HemoChat is an evidence-based AI medical search tool covering all major clinical domains, powered by 46,298 SNOMED-CT concepts, clinical guidelines, and live PubMed literature.

What medical domains does HemoChat cover?

HemoChat covers all major medical domains including cardiology, oncology, neurology, hematology, pulmonology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, psychiatry, nephrology, rheumatology, musculoskeletal, and more — with 46,298 SNOMED-CT concepts.

Is HemoChat a replacement for clinical judgment?

No. HemoChat is for clinical reference only and is not a substitute for professional medical judgment. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals for medical decisions.

What AI technology does HemoChat use?

HemoChat uses a hybrid GraphRAG + VectorRAG pipeline combining Neo4j knowledge graphs with FAISS vector search and an LLM for answer generation.

← Back to guidelines

Plastic Surgery90 papers

Infection of total ankle joint prosthesis

Last edited: 3 h ago

Overview

Infection of total ankle joint prostheses (TAAP) is a severe and potentially devastating complication following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). It significantly impacts patient outcomes, often necessitating revision surgery, prolonged antibiotic therapy, and in some cases, amputation. TAAP infections typically occur within the first few weeks postoperatively but can develop months to years later. Given the increasing popularity of TAA as a treatment for end-stage ankle arthritis, understanding and managing these infections is crucial for orthopedic surgeons and clinicians to ensure optimal patient care and functional outcomes. Early recognition and prompt intervention are key to mitigating the morbidity associated with TAAP infections.

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Approach

Diagnosing infection in total ankle joint prostheses involves a multifaceted approach combining clinical assessment, laboratory tests, imaging, and microbiological evaluation. Clinical suspicion is heightened by signs of inflammation such as pain, swelling, warmth, and purulent drainage around the surgical site. Laboratory markers like elevated white blood cell counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) can support the diagnosis, though they lack specificity. Imaging studies, particularly radiolucent signs on radiographs and increased uptake on radionuclide bone scans, are essential for identifying periprosthetic changes indicative of infection. Definitive diagnosis often relies on microbiological cultures obtained through joint aspiration, which should be performed if clinical suspicion is high despite negative initial tests.

Clinical Criteria: Persistent pain, swelling, erythema, and purulent drainage 20 26

Laboratory Tests: Elevated white blood cell count (WBC > 10,000/μL), ESR > 20 mm/h, C-reactive protein (CRP) > 5 mg/L 20 26

Imaging: Radiographic changes (e.g., periosteal reaction, lucency), increased radiolucency on bone scans, MRI findings consistent with infection 20 5 26

Microbiological Tests: Joint aspiration with culture and sensitivity testing; positive culture from joint fluid is definitive 20 26

Differential Diagnosis: Septic arthritis, crystal arthropathy, mechanical loosening, and aseptic loosening 20 26

Management

Initial Management

The initial management of TAAP infections typically involves a combination of surgical debridement and targeted antibiotic therapy. Early intervention is critical to prevent further complications and improve outcomes.

Surgical Debridement: Complete removal of all infected or potentially infected prosthetic components, thorough irrigation, and closure techniques that minimize dead space 20 55

Antibiotic Therapy: Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately post-debridement, tailored based on culture and sensitivity results once available 54(Evidence: Moderate)

- First-Line Antibiotics: Vancomycin plus an aminoglycoside or a fluoroquinolone (e.g., vancomycin 15 mg/kg every 12 hours, gentamicin 2.5 mg/kg every 8 hours) 54(Evidence: Moderate) - Duration: Typically 6-8 weeks, adjusted based on clinical response and culture results 54(Evidence: Moderate)

Refractory Cases

For infections that do not respond to initial debridement and antibiotics, more aggressive interventions may be necessary.

Reimplantation: Consider reimplantation after a prolonged period of sterile wound healing and negative cultures, typically 6-12 months 55(Evidence: Expert opinion)

Arthrodesis: In cases where reimplantation is not feasible or advisable, conversion to ankle arthrodesis may be required to stabilize the joint and prevent further complications 64(Evidence: Moderate)

Preventive Measures

Preventing TAAP infections involves meticulous perioperative care and adherence to best practices.

Sterile Technique: Strict adherence to sterile surgical protocols 1 2

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Appropriate perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis tailored to the procedure and patient-specific risk factors 1 2

Wound Care: Use of advanced wound management techniques such as Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) to reduce SSI risk 1 2

- NPWT Application: Consideration of NPWT in postoperative wound care to minimize infection risk 1(Evidence: Moderate)

Complications

Common Complications

Persistent Infection: Failure to eradicate infection leading to chronic or recurrent infections 20

Prosthetic Loosening: Mechanical loosening of the prosthesis due to infection or inadequate initial fixation 7 27

Osteolysis: Bone resorption around the implant, often exacerbated by infection 7 27

Graft Failure: In cases where bone grafting is used for osteolysis, failure can necessitate further surgical interventions 11(Evidence: Moderate)

Management Triggers

Persistent Fever and Elevated Inflammatory Markers: Indicative of ongoing infection requiring reassessment and possible surgical intervention 20

Radiographic Changes: Progressive lucencies or periosteal reactions suggesting loosening or infection progression 20

Clinical Deterioration: Worsening pain, swelling, or functional decline necessitates urgent evaluation 20

Prognosis & Follow-up

Expected Course

The prognosis for patients with TAAP infections varies widely depending on the timing of diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment. Early intervention generally yields better outcomes, with reimplantation or arthrodesis offering reasonable functional results if infection is successfully managed.

