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Cardiology499 papers

Cardiorenal syndrome

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) involves concurrent dysfunction of the heart and kidneys, often bidirectional, leading to impaired organ function and increased morbidity and mortality 1 2 10 25 45.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Symptoms of both cardiac and renal dysfunction, such as dyspnea, edema, and signs of heart failure alongside renal impairment 1 2 10.

Laboratory Tests: Elevated BUN, creatinine, NT-proBNP, and other biomarkers indicative of heart and kidney dysfunction 1 16 25.

Imaging: Echocardiography to assess cardiac function and structure; renal ultrasound to evaluate kidney size and structure 2 10.

Grading: Classification based on underlying cause (Type 1-5) and severity of dysfunction 1 10 25.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- RAAS Inhibition: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (e.g., ACE inhibitors, ARBs) to reduce afterload and improve organ function 4 13 47. - SGLT2 Inhibitors: Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin for cardiorenal protection, improving both cardiac and renal outcomes 1 9 47.

Adjunctive Therapies:

- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Semaglutide for cardioprotective and nephroprotective effects 3 22. - Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRAs): Spironolactone or eplerenone to further reduce fluid retention and improve outcomes 13. - Diuretics: Management of fluid overload, with caution to avoid hyperkalemia 17 44. - Intravenous Iron: For iron deficiency anemia common in CRS, improving cardiac function 50 70.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Limited data; focus on managing underlying causes and organ-specific support 19.

Elderly: Consider polypharmacy risks; tailored RAAS inhibition and fluid management 44.

Comorbidities: Specific attention to diabetes management with SGLT2 inhibitors, and anemia treatment 12 50.

Key Recommendations

Initiate RAAS Inhibition: Use ACE inhibitors or ARBs as first-line therapy to improve both cardiac and renal outcomes (Evidence: Strong 4 13).

Consider SGLT2 Inhibitors: Add dapagliflozin or empagliflozin for additional cardiorenal protection (Evidence: Strong 1 9).

Monitor and Manage Fluid Balance: Utilize diuretics cautiously to manage congestion while avoiding hyperkalemia (Evidence: Moderate 17 44).

Evaluate and Treat Anemia: Address anemia with iron supplementation and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents as needed (Evidence: Moderate 12 50).

Integrate Multidisciplinary Care: Implement cardiorenal units for comprehensive management of complex comorbidities (Evidence: Expert opinion 33).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 424 indexed papers.

