. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2026. link 26 Gokcal E, Becker JA, Horn MJ, Das AS, Viswanathan A, Rosand J et al.. Extent of Tau and Its Cognitive Implications in Patients With Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Without Cognitive Impairment. Neurology 2026. link 27 Sengking J, Thangwong P, Jearjaroen P, Yawoot N, Wangtueai S, Tocharus J et al.. Effects of Gelatin Hydrolysate from Bigeye Snapper (. International journal of molecular sciences 2026. link 28 Zhou L, Xu Y, Yang P, Zhou J, Wang M, Li Y et al.. Astrocyte-Targeted Nanotherapeutics Modulate Iron Homeostasis in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy by Restoring the Astrocytic Trafficking Hub Function. ACS nano 2026. link 29 Zheng W, Qiu J, Xian D, Yang K. Genetic Evidence Supports a Potential Role of WTAP-related m6A Regulation in Vascular Dementia: Insights from Mendelian Randomization and Multi-omics Analyses. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 2026. link 30 Panteleienko L, Banerjee G, Mallon D, Thiankhaw K, Oliver R, Harvey V et al.. Clinical-Radiological Spectrum of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Inflammation. Annals of neurology 2026. link 31 Qi Z, Chu X, Li S, Bai Q, Ding N, Yan G et al.. Macelignan, a lignan from Myristica fragrans Houtt., rescues mitochondrial homeostasis and prevents cognitive decline in vascular dementia by modulating the mTOR-Mitophagy axis. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2026. link 32 Sun R, Chen C, Fu Z, He L, Fan H, Xu L et al.. Qizhi Tongluo capsule improves vascular dementia in rats via integrated metabolomics and molecular mechanism research. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2026. link 33 Tian M, Llorente IL, Carmichael ST. Protocol for mouse vascular dementia model and evaluation of progressive tissue damage in subcortical white matter and adjacent cortex. STAR protocols 2026. link 34 Mun J, Hattori Y, Ihara M. Mouse models of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia induced by carotid artery manipulations: current status. Current opinion in psychiatry 2026. link 35 Liu X, Zhao X, Zhu B, Yu Y, Sun M, Lv H et al.. Mechanistic Study of S100A8-mediated Ferroptosis in Vascular Dementia Through the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology 2026. link 36 Zhao Y, Xing W, Jiang L, Liu X, Qu H, Chen W et al.. Identifying endoplasmic reticulum stress-related key genes of vascular dementia using bioinformatics and biological experiments. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2026. link 37 Dewey CW. Do hemorrhagic strokes from cerebral amyloid angiopathy represent a clinical entity in senior dogs?. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2026. link 38 Galeazzi M, Montereale N, Di Domenico M, Bianchi F, Frassanito P, Massimi L et al.. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in pediatric vascular neurosurgery: a review of the literature and institutional case series. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2026. link 39 Cheng J, Zhang C, Yang L, Li G, Jiang X, Chen P et al.. An integrated strategy including chemical profiling, network pharmacology and experimental evaluation was used to investigate the effects of Rubia yunnanensis water decoction on vascular dementia. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences 2026. link 40 Amarneh MA, Kim KR, Alomari MH, Alomari AI. Direct Percutaneous Abdominal Venous Access for Endovascular Therapy. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2026. link 41 Barney ST, Becerril D, Monga S, Flores S, Lee A, Mattos MF et al.. Cerebral Hypoperfusion Causes Behavioral Changes and Impairs the Rod Photoreceptor Pathway in the Retina of Aged Mice. Cellular and molecular neurobiology 2026. link 42 Morin G, Galasso I, Canaud G. Vascular malformations: from genetics to therapeutics. EMBO molecular medicine 2026. link 43 Jyoti Dutta B, Patil VS, Singh S. Pterostilbene Orchestrates Synaptic Remodeling and Mitochondrial Functional Reconstitution to Attenuate Ischemic Vascular Dementia. Neuromolecular medicine 2026. link 44 Cordonnier C, Klijn C, Smith EE, Al-Shahi Salman R, Chwalisz BK, van Etten E et al.. Diagnosis and management of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a scientific statement from the International CAA Association and the World Stroke Organization. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 2025. link 45 Ghasemi R, Corliss MM, Bowling KM, Krysiak K, Walker J, Dickson AM et al.. Comprehensive Analysis of TEK Variants in Patients With Vascular Malformations. Clinical genetics 2025. link 46 Jia Y, Guo D, Liu Y, Sun L, Chang X, He Y et al.. Associations between human blood metabolome and vascular dementia. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 2025. link 47 Yamamoto M, Itokazu T, Uno H, Maki T, Shibuya N, Yamashita T. Anti-RGMa neutralizing antibody ameliorates vascular cognitive impairment in mice. Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 2025. link 48 Yang C, Zheng C, Zhuang Y, Xu S, Li J, Hu C. Synaptic Vesicle-Related Proteins and Ubiquilin 2 in Cortical Synaptosomes Mediate Cognitive Impairment in Vascular Dementia Rats. Molecular neurobiology 2025. link 49 Theodorou A, Tsantzali I, Stefanou MI, Sacco S, Katsanos AH, Shoamanesh A et al.. CSF and plasma biomarkers in cerebral amyloid angiopathy: A single-center study and a systematic review/meta-analysis. European stroke journal 2025. link 50 Li T, Zhang J, Song H, Zhang R, Fan F, Huang Z et al.. Border-associated macrophages: an emerging perspective from physiological basis and multi-disease roles to the mechanism of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Journal of neuroinflammation 2025. link 51 Kharkongor R, Stephen J, Khan U, Radhakrishnan R. Exposure to an enriched environment and fucoidan supplementation ameliorate learning and memory function in rats subjected to global cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience letters 2025. link 52 Voigt S, Voigt S, Rasing I, van der Plas MC, Khidir SJH, Koemans EA et al.. The Impact of Vascular Risk Factors on Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: A Cohort Study in Hereditary Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and a Systemic Review in Sporadic Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2025. link 53 Patil S, Patel D, Kata R, Teichner E, Subtirelu R, Ayubcha C et al.. Molecular Imaging with PET in the Assessment of Vascular Dementia and Cerebrovascular Disease. PET clinics 2025. link 54 Vera-Cáceres C, Nersesyan N, Obon M, Terceño M, Serena J, Álvarez-Cienfuegos J et al.. Iatrogenic cerebral amyloid angiopathy: Two case reports to explore clinical heterogeneity and pathological patterns. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2025. link 55 González-Moreno AF, González-González MK, Durán-McKinster C, García-Romero MT. Parental and Child-Reported Health-Related Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients With Vascular Malformations. Pediatric dermatology 2025. link 56 El Hamamy A, Iqbal Z, Le NM, Ranjan A, Zhang Y, Lin HW et al.. Targeted TGF-βR2 Silencing in the Retrotrapezoid Nucleus Mitigates Respiratory Dysfunction and Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy with and without Stroke. Translational stroke research 2025. link 57 Cai X, Hu S, Liu W, Yin Y, Jiang Y, Wang Y et al.. Apelin Receptor Homodimerisation Inhibits Hippocampal Neuronal Autophagy via G Protein-Dependent Signalling in Vascular Dementia. Molecular neurobiology 2025. link 58 Zhang D, Li F, Sun C, Chen C, Qin H, Wu X et al.. Inhibition of PGAM5 hyperactivation reduces neuronal apoptosis in PC12 cells and experimental vascular dementia rats. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2025. link 59 Zhou Z, Ma Y, Wu T, Xu T, Wu S, Yang GY et al.. A Novel Neuroprotective Derived Peptide of Erythropoietin Improved Cognitive Function in Vascular Dementia Mice. Molecular neurobiology 2025. link 60 Zedde M, Piazza F, Pascarella R. Mechanisms of Dural Involvement in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Cells 2025. link 61 Tanaka F, Maeda M, Kishi S, Kogue R, Umino M, Ishikawa H et al.. Updated imaging markers in cerebral amyloid angiopathy: What radiologists need to know. Japanese journal of radiology 2025. link 62 Tang XS, He LY, Li SN, Zhang WC, Wu ZY, Hui AL. Design, Synthesis, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Evaluation of Novel Indanone Derivatives for the Treatment of Vascular Dementia. Chemistry & biodiversity 2025. link 63 Cao SM, Luo M, Chen BL, Fu XH. Related Factors with Vascular Dementia: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Rejuvenation research 2025. link 64 Rajab HA, Al-Kuraishy HM, Shokr MM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Harchan NA, Alruwaili M et al.. Statins for vascular dementia: A hype or hope. Neuroscience 2025. link 65 Andreoti TA, Maiolo M, Tuleja A, Döring Y, Schaller A, Vassella E et al.. Non-Hotspot PIK3CA Variants Have Higher Variant Allele Frequency and are More Common in Syndromic Vascular Malformations. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 2025. link 66 Zheng YY, Hua C, Lin XX. PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis in vascular malformations: from molecular insights to targeted clinical trials. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2025. link 67 Koemans EA, van Etten ES. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: one single entity?. Current opinion in neurology 2025. link 68 Ness AM, Aiken J. Gustav Oppenheim (1882-1937) and the Discovery of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry 2025. link 69 Reynolds B, McLaine R. An older man with progressive short-term memory loss and confusion. JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 2025. link 70 Snorradottir AO, Hakonarson H, Palsdottir A. The historical background of hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy: Genealogical, pathological, and clinical manifestations. Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) 2025. link 71 Yu W, Li X, Zhang C, Niu P, Wu J, He W et al.. KDM6B knockdown alleviates sleep deprivation-induced cerebrovascular lesions in APP/PS1 mice by inhibiting PARP16 expression. Biochemical pharmacology 2025. link 72 Jearjaroen P, Thangwong P, Tocharus C, Lungkaphin A, Chaichompoo W, Srijun J et al.. Hexahydrocurcumin Attenuates Neuronal Injury and Modulates Synaptic Plasticity in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion in Rats. Molecular neurobiology 2024. link 73 Zhang H, Yang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Niu Y, Chen H et al.. Oligodendrocytes Play a Critical Role in White Matter Damage of Vascular Dementia. Neuroscience 2024. link 74 Grill N, Struebing F, Weiss C, Schönberg SO, Sadick M. Management of congenital urogenital and perineal vascular malformations: correlation of clinical findings with diagnostic imaging for treatment decision. RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2024. link 75 Raposo N, Périole C, Planton M. In-vivo diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: an updated review. Current opinion in neurology 2024. link 76 Perosa V, Zanon Zotin MC, Schoemaker D, Sveikata L, Etherton MR, Charidimou A et al.. Association Between Hippocampal Volumes and Cognition in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Neurology 2024. link 77 Assis Lopes P, Raposo N, Charidimou A, Zotin MCZ, Gurol ME, Greenberg S et al.. SWI versus GRE-T2: Assessing cortical superficial siderosis in advanced cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Revue neurologique* 2024. link 78 Stor MLE, Horbach SER, Lokhorst MM, Tan E, Maas SM, van Noesel CJM et al.. Genetic mutations and phenotype characteristics in peripheral vascular malformations: A systematic review. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2024. link 79 Hung SC, Guimaraes C. Imaging of Childhood Cerebral Vasculitis. Neuroimaging clinics of North America 2024. link 80 Dong C, Hayashi S. Deep learning applications in vascular dementia using neuroimaging. Current opinion in psychiatry 2024. link 81 Abdelaty MH, Badran AI, Aborahma AM, Elheniedy MA, Kamhawy AH. Intralesional injection of bleomycin in the management of low flow vascular malformations: Results and factors affecting the outcome. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2024. link 82 Macoir J. Language Impairment in Vascular Dementia: A Clinical Review. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology 2024. link 83 Perez CM, Gong Z, Yoo C, Roy D, Deoraj A, Felty Q. Inhibitor of DNA Binding Protein 3 (ID3) and Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 (NRF1) Mediated Transcriptional Gene Signatures are Associated with the Severity of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Molecular neurobiology 2024. link 84 Yamada SM, Tomita Y, Iwamoto N, Takeda R, Nakane M, Aso T et al.. Subcortical hemorrhage caused by cerebral amyloid angiopathy compared with hypertensive hemorrhage. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2024. link 85 Jeremic PA, do Nascimento VC, Rice H, Villiers L. Single Centre Initial Experience with the Scepter Mini Balloon Microcatheter. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2024. link 86 Ethunandan M. Management of Midfacial and Skull Vault Osseous Vascular Lesions. Oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics of North America 2024. link 87 Cheng W, Wang Y, Zhang L, Cheng C, Chen X, Huang W. The Impact of Dipyridamole on Disease-Associated Microglia Phenotypic Transformation in White Matter Lesions Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Neurochemical research 2024. link 88 Ning Z, Zhong X, Wu Y, Wang Y, Hu D, Wang K et al.. β-asarone improves cognitive impairment and alleviates autophagy in mice with vascular dementia via the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2024. link 89 Zanon Zotin MC, Makkinejad N, Schneider JA, Arfanakis K, Charidimou A, Greenberg SM et al.. Sensitivity and Specificity of the Boston Criteria Version 2.0 for the Diagnosis of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in a Community-Based Sample. Neurology 2024. link 90 Chen CA, Li CX, Zhang ZH, Xu WX, Liu SL, Ni WC et al.. Qinzhizhudan formula dampens inflammation in microglia polarization of vascular dementia rats by blocking MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway: Through integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2024. link 91 Pikija S, Pretnar-Oblak J, Frol S, Malojcic B, Gattringer T, Rak-Frattner K et al.. Iatrogenic cerebral amyloid angiopathy: A multinational case series and individual patient data analysis of the literature. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society 2024. link 92 Zhao Z, Xie L, Shi J, Liu T, Wang S, Huang J et al.. Neuroprotective Effect of Zishen Huoxue Decoction treatment on Vascular Dementia by activating PINK1/Parkin mediated Mitophagy in the Hippocampal CA1 Region. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2024. link 93 Hoyer-Kimura C, Hay M, Konhilas JP, Morrison HW, Methajit M, Strom J et al.. PNA5, A Novel Mas Receptor Agonist, Improves Neurovascular and Blood-Brain-Barrier Function in a Mouse Model of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Aging and disease 2024. link 94 Chai YL, Rajeev V, Poh L, Selvaraji S, Hilal S, Chen CP et al.. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion alters the CypA-EMMPRIN-gelatinase pathway: Implications for vascular dementia. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2023. link 95 Gupta N, Hiremath SB, Aviv RI, Wilson N. Childhood Cerebral Vasculitis : A Multidisciplinary Approach. Clinical neuroradiology 2023. link 96 Guan T, Xiao Y, Xie X, Meng N, Qi Q, Xu J et al.. Dulaglutide Improves Gliosis and Suppresses Apoptosis/Autophagy Through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Vascular Dementia Rats. Neurochemical research 2023. link 97 Strübing F, Laurich A, Weiss C, Schönberg S, Kneser U, Sadick M. Performance of a vascular anomaly center: a retrospective analysis of 461 cases over seven years. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2023. link 98 Smits PJ, Sudduth CL, Konczyk DJ, Cheng YS, Vivero MP, Kozakewich HPW et al.. Endothelial cell expression of mutant Map2k1 causes vascular malformations in mice. Angiogenesis 2023. link 99 Fernandez-Flores A, Cassarino D, Colmenero I. Vascular Malformations: A Histopathologic and Conceptual Appraisal. Actas dermo-sifiliograficas 2023. link 100 Sisk B, Bereitschaft C, Kerr A. Communication with parents and young adult patients affected by complex vascular malformations. Pediatric blood & cancer 2023. link