Follow-up Intervals

Short-Term: Regular clinical assessments and laboratory monitoring (WBC, ESR, CRP) at 2-4 weeks post-treatment 20

Long-Term: Radiographic evaluations every 6-12 months to monitor implant stability and bone health 20

Infection Surveillance: Lifelong vigilance for signs of recurrent infection, particularly in the first year post-treatment 20

Special Populations

Elderly Patients

Elderly patients may present unique challenges due to comorbidities and reduced physiological reserve, necessitating careful risk stratification and individualized treatment plans 16(Evidence: Moderate)

Comorbidities

Patients with significant comorbidities such as diabetes, renal impairment, or immunosuppression require tailored antibiotic therapy and closer monitoring due to altered infection susceptibility and healing dynamics 25(Evidence: Moderate)

Key Recommendations

Early Surgical Debridement: Prompt removal of infected prosthetic components and thorough irrigation 20(Evidence: Strong)

Culture-Guided Antibiotics: Initiate broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately post-debridement, tailoring based on culture results 54(Evidence: Moderate)

Extended Antibiotic Therapy: Continue antibiotics for 6-8 weeks, adjusting based on clinical response 54(Evidence: Moderate)

Consider NPWT Postoperatively: Use Negative Pressure Wound Therapy to reduce surgical site infection risk 1(Evidence: Moderate)

Rigorous Perioperative Sterile Technique: Adhere strictly to sterile surgical protocols to minimize infection risk 1 2(Evidence: Strong)

Regular Follow-Up Monitoring: Schedule frequent clinical and radiographic assessments to monitor for signs of infection recurrence or implant loosening 20(Evidence: Moderate)

Reimplantation or Arthrodesis: Evaluate reimplantation after sterile healing or consider arthrodesis for refractory cases 55(Evidence: Expert opinion)

Tailored Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis tailored to patient-specific risk factors 1 2(Evidence: Strong)

Monitor Inflammatory Markers: Regularly assess inflammatory markers (WBC, ESR, CRP) to guide treatment adjustments 20(Evidence: Moderate)

Special Considerations for Comorbidities: Adjust management strategies for patients with significant comorbidities to account for altered healing and infection risks 25(Evidence: Moderate)

References

1 Atfeh J, Guerre P, Carre E, Besse JL, Huot L. Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy devices applied after Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment. PloS one 2025. link 2 Chao CA, Khilnani TK, Jo S, Shenoy A, Bostrom MPG, Carli AV. Not All Antiseptic Solutions Are Equivalent in Removing Biofilm: A Comparison Across Different Orthopaedic Surfaces. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2025. link 3 Townshend DN, Bing AJF, Clough TM, Sharpe IT, Goldberg A. Early experience and patient-reported outcomes of 503 INFINITY total ankle arthroplasties. The bone & joint journal 2021. link 4 Plantz MA, Sherman AE, Kadakia AR. A propensity score-matched analysis comparing outpatient and short-stay hospitalization to standard inpatient hospitalization following total ankle arthroplasty. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2020. link 5 Cody EA, Dutruel SP, Wu A, RoyChoudhury A, Rajan L, Ellis SJ et al.. Periprosthetic Metabolic Activity After Total Ankle Arthroplasty: Cross-Sectional . Foot & ankle international 2026. link 6 van Es LJM, van Dam MJJ, de Wit BWK, Aaftink JFA, Benner JL, Kerkhoffs GMMJ et al.. Preserving native distal tibial angles in total ankle replacement does not negatively affect implant survival. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2026. link 7 Pekhale P, Akhtar S, Dhar S, Lee K, Raglan M. Single stage revision ankle arthroplasty, Is it safe?. Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2026. link 8 Zhang Y, Zhang J, Chen Z, Zhao D, Liu Y, Jin Z et al.. A comparative study of INBONE II, INFINITY, and an anatomical-design prosthesis by a patient-specific wear prediction framework within total ankle replacement. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 2025. link 9 Wu KA, Mitra K, Pottayil F, Kutzer KM, Pean CA, Seyler TM et al.. The Impact of Health Policy on Total Ankle Arthroplasty Prices in the United States. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2025. link 10 Cody EA, Henry JK, Shaffrey I, Jones A, Nguyen JT, Demetracopoulos CA et al.. Early Periprosthetic Tibial Lucency Following Low-Profile Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & ankle international 2025. link 11 Yoon YK, Park KH, Shim DW, Lee W, Chae JS, Han SH et al.. Outcomes of Autogenous Bone Grafting for Periprosthetic Osteolysis After Total Ankle Arthroplasty: Clinical and 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Results. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2025. link 12 Wu KA, Anastasio AT, Kutzer KM, Krez AN, DeOrio JK, Nunley JA et al.. Radiographic soft tissue thickness is not a risk factor for infection after primary total ankle arthroplasty. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2025. link 13 Peairs EM, Anastasio AT, Kim B, Walley K, Adams SB. Risks of Increased Operative Time and Longer Hospital Stays Based on Age in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & ankle specialist 2025. link 14 Artioli E, Mazzotti A, Arceri A, Casadei G, Abdi P, Geraci G et al.. How to Prevent Wound Complications After Total Ankle Arthroplasty Through Anterior Approach: A Systematic Review on Current Treatment Options. Foot & ankle specialist 2025. link 15 Quan T, Magruder M, Chen FR, Tabaie S, Best MJ, Aiyer A. Preoperative Dehydration Increases the Risk of Extended Length of Hospital Stay Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & ankle specialist 2025. link 16 Kipp JA, Vesely BD, Lance TA, White BN, Medda AW, Scott AT. Age Influence on Total Ankle Arthroplasty Outcomes: A Systematic Review. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2024. link 17 van Es LJM, Sierevelt IN, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Haverkamp D. Analyzing Learning Curve Effects: Total Ankle Replacement Design Switch and Long-Term Survival. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2024. link 18 Lewis TL, Walker R, Alkhalfan Y, Latif A, Abbasian A. Custom Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Titanium Truss Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis Implants for Failed Total Ankle Replacements: Classification, Technical Tips, and Treatment Algorithm. Foot & ankle international 2024. link 19 St Mart JP, Goh EL, Hay D, Pilkington I, Bednarczuk N, Ahluwalia R. Contemporary modern total ankle arthroplasty (TAA): A systematic review and meta-analysis of indications, survivorship and complication rates. The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland 2024. link 20 Walther M, Krenn V, Pfahl K. Diagnosing and Managing Infection in Total Ankle Replacement. Foot and ankle clinics 2024. link 21 Sakata M, Hirao M, Noguchi T, Okamura G, Higuchi Y, Tabuse Y et al.. Early full weight-bearing and gait exercise after cemented total ankle arthroplasty with a modified anterolateral approach. Modern rheumatology 2024. link 22 Purnell J, Shaffrey I, Ellis S, Deland J, Henry J, Demetracopoulos C. Early Survivorship, Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of a Modular Augmented Revision Total Ankle Arthroplasty System. Foot & ankle international 2024. link 23 Kormi S, Koivu H, Kohonen I, Mäkelä K, Tiusanen H, Saltychev M. The ceramic coated implant (CCI). Evolution total ankle replacements: a retrospective analysis of 40 ankles with 8 years follow-up. Acta orthopaedica Belgica 2023. link 24 Sax OC, Chen Z, Bains SS, Jacobstein DA, Dubin JA, Hameed D et al.. Does Preoperative Statin Exposure Reduce Prosthetic Joint Infections and Revisions Following Total Joint Arthroplasty?. Surgical technology international 2023. link 25 Bowcutt JT, Shibuya N, Jupiter DC. Preoperative Serum Albumin and Other Risk Factors Related to 30-Day Postoperative Complications in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2023. link 26 Fritz J, Rashidi A, de Cesar Netto C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Total Ankle Arthroplasty: State-of-The-Art Assessment of Implant-Related Pain and Dysfunction. Foot and ankle clinics 2023. link 27 Sundet M, Dybvik E, Furnes O, Eriksen ML, Hallan G. Poor survivorship of total ankle replacements. 1368 cases from the period 1994-2021 in the Norwegian arthroplasty register. Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2023. link 28 Clugston E, Ektas N, Scholes C, Symes M, Wilton A, Wines A et al.. Early Clinical Outcomes and Complications of Transfibular Total Ankle Arthroplasty: The Australian Experience. Foot & ankle international 2023. link 29 Vesely BD, King MA, Scott AT. Intermediate to Long-Term Follow-up of the Salto Talaris Fixed-Bearing Total Ankle Prosthesis. Foot & ankle specialist 2023. link 30 Wallace SB, Hamati M, Lendrum JA, Schultz L, Metzl J, Moon DK et al.. Noninvasive Soft Tissue Expansion Strips and Wound Complications After Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & ankle international 2022. link 31 Boble M, Laurent S, Besse JL, Brilhault J. Posteromedial structure protection during ankle replacement: Surgical technique. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2022. link 32 Hermus JP, Voesenek JA, van Gansewinkel EHE, Witlox MA, Poeze M, Arts JJ. Complications following total ankle arthroplasty: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2022. link 33 Zhang Y, Chen Z, Zhao D, Yu J, Ma X, Jin Z. Anatomic ankle implant can provide better tibiotalar joint kinematics and loading. Medical engineering & physics 2022. link 34 Cottom JM, DeVries JG, Hyer CF, McAlister JE, Sorensen MD. Current Techniques in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery 2022. link 35 Maccario C, Paoli T, Romano F, D'Ambrosi R, Indino C, Usuelli FG. Transfibular total ankle arthroplasty : a new reliable procedure at five-year follow-up. The bone & joint journal 2022. link 36 Pfahl K, Röser A, Gottschalk O, Hörterer H, Mehlhorn A, Dolp PA et al.. Common bacteria and treatment options for the acute and chronic infection of the total ankle arthroplasty. Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2022. link 37 Chan JJ, Guzman JZ, Garden E, Chan JC, Poeran J, Zubizarreta N et al.. Economic impact of Comorbidities in Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2022. link 38 Foran IM, Vafek EC, Bohl DD, Lee S, Hamid KS. Quality Assessment of Modern Total Ankle Arthroplasty Clinical Outcomes Research. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2022. link 39 Ferraro D, Siegler S, Belvedere C, Ruiz M, Leardini A. Effect of artificial surface shapes and their malpositioning on the mechanics of the replaced ankle joint for possible better prosthesis designs. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2021. link 40 Wang Q, Zhang N, Guo W, Wang W, Zhang Q. Patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) in total ankle arthroplasty: a systematic review. International orthopaedics 2021. link 41 Henry JK, Rider C, Cody E, Ellis SJ, Demetracopoulos C. Evaluating and Managing the Painful Total Ankle Replacement. Foot & ankle international 2021. link 42 Kormi S, Kohonen I, Koivu H, Tiusanen H. Low Rate of Peri-implant Osteolysis in Trabecular Metal Total Ankle Replacement on Short- to Midterm Follow-up. Foot & ankle international 2021. link 43 Tacktill J, Rasor Z, Savasky B, Zelen CM. Consideration for Total Ankle Replacement in the Varus Ankle and Cavovarus Foot Type. Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery 2021. link 44 Brodsky JW, Jaffe D, Pao A, Vier D, Taniguchi A, Daoud Y et al.. Long-term Functional Results of Total Ankle Arthroplasty in Stiff Ankles. Foot & ankle international 2021. link 45 Mosca M, Caravelli S, Vocale E, Maitan N, Grassi A, Massimi S et al.. Clinical-radiological outcomes and complications after total ankle replacement through a lateral transfibular approach: a retrospective evaluation at a mid-term follow-up. International orthopaedics 2021. link 46 Akoh CC, Chen J, Adams SB. Total Ankle Total Talus Replacement Using a 3D Printed Talus Component: A Case Report. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2020. link 47 Egglestone A, Kakwani R, Aradhyula M, Kingman A, Townshend D. Outcomes of revision surgery for failed total ankle replacement: revision arthroplasty versus arthrodesis. International orthopaedics 2020. link 48 Zhang Y, Chen Z, Peng Y, Zhao H, Liang X, Jin Z. Predicting ground reaction and tibiotalar contact forces after total ankle arthroplasty during walking. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine 2020. link 49 Gagné OJ, Penner M, Wing K, Veljkovic A, Younger AS. Reoperation Profile of Lateral vs Anterior Approach Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & ankle international 2020. link 50 Horn A, Saller J, Cuttica DJ, Geng X, Neufeld S. Utility of Dehydrated Human Amniotic Membrane (DHAM) in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & ankle international 2020. link 51 Tiusanen H, Kormi S, Kohonen I, Saltychev M. Results of Trabecular-Metal Total Ankle Arthroplasties With Transfibular Approach. Foot & ankle international 2020. link 52 Raikin S, Parekh S, McDonald E. What Is the Treatment "Algorithm" for an Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 53 Parekh S. Is There a Role for Suppressive Antibiotics in Patients With Periprosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) of Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) Who Have Undergone Surgical Treatment?. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 54 Embil JM, O'Neil JT. What Is the Optimal (Type, Dose and Route of Administration) Antibiotic Treatment for Patients With Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 55 Heidari N, Oh I, Malagelada F. What Is the Diagnostic "Algorithm" for Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 56 Uçkay I, Pedowitz D, Assal M, Stull JD. What Is the Optimal Protocol for Performing Debridement, Antibiotics and Implant Retention (DAIR) in an Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) (Type and Volume of Irrigation Solution, and so on)?. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 57 Englund K, Heidari N. Is There a Role for the Use of Dilute Povidone-Iodine (Betadine) Irrigation or Other Antiseptic Irrigation Solutions During Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) or Other Foot and Ankle Procedures?. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 58 Kaplan J, Raikin S. Does Deep Chronic Infection After Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) Require Implant Removal?. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 59 Emara K, Embil JM. Is There a Role for Measuring Synovial Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 60 Mazzotti A, Geraci G, Panciera A, Perna F, Stefanini N, Pilla F et al.. Trends in surgical management of the infected total ankle arthroplasty. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2019. link 61 Cody EA, Bejarano-Pineda L, Lachman JR, Taylor MA, Gausden EB, DeOrio JK et al.. Risk Factors for Failure of Total Ankle Arthroplasty With a Minimum Five Years of Follow-up. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 62 Cunningham D, Karas V, DeOrio JK, Nunley JA, Easley ME, Adams SB. Possible Implications for Bundled Payment Models of Comorbidities and Complications as Drivers of Cost in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 63 Cody EA, Taylor MA, Nunley JA, Parekh SG, DeOrio JK. Increased Early Revision Rate With the INFINITY Total Ankle Prosthesis. Foot & ankle international 2019. link 64 Ali AA, Forrester RA, O'Connor P, Harris NJ. Revision of failed total ankle arthroplasty to a hindfoot fusion: 23 consecutive cases using the Phoenix nail. The bone & joint journal 2018. link 65 Saito GH, Sanders AE, de Cesar Netto C, O'Malley MJ, Ellis SJ, Demetracopoulos CA. Short-Term Complications, Reoperations, and Radiographic Outcomes of a New Fixed-Bearing Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & ankle international 2018. link 66 Brage MM, Ramadorai UE. Revision of Stemmed Agility Implants. Foot and ankle clinics 2017. link 67 Espinosa N, Klammer G, Wirth SH. Osteolysis in Total Ankle Replacement: How Does It Work?. Foot and ankle clinics 2017. link 68 Gonzalez T, Fisk E, Chiodo C, Smith J, Bluman EM. Economic Analysis and Patient Satisfaction Associated With Outpatient Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot & ankle international 2017. link 69 Hamid KS, Matson AP, Nwachukwu BU, Scott DJ, Mather RC, DeOrio JK. Determining the Cost-Savings Threshold and Alignment Accuracy of Patient-Specific Instrumentation in Total Ankle Replacements. Foot & ankle international 2017. link 70 Stavrakis AI, SooHoo NF. Trends in Complication Rates Following Ankle Arthrodesis and Total Ankle Replacement. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2016. link 71 LaMothe J, Seaworth CM, Do HT, Kunas GC, Ellis SJ. Analysis of Total Ankle Arthroplasty Survival in the United States Using Multiple State Databases. Foot & ankle specialist 2016. link 72 Roukis TS, Simonson DC. Incidence of Complications During Initial Experience with Revision of the Agility and Agility LP Total Ankle Replacement Systems: A Single Surgeon's Learning Curve Experience. Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery 2015. link 73 Morris CH, Christensen JC, Ching RP, Chan F, Schuberth JM. Articular congruency of the Salto Talaris total ankle prosthesis. Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2015. link 74 Tsitsilonis S, Schaser KD, Wichlas F, Haas NP, Manegold S. Functional and radiological outcome of periprosthetic fractures of the ankle. The bone & joint journal 2015. link 75 DeMill SL, McAlister JE, Hyer CF, Berlet GC. Quantification of Subtalar Posterior Facet Involvement During Intramedullary Guidance of Total Ankle Arthroplasty:A Cadaveric Study. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2015. link 76 Sagherian BH, Claridge RJ. Salvage of failed total ankle replacement using tantalum trabecular metal: case series. Foot & ankle international 2015. link 77 Myerson MS, Shariff R, Zonno AJ. The management of infection following total ankle replacement: demographics and treatment. Foot & ankle international 2014. link 78 Prissel MA, Roukis TS. Management of extensive tibial osteolysis with the Agility™ total ankle replacement systems using geometric metal-reinforced polymethylmethacrylate cement augmentation. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2014. link 79 Nodzo SR, Miladore MP, Kaplan NB, Ritter CA. Short to midterm clinical and radiographic outcomes of the Salto total ankle prosthesis. Foot & ankle international 2014. link 80 Kohonen Ia, Koivu H, Vahlberg T, Larjava H, Mattila K. Total ankle arthroplasty: optimizing computed tomography imaging protocol. Skeletal radiology 2013. link 81 Cenni F, Leardini A, Pieri M, Berti L, Belvedere C, Romagnoli M et al.. Functional performance of a total ankle replacement: thorough assessment by combining gait and fluoroscopic analyses. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2013. link 82 Bleazey ST, Brigido SA, Protzman NM. Perioperative complications of a modular stem fixed-bearing total ankle replacement with intramedullary guidance. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2013. link 83 Kessler B, Sendi P, Graber P, Knupp M, Zwicky L, Hintermann B et al.. Risk factors for periprosthetic ankle joint infection: a case-control study. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 2012. link 84 Jehan S, Hill SO. Operative technique of two parallel compression screws and autologous bone graft for ankle arthrodesis after failed total ankle replacement. Foot & ankle international 2012. link 85 Besse JL, Colombier JA, Asencio J, Bonnin M, Gaudot F, Jarde O et al.. Total ankle arthroplasty in France. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR 2010. link 86 Koivu H, Kohonen I, Sipola E, Alanen K, Vahlberg T, Tiusanen H. Severe periprosthetic osteolytic lesions after the Ankle Evolutive System total ankle replacement. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 2009. link 87 Cerrato R, Myerson MS. Total ankle replacement: the Agility LP prosthesis. Foot and ankle clinics 2008. link 88 Dahabreh Z, Gonsalves S, Monkhouse R, Harris NJ. Extrusion of metal radiological marker from a total ankle replacement insert: a case report. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2006. link 89 Rosas MH, Leclercq S, Pégoix M, Darlas Y, Aubriot JH, Rousselot P et al.. Contribution of laboratory tests, scintigraphy, and histology to the diagnosis of lower limb joint replacement infection. Revue du rhumatisme (English ed.) 1998. link 90 Pappas M, Buechel FF, DePalma AF. Cylindrical total ankle joint replacement: surgical and biomechanical rationale. Clinical orthopaedics and related research 1976. link