1 Li Z, Zhang A, Lu H, Jiang Y, He X, Zhu H et al.. Dapagliflozin sustains heart function in type 3 cardiorenal syndrome by restoring DUSP1-dependent mitochondrial quality control. Acta diabetologica 2026. link 2 Kala P, Miklovič M, Honetschlägerová Z, Vaňourková Z, Kujal P, Sadowski J et al.. The role of ventricular remodeling in the early decompensation of cardiorenal syndrome: Insight from studies with Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats subjected to volume overload induced using aorto-caval fistula. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2026. link 3 Ye L, Tang P, Wan H, Zhong X, Chen X, Liu C et al.. A Comprehensive Review on the Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Effects of Semaglutide, and Its Therapeutic Efficacy and Mechanisms in Cardiorenal Syndrome. Drug design, development and therapy 2026. link 4 Frankel AH, Bramham K, Byrne B, Chiu G, Chumber R, Davies SJ et al.. Overcoming Hyperkalaemia as a Barrier to Achieving Optimal RAASi Therapy and Cardiorenal Protection in Individuals with Cardiorenal Disease: A Podcast Discussion. Advances in therapy 2026. link 5 Hui W, Cui W, Li J, Cheng M, Liu Y, Peng Y et al.. 4-Phenylbutyrate attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiorenal comorbidity by suppressing ER stress-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and endothelial-mesenchymal transition. European journal of pharmacology 2026. link 6 Guan T, Zhou W, Gao Y, Dong Q, Jin X, Li Y et al.. Apigenin alleviates DFZ-induced cardiac, renal, and intestinal injury in carp by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Fish & shellfish immunology 2026. link 7 Carollo C, Ciuppa ME, Sorce A, Evola S, Cirafici E, Vario MG et al.. Nature's Bioactives in Cardiorenal Syndrome: Polyphenols at the Crossroads-Preclinical Insights into Redox, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Protection. Nutrients 2026. link 8 Fu W, Lin J, Lin W, Zeng K. FNDC5/Irisin-dependent renoprotection of resistance training in myocardial infarction-induced Type 2 cardiorenal syndrome. PloS one 2026. link 9 Li YC, Chai HT, Ko SF, Chang CK, Chu CH, Cheng BC et al.. Combined Empagliflozin and Sacubitril/Valsartan Therapy Additively Improves Cardiorenal Function Through AMPK Activation and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Signaling Attenuation in a Rat Model of Cardiorenal Syndrome. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2026. link 10 Boukhaled JH, Martin EM, Gayrard N, Argilés À, Karsdal MA, Genovese F. Scarred by Fibrosis: The Heart-Kidney Disease Connection. Annual review of physiology 2026. link 11 He Y, Quan Z, Huang D. Association between relative fat mass and chronic cardiorenal syndrome: A cross-sectional study based on NHANES 1999 to 2018. Medicine 2026. link 12 Heng J, Li ZT, Yao DD, Li XY, Cui MX, Li ZL. Anemia in cardiorenal disease: From pathogenesis to treatment. European journal of internal medicine 2026. link 13 Erzeel J, van Es M, Mullens W, Martens P. Evolving Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism: a Narrative Review on Differences between Steroidal MRAs, Non-Steroidal MRAs and Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors in Cardiorenal Disease. Current heart failure reports 2026. link 14 Zhou Y, Su X, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Sang H. Low estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) predicts decreased all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with cardiorenal syndrome (CRS): analysis of the MIMIC-IV database. Scientific reports 2025. link 15 Chen Z, Cheng Z, Ding C, Cao T, Chen L, Wang H et al.. ROS-Activated TRPM2 Channel: Calcium Homeostasis in Cardiovascular/renal System and Speculation in Cardiorenal Syndrome. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 2025. link 16 Theofilis P, Vordoni A, Karakasis P, Volis N, Kampourelli A, Doumani G et al.. The role of C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio as a prognostic biomarker in patients hospitalized for cardiorenal syndrome. Clinical and experimental nephrology 2025. link 17 Guerrero Cervera B, López-Vilella R, Donoso Trenado V, Peris-Fernández M, Carmona P, Soldevila A et al.. Analysis of the usefulness and benefits of ultrafiltration in cardiorenal syndrome: A systematic review. ESC heart failure 2025. link 18 Reaves A, Jaffe E, McCallum W. Obesity in Cardiorenal syndrome: Management Opportunities and Challenges. Current hypertension reports 2025. link 19 Kula AJ, Bartlett D. Cardiorenal syndrome: evolving concepts and pediatric knowledge gaps. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2025. link 20 Barua S, Stevens M, Jain P, Matus Vazquez G, Boss L, Muthiah K et al.. A Mock Circulatory Loop Analysis of Cardiorenal Hemodynamics With Intra-Aortic Mechanical Circulatory Support. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 2025. link 21 Liu Q, Wang X, Cheng P, Yang T, Wang C, Zhou H. Current Perspectives on the NF-κB Signaling Axis as a Potential Pharmacological Target in Cardiorenal Syndrome. Drug design, development and therapy 2025. link 22 Trivedi MV, Jadhav HR, Gaikwad AB. Novel therapeutic targets for cardiorenal syndrome. Drug discovery today 2025. link 23 León-Román J, Azancot MA, Marouco C, Patricio-Liebana M, Zamora JI, Ramos Terrades N et al.. A New Era in the Management of Cardiorenal Syndrome: The Importance of Cardiorenal Units. Cardiorenal medicine 2025. link 24 Zhang L, Zhu Y, Zhou Y, Chen C, Xia Y. Nursing care for patients with cardiorenal syndrome after heart transplantation undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy: A case report and literature review. Medicine 2025. link 25 Li Y, Wang F. Investigation Into the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Cardiorenal Syndrome via the ROS-TRPM2 Signaling Axis. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) 2025. link 26 Indian PA, Trivedi M, Gaikwad AB. Molecular insights into the role of ferroptosis in cardiorenal cross-talk: Mechanisms and future directions. Life sciences 2025. link 27 Burfeind KG, Aomura D, Hebert JF, Hutchens MP. When the Heart Hurts the Kidneys: From Flow to Translational Future. Seminars in nephrology 2025. link 28 Long E, Heihre JM. Recharging the Powerhouse: Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Therapy in Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 4. Current heart failure reports 2025. link 29 Sarnaik KS, Mirzai S. When the Heart, Kidneys, and Body Waste Away: A Review of Cachexia in Cardiorenal Syndrome. Current heart failure reports 2025. link 30 Pereira AHB, Rocha FC, Gomes HB, Barbosa BEP, Alves ACT, Mendonça DA et al.. Cardiorenal syndrome in a black spider monkey (Ateles chamek). Journal of comparative pathology 2025. link 31 Wu Z, Wu Z, Sun H, Dong X, Wu J, Huang Y et al.. Identification of early warning biomarkers for type 4 cardio-renal syndrome based on bioinformatