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Cardiology2480 papers

Cognitive disorder

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Cognitive disorders encompass a range of conditions characterized by impairments in cognitive functions such as memory, attention, language, and executive function, often observed in aging populations and influenced by various modifiable and non-modifiable factors.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Assessment: Comprehensive evaluation including history, cognitive screening tests (e.g., MMSE, MoCA) 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869
  • Neuropsychological Testing: Detailed cognitive assessments to identify specific deficits 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869
  • Laboratory Tests: Blood tests for vitamin levels (e.g., vitamin D, B12, folate), homocysteine, and inflammatory markers 235121517222326273235363842454755565758
  • Imaging: MRI or CT scans to rule out structural brain abnormalities 182024364448
  • Management

  • Lifestyle Modifications: Regular physical exercise, cognitive stimulation, and social engagement 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869
  • Nutritional Interventions: Supplementation with vitamins D, B12, folate, and possibly vitamin K, depending on deficiency 235121517222326273235363842454755565758
  • Medication Management: Review and optimize medication regimens to minimize polypharmacy and inappropriate medications 511192931354149
  • Psychological Support: Cognitive behavioral therapy and psychological interventions for mood and anxiety disorders 12345678910[11
  • References

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Multiple chronic conditions and polypharmacy in cognitively unimpaired older adults are associated with subsequent cognitive decline: results from the national alzheimer's coordinating center data. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics 2025. link 6 Winogora VM, DeForge CE, Grier K, Stone PW. Live Hospice Discharge of Individuals with Cognitive Disabilities: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2025. link 7 García-Catalá MT, Martín-Barroso E, Rodríguez-Sánchez MC, Delgado-Álvaro M, Novak R. Sensory Navigation System for Indoor Localization and Orientation of Users with Cognitive Disabilities in Daily Tasks and Emergency Situations. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2024. link 8 Aldana EM, Pérez de Arriba N, Valverde JL, Aldecoa C, Fábregas N, Fernández-Candil JL. National survey on perioperative cognitive dysfunction. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion 2024. link 9 Weigl M, Pietsch J, Kapsali E, Shao Q, Zheng Z, Li J et al.. ORCA: A picture database of object-scene arrangements for cross-cultural and aging research. Behavior research methods 2024. link 10 Liang MY, Li R, Feng L, Qian WP. Construction and verification of a risk prediction model for cognitive frailty in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes mellitus. The Journal of international medical research 2024. link 11 Novais T, Reallon E, Martin J, Barral M, Krolak-Salmon P, Coste MH et al.. Clinical impact of an individualised clinical pharmacy programme into the memory care pathway of older people: an observational study. International journal of clinical pharmacy 2024. link 12 Chen K, Chen Y, Huang H. Exploring the Relationship Between Atorvastatin and Memory Loss: A Comprehensive Analysis Integrating Real-World Pharmacovigilance and Mendelian Randomization. Drugs in R&D 2024. link 13 Li H, Tan CC, Tan L, Xu W. Predictors of cognitive deterioration in subjective cognitive decline: evidence from longitudinal studies and implications for SCD-plus criteria. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry 2023. link 14 Milani SA, Bell TR, Crowe M, Pope CN, Downer B. Increasing Pain Interference Is Associated With Cognitive Decline Over Four Years Among Older Puerto Rican Adults. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2023. link 15 Greene NR, Rhodes S. A tutorial on cognitive modeling for cognitive aging research. Psychology and aging 2022. link 16 Greene NR, Naveh-Benjamin M. Online experimentation and sampling in cognitive aging research. Psychology and aging 2022. link 17 Boots EA, Feinstein DL, Leurgans S, Aiken-Morgan AT, Fleischman DA, Lamar M et al.. Acute versus chronic inflammatory markers and cognition in older black adults: Results from the Minority Aging Research Study. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2022. link 18 Pazan F, Petrovic M, Cherubini A, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Denkinger M, van der Cammen TJM et al.. A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence from Randomised Controlled Trials on the Impact of Medication Optimisation or Pharmacological Interventions on Quantitative Measures of Cognitive Function in Geriatric Patients. Drugs & aging 2022. link 19 Sanborn V, Azcarate-Peril MA, Gunstad J. The effects of medication adherence on study outcomes in randomized clinical trials: A role for cognitive dysfunction?. Applied neuropsychology. Adult 2021. link 20 Suemoto CK, Gibbons LE, Thacker EL, Jackson JD, Satizabal CL, Bettcher BM et al.. Incident prolonged QT interval in midlife and late-life cognitive performance. PloS one 2020. link 21 Hartigan S, Brooks M, Hartley S, Miller RE, Santen SA, Hemphill RR. Review of the Basics of Cognitive Error in Emergency Medicine: Still No Easy Answers. The western journal of emergency medicine 2020. link 22 James BD, Wilson RS, Capuano AW, Boyle PA, Shah RC, Lamar M et al.. Cognitive decline after elective and nonelective hospitalizations in older adults. Neurology 2019. link 23 Owusu JE, Islam S, Katumuluwa SS, Stolberg AR, Usera GL, Anwarullah AA et al.. Cognition and Vitamin D in Older African-American Women- Physical performance and Osteoporosis prevention with vitamin D in older African Americans Trial and Dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2019. link 24 Latourte A, Bardin T, Richette P. Uric acid and cognitive decline: a double-edge sword?. Current opinion in rheumatology 2018. link 25 Evered LA, Silbert BS. Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Noncardiac Surgery. Anesthesia and analgesia 2018. link 26 Goodwill AM, Campbell S, Simpson S, Bisignano M, Chiang C, Dennerstein L et al.. Vitamin D status is associated with executive function a decade later: Data from the Women's Healthy Ageing Project. Maturitas 2018. link 27 Oliver G, Oliver G, Body R. BET 2: Poor evidence on whether teaching cognitive debiasing, or cognitive forcing strategies, lead to a reduction in errors attributable to cognition in emergency medicine students or doctors. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2017. link 28 Blazer DG, Wallace RB. Cognitive Aging: What Every Geriatric Psychiatrist Should Know. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2016. link 29 Mizokami F, Mase H, Kinoshita T, Kumagai T, Furuta K, Ito K. Adherence to Medication Regimens is an Effective Indicator of Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Individuals. American journal of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias 2016. link 30 Gomes Mda M. Shakespeare's: his 450 th birth anniversary and his insights into neurology and cognition. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2015. link 31 Fedor A, Garcia S, Gunstad J. The effects of a brief, water-based exercise intervention on cognitive function in older adults. Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists 2015. link 32 Zimprich D, Kurtz T. Subjective and Objective Memory Changes in Old Age across Five Years. Gerontology 2015. link 33 Hülür G, Hertzog C, Pearman AM, Gerstorf D. Correlates and moderators of change in subjective memory and memory performance: findings from the health and retirement study. Gerontology 2015. link 34 van den Heuvel EG, van Schoor NM, Vermeer C, Zwijsen RM, den Heijer M, Comijs HC. Vitamin K Status Is not Associated with Cognitive Decline in Middle Aged Adults. The journal of nutrition, health & aging 2015. link 35 Krause D, Roupas P. Effect of Vitamin Intake on Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Evaluation of the Evidence. The journal of nutrition, health & aging 2015. link 36 Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O'Brien J, Skoog I, Alladi S, Black SE et al.. Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders 2014. link 37 Robles Bayón A, Gude Sampedro F. Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain) 2014. link 38 Hansen SN, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. Does vitamin C deficiency affect cognitive development and function?. Nutrients 2014. link 39 Mennenga SE, Bimonte-Nelson HA. Translational cognitive endocrinology: designing rodent experiments with the goal to ultimately enhance cognitive health in women. Brain research 2013. link 40 Kivipelto M, Solomon A, Ahtiluoto S, Ngandu T, Lehtisalo J, Antikainen R et al.. The Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER): study design and progress. Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 2013. link 41 Johnson PR. The effects of medication on cognition in long-term care. Seminars in speech and language 2013. link 42 . Vitamin B12 and cognitive function: an evidence-based analysis. Ontario health technology assessment series 2013. link 43 David AS, Halligan PW. Making an impact. Cognitive neuropsychiatry 2012. link 44 Maillard P, Fletcher E, Harvey D, Carmichael O, Reed B, Mungas D et al.. White matter hyperintensity penumbra. Stroke 2011. link 45 Kesse-Guyot E, Fezeu L, Jeandel C, Ferry M, Andreeva V, Amieva H et al.. French adults' cognitive performance after daily supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals at nutritional doses: a post hoc analysis of the Supplementation in Vitamins and Mineral Antioxidants (SU.VI.MAX) trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2011. link 46 Kertesz A, Gainotti G. Historical notes on the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Aphasia and Cognitive Disorders (RGACD). Journal of the neurological sciences 2010. link 47 Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Langa KM, Muniz-Terrera G, Phillips CL, Cherubini A et al.. Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons. Archives of internal medicine 2010. link 48 Nachev P, Mah YH, Husain M. Functional neuroanatomy: the locus of human intelligence. Current biology : CB 2009. link 49 Pak R, Price MM, Thatcher J. Age-sensitive design of online health information: comparative usability study. Journal of medical Internet research 2009. link 50 Mort JR. Geriatric primer: implications and management of decline for the elderly patient. The Consultant pharmacist : the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists 2009. link 51 Soderstrom CA. Applying research to licensing agency screening of seniors for fitness to drive. Gerontology & geriatrics education 2008. link 52 Middleton LE, Mitnitski A, Fallah N, Kirkland SA, Rockwood K. Changes in cognition and mortality in relation to exercise in late life: a population based study. PloS one 2008. link 53 McNeill G, Avenell A, Campbell MK, Cook JA, Hannaford PC, Kilonzo MM et al.. Effect of multivitamin and multimineral supplementation on cognitive function in men and women aged 65 years and over: a randomised controlled trial. Nutrition journal 2007. link 54 Nigam R, Schlosser RW, Lloyd LL. Concomitant use of the matrix strategy and the mand-model procedure in teaching graphic symbol combinations. Augmentative and alternative communication (Baltimore, Md. : 1985) 2006. link 55 Schneider JA, Tangney CC, Morris MC. Folic acid and cognition in older persons. Expert opinion on drug safety 2006. link 56 Tettamanti M, Garrì MT, Nobili A, Riva E, Lucca U. Low folate and the risk of cognitive and functional deficits in the very old: the Monzino 80-plus study. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2006. link 57 Tucker KL, Qiao N, Scott T, Rosenberg I, Spiro A. High homocysteine and low B vitamins predict cognitive decline in aging men: the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2005. link 58 Tilvis RS, Kähönen-Väre MH, Jolkkonen J, Valvanne J, Pitkala KH, Strandberg TE. Predictors of cognitive decline and mortality of aged people over a 10-year period. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2004. link 59 Starr JM, McGurn B, Whiteman M, Pattie A, Whalley LJ, Deary IJ. Life long changes in cognitive ability are associated with prescribed medications in old age. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2004. link 60 Uttl B, Van Alstine CL. Rising verbal intelligence scores: implications for research and clinical practice. Psychology and aging 2003. link 61 Elwan O, Madkour O, Elwan F, Mostafa M, Abbas Helmy A, Abdel-Naseer M et al.. Brain aging in normal Egyptians: cognition, education, personality, genetic and immunological study. Journal of the neurological sciences 2003. link00032-7) 62 Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Capurso A. The role of diet in cognitive decline. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) 2003. link 63 Patrick L, Gaskovski P, Rexroth D. Cumulative illness and neuropsychological decline in hospitalized geriatric patients. The Clinical neuropsychologist 2002. link 64 Jorm AF, Christensen H, Korten AE, Henderson AS, Jacomb PA, Mackinnon A. Do cognitive complaints either predict future cognitive decline or reflect past cognitive decline? A longitudinal study of an elderly community sample. Psychological medicine 1997. link 65 O'Shea MF, Saling MM, Bladin PF. Can metamemory be localized?. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology 1994. link 66 Meichenbaum D. Changing conceptions of cognitive behavior modification: retrospect and prospect. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 1993. link 67 Kosslyn SM, Shin LM. The status of cognitive neuroscience. Current opinion in neurobiology 1992. link90002-3) 68 Fowler DG. A model for designing intelligent tutoring systems. Journal of medical systems 1991. link 69 Alexopoulos GS, Mattis S. Diagnosing cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: primary screening tests. Geriatrics 1991. link 70 Kane JE. Cognitive aspects of performance. British journal of sports medicine 1978. link

    Original source

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