Original source

[1]
Incisional Negative Pressure Wound Therapy devices applied after Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment. — Atfeh J, Guerre P, Carre E, Besse JL, Huot L PloS one (2025)
[2]
Not All Antiseptic Solutions Are Equivalent in Removing Biofilm: A Comparison Across Different Orthopaedic Surfaces. — Chao CA, Khilnani TK, Jo S, Shenoy A, Bostrom MPG, Carli AV The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume (2025)
[3]
Early experience and patient-reported outcomes of 503 INFINITY total ankle arthroplasties. — Townshend DN, Bing AJF, Clough TM, Sharpe IT, Goldberg A The bone & joint journal (2021)
[4]
A propensity score-matched analysis comparing outpatient and short-stay hospitalization to standard inpatient hospitalization following total ankle arthroplasty. — Plantz MA, Sherman AE, Kadakia AR Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research (2020)
[5]
Periprosthetic Metabolic Activity After Total Ankle Arthroplasty: Cross-Sectional — Cody EA, Dutruel SP, Wu A, RoyChoudhury A, Rajan L, Ellis SJ et al. Foot & ankle international (2026)
[6]
Preserving native distal tibial angles in total ankle replacement does not negatively affect implant survival. — van Es LJM, van Dam MJJ, de Wit BWK, Aaftink JFA, Benner JL, Kerkhoffs GMMJ et al. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2026)
[7]
Single stage revision ankle arthroplasty, Is it safe? — Pekhale P, Akhtar S, Dhar S, Lee K, Raglan M Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2026)
[8]
A comparative study of INBONE II, INFINITY, and an anatomical-design prosthesis by a patient-specific wear prediction framework within total ankle replacement. — Zhang Y, Zhang J, Chen Z, Zhao D, Liu Y, Jin Z et al. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine (2025)
[9]
The Impact of Health Policy on Total Ankle Arthroplasty Prices in the United States. — Wu KA, Mitra K, Pottayil F, Kutzer KM, Pean CA, Seyler TM et al. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2025)
[10]
Early Periprosthetic Tibial Lucency Following Low-Profile Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Cody EA, Henry JK, Shaffrey I, Jones A, Nguyen JT, Demetracopoulos CA et al. Foot & ankle international (2025)
[11]
Outcomes of Autogenous Bone Grafting for Periprosthetic Osteolysis After Total Ankle Arthroplasty: Clinical and 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Results. — Yoon YK, Park KH, Shim DW, Lee W, Chae JS, Han SH et al. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume (2025)
[12]
Radiographic soft tissue thickness is not a risk factor for infection after primary total ankle arthroplasty. — Wu KA, Anastasio AT, Kutzer KM, Krez AN, DeOrio JK, Nunley JA et al. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2025)
[13]
Risks of Increased Operative Time and Longer Hospital Stays Based on Age in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Peairs EM, Anastasio AT, Kim B, Walley K, Adams SB Foot & ankle specialist (2025)
[14]
How to Prevent Wound Complications After Total Ankle Arthroplasty Through Anterior Approach: A Systematic Review on Current Treatment Options. — Artioli E, Mazzotti A, Arceri A, Casadei G, Abdi P, Geraci G et al. Foot & ankle specialist (2025)
[15]
Preoperative Dehydration Increases the Risk of Extended Length of Hospital Stay Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Quan T, Magruder M, Chen FR, Tabaie S, Best MJ, Aiyer A Foot & ankle specialist (2025)
[16]
Age Influence on Total Ankle Arthroplasty Outcomes: A Systematic Review. — Kipp JA, Vesely BD, Lance TA, White BN, Medda AW, Scott AT The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2024)
[17]
Analyzing Learning Curve Effects: Total Ankle Replacement Design Switch and Long-Term Survival. — van Es LJM, Sierevelt IN, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Haverkamp D The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2024)
[18]
Custom Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Titanium Truss Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis Implants for Failed Total Ankle Replacements: Classification, Technical Tips, and Treatment Algorithm. — Lewis TL, Walker R, Alkhalfan Y, Latif A, Abbasian A Foot & ankle international (2024)
[19]
Contemporary modern total ankle arthroplasty (TAA): A systematic review and meta-analysis of indications, survivorship and complication rates. — St Mart JP, Goh EL, Hay D, Pilkington I, Bednarczuk N, Ahluwalia R The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland (2024)
[20]
Diagnosing and Managing Infection in Total Ankle Replacement. — Walther M, Krenn V, Pfahl K Foot and ankle clinics (2024)
[21]
Early full weight-bearing and gait exercise after cemented total ankle arthroplasty with a modified anterolateral approach. — Sakata M, Hirao M, Noguchi T, Okamura G, Higuchi Y, Tabuse Y et al. Modern rheumatology (2024)
[22]
Early Survivorship, Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of a Modular Augmented Revision Total Ankle Arthroplasty System. — Purnell J, Shaffrey I, Ellis S, Deland J, Henry J, Demetracopoulos C Foot & ankle international (2024)
[23]
The ceramic coated implant (CCI). Evolution total ankle replacements: a retrospective analysis of 40 ankles with 8 years follow-up. — Kormi S, Koivu H, Kohonen I, Mäkelä K, Tiusanen H, Saltychev M Acta orthopaedica Belgica (2023)
[24]
Does Preoperative Statin Exposure Reduce Prosthetic Joint Infections and Revisions Following Total Joint Arthroplasty? — Sax OC, Chen Z, Bains SS, Jacobstein DA, Dubin JA, Hameed D et al. Surgical technology international (2023)
[25]
Preoperative Serum Albumin and Other Risk Factors Related to 30-Day Postoperative Complications in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Bowcutt JT, Shibuya N, Jupiter DC The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2023)
[26]
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Total Ankle Arthroplasty: State-of-The-Art Assessment of Implant-Related Pain and Dysfunction. — Fritz J, Rashidi A, de Cesar Netto C Foot and ankle clinics (2023)
[27]
Poor survivorship of total ankle replacements. 1368 cases from the period 1994-2021 in the Norwegian arthroplasty register. — Sundet M, Dybvik E, Furnes O, Eriksen ML, Hallan G Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2023)
[28]
Early Clinical Outcomes and Complications of Transfibular Total Ankle Arthroplasty: The Australian Experience. — Clugston E, Ektas N, Scholes C, Symes M, Wilton A, Wines A et al. Foot & ankle international (2023)
[29]
Intermediate to Long-Term Follow-up of the Salto Talaris Fixed-Bearing Total Ankle Prosthesis. — Vesely BD, King MA, Scott AT Foot & ankle specialist (2023)
[30]
Noninvasive Soft Tissue Expansion Strips and Wound Complications After Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Wallace SB, Hamati M, Lendrum JA, Schultz L, Metzl J, Moon DK et al. Foot & ankle international (2022)
[31]
Posteromedial structure protection during ankle replacement: Surgical technique. — Boble M, Laurent S, Besse JL, Brilhault J Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR (2022)
[32]
Complications following total ankle arthroplasty: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. — Hermus JP, Voesenek JA, van Gansewinkel EHE, Witlox MA, Poeze M, Arts JJ Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2022)
[33]
Anatomic ankle implant can provide better tibiotalar joint kinematics and loading. — Zhang Y, Chen Z, Zhao D, Yu J, Ma X, Jin Z Medical engineering & physics (2022)
[34]
Current Techniques in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Cottom JM, DeVries JG, Hyer CF, McAlister JE, Sorensen MD Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery (2022)
[35]
Transfibular total ankle arthroplasty : a new reliable procedure at five-year follow-up. — Maccario C, Paoli T, Romano F, D'Ambrosi R, Indino C, Usuelli FG The bone & joint journal (2022)
[36]
Common bacteria and treatment options for the acute and chronic infection of the total ankle arthroplasty. — Pfahl K, Röser A, Gottschalk O, Hörterer H, Mehlhorn A, Dolp PA et al. Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2022)
[37]
Economic impact of Comorbidities in Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Ankle Arthrodesis. — Chan JJ, Guzman JZ, Garden E, Chan JC, Poeran J, Zubizarreta N et al. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR (2022)
[38]
Quality Assessment of Modern Total Ankle Arthroplasty Clinical Outcomes Research. — Foran IM, Vafek EC, Bohl DD, Lee S, Hamid KS The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2022)
[39]
Effect of artificial surface shapes and their malpositioning on the mechanics of the replaced ankle joint for possible better prosthesis designs. — Ferraro D, Siegler S, Belvedere C, Ruiz M, Leardini A Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) (2021)
[40]
Patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) in total ankle arthroplasty: a systematic review. — Wang Q, Zhang N, Guo W, Wang W, Zhang Q International orthopaedics (2021)
[41]
Evaluating and Managing the Painful Total Ankle Replacement. — Henry JK, Rider C, Cody E, Ellis SJ, Demetracopoulos C Foot & ankle international (2021)
[42]
Low Rate of Peri-implant Osteolysis in Trabecular Metal Total Ankle Replacement on Short- to Midterm Follow-up. — Kormi S, Kohonen I, Koivu H, Tiusanen H Foot & ankle international (2021)
[43]
Consideration for Total Ankle Replacement in the Varus Ankle and Cavovarus Foot Type. — Tacktill J, Rasor Z, Savasky B, Zelen CM Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery (2021)
[44]
Long-term Functional Results of Total Ankle Arthroplasty in Stiff Ankles. — Brodsky JW, Jaffe D, Pao A, Vier D, Taniguchi A, Daoud Y et al. Foot & ankle international (2021)
[45]
Clinical-radiological outcomes and complications after total ankle replacement through a lateral transfibular approach: a retrospective evaluation at a mid-term follow-up. — Mosca M, Caravelli S, Vocale E, Maitan N, Grassi A, Massimi S et al. International orthopaedics (2021)
[46]
Total Ankle Total Talus Replacement Using a 3D Printed Talus Component: A Case Report. — Akoh CC, Chen J, Adams SB The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2020)
[47]
Outcomes of revision surgery for failed total ankle replacement: revision arthroplasty versus arthrodesis. — Egglestone A, Kakwani R, Aradhyula M, Kingman A, Townshend D International orthopaedics (2020)
[48]
Predicting ground reaction and tibiotalar contact forces after total ankle arthroplasty during walking. — Zhang Y, Chen Z, Peng Y, Zhao H, Liang X, Jin Z Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine (2020)
[49]
Reoperation Profile of Lateral vs Anterior Approach Ankle Arthroplasty. — Gagné OJ, Penner M, Wing K, Veljkovic A, Younger AS Foot & ankle international (2020)
[50]
Utility of Dehydrated Human Amniotic Membrane (DHAM) in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Horn A, Saller J, Cuttica DJ, Geng X, Neufeld S Foot & ankle international (2020)
[51]
Results of Trabecular-Metal Total Ankle Arthroplasties With Transfibular Approach. — Tiusanen H, Kormi S, Kohonen I, Saltychev M Foot & ankle international (2020)
[52]
What Is the Treatment "Algorithm" for an Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)? — Raikin S, Parekh S, McDonald E Foot & ankle international (2019)
[53]
Is There a Role for Suppressive Antibiotics in Patients With Periprosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) of Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) Who Have Undergone Surgical Treatment? — Parekh S Foot & ankle international (2019)
[54]
What Is the Optimal (Type, Dose and Route of Administration) Antibiotic Treatment for Patients With Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)? — Embil JM, O'Neil JT Foot & ankle international (2019)
[55]
What Is the Diagnostic "Algorithm" for Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)? — Heidari N, Oh I, Malagelada F Foot & ankle international (2019)
[56]
What Is the Optimal Protocol for Performing Debridement, Antibiotics and Implant Retention (DAIR) in an Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) (Type and Volume of Irrigation Solution, and so on)? — Uçkay I, Pedowitz D, Assal M, Stull JD Foot & ankle international (2019)
[57]
Is There a Role for the Use of Dilute Povidone-Iodine (Betadine) Irrigation or Other Antiseptic Irrigation Solutions During Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) or Other Foot and Ankle Procedures? — Englund K, Heidari N Foot & ankle international (2019)
[58]
Does Deep Chronic Infection After Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA) Require Implant Removal? — Kaplan J, Raikin S Foot & ankle international (2019)
[59]
Is There a Role for Measuring Synovial Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)? — Emara K, Embil JM Foot & ankle international (2019)
[60]
Trends in surgical management of the infected total ankle arthroplasty. — Mazzotti A, Geraci G, Panciera A, Perna F, Stefanini N, Pilla F et al. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences (2019)
[61]
Risk Factors for Failure of Total Ankle Arthroplasty With a Minimum Five Years of Follow-up. — Cody EA, Bejarano-Pineda L, Lachman JR, Taylor MA, Gausden EB, DeOrio JK et al. Foot & ankle international (2019)
[62]
Possible Implications for Bundled Payment Models of Comorbidities and Complications as Drivers of Cost in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Cunningham D, Karas V, DeOrio JK, Nunley JA, Easley ME, Adams SB Foot & ankle international (2019)
[63]
Increased Early Revision Rate With the INFINITY Total Ankle Prosthesis. — Cody EA, Taylor MA, Nunley JA, Parekh SG, DeOrio JK Foot & ankle international (2019)
[64]
Revision of failed total ankle arthroplasty to a hindfoot fusion: 23 consecutive cases using the Phoenix nail. — Ali AA, Forrester RA, O'Connor P, Harris NJ The bone & joint journal (2018)
[65]
Short-Term Complications, Reoperations, and Radiographic Outcomes of a New Fixed-Bearing Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Saito GH, Sanders AE, de Cesar Netto C, O'Malley MJ, Ellis SJ, Demetracopoulos CA Foot & ankle international (2018)
[66]
Revision of Stemmed Agility Implants. — Brage MM, Ramadorai UE Foot and ankle clinics (2017)
[67]
Osteolysis in Total Ankle Replacement: How Does It Work? — Espinosa N, Klammer G, Wirth SH Foot and ankle clinics (2017)
[68]
Economic Analysis and Patient Satisfaction Associated With Outpatient Total Ankle Arthroplasty. — Gonzalez T, Fisk E, Chiodo C, Smith J, Bluman EM Foot & ankle international (2017)
[69]
Determining the Cost-Savings Threshold and Alignment Accuracy of Patient-Specific Instrumentation in Total Ankle Replacements. — Hamid KS, Matson AP, Nwachukwu BU, Scott DJ, Mather RC, DeOrio JK Foot & ankle international (2017)
[70]
Trends in Complication Rates Following Ankle Arthrodesis and Total Ankle Replacement. — Stavrakis AI, SooHoo NF The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume (2016)
[71]
Analysis of Total Ankle Arthroplasty Survival in the United States Using Multiple State Databases. — LaMothe J, Seaworth CM, Do HT, Kunas GC, Ellis SJ Foot & ankle specialist (2016)
[72]
Incidence of Complications During Initial Experience with Revision of the Agility and Agility LP Total Ankle Replacement Systems: A Single Surgeon's Learning Curve Experience. — Roukis TS, Simonson DC Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery (2015)
[73]
Articular congruency of the Salto Talaris total ankle prosthesis. — Morris CH, Christensen JC, Ching RP, Chan F, Schuberth JM Foot and ankle surgery : official journal of the European Society of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2015)
[74]
Functional and radiological outcome of periprosthetic fractures of the ankle. — Tsitsilonis S, Schaser KD, Wichlas F, Haas NP, Manegold S The bone & joint journal (2015)
[75]
Quantification of Subtalar Posterior Facet Involvement During Intramedullary Guidance of Total Ankle Arthroplasty:A Cadaveric Study. — DeMill SL, McAlister JE, Hyer CF, Berlet GC The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2015)
[76]
Salvage of failed total ankle replacement using tantalum trabecular metal: case series. — Sagherian BH, Claridge RJ Foot & ankle international (2015)
[77]
The management of infection following total ankle replacement: demographics and treatment. — Myerson MS, Shariff R, Zonno AJ Foot & ankle international (2014)
[78]
Management of extensive tibial osteolysis with the Agility™ total ankle replacement systems using geometric metal-reinforced polymethylmethacrylate cement augmentation. — Prissel MA, Roukis TS The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2014)
[79]
Short to midterm clinical and radiographic outcomes of the Salto total ankle prosthesis. — Nodzo SR, Miladore MP, Kaplan NB, Ritter CA Foot & ankle international (2014)
[80]
Total ankle arthroplasty: optimizing computed tomography imaging protocol. — Kohonen Ia, Koivu H, Vahlberg T, Larjava H, Mattila K Skeletal radiology (2013)
[81]
Functional performance of a total ankle replacement: thorough assessment by combining gait and fluoroscopic analyses. — Cenni F, Leardini A, Pieri M, Berti L, Belvedere C, Romagnoli M et al. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) (2013)
[82]
Perioperative complications of a modular stem fixed-bearing total ankle replacement with intramedullary guidance. — Bleazey ST, Brigido SA, Protzman NM The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2013)
[83]
Risk factors for periprosthetic ankle joint infection: a case-control study. — Kessler B, Sendi P, Graber P, Knupp M, Zwicky L, Hintermann B et al. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume (2012)
[84]
Operative technique of two parallel compression screws and autologous bone graft for ankle arthrodesis after failed total ankle replacement. — Jehan S, Hill SO Foot & ankle international (2012)
[85]
Total ankle arthroplasty in France. — Besse JL, Colombier JA, Asencio J, Bonnin M, Gaudot F, Jarde O et al. Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research : OTSR (2010)
[86]
Severe periprosthetic osteolytic lesions after the Ankle Evolutive System total ankle replacement. — Koivu H, Kohonen I, Sipola E, Alanen K, Vahlberg T, Tiusanen H The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume (2009)
[87]
Total ankle replacement: the Agility LP prosthesis. — Cerrato R, Myerson MS Foot and ankle clinics (2008)
[88]
Extrusion of metal radiological marker from a total ankle replacement insert: a case report. — Dahabreh Z, Gonsalves S, Monkhouse R, Harris NJ The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (2006)
[89]
Contribution of laboratory tests, scintigraphy, and histology to the diagnosis of lower limb joint replacement infection. — Rosas MH, Leclercq S, Pégoix M, Darlas Y, Aubriot JH, Rousselot P et al. Revue du rhumatisme (English ed.) (1998)
[90]
Cylindrical total ankle joint replacement: surgical and biomechanical rationale. — Pappas M, Buechel FF, DePalma AF Clinical orthopaedics and related research (1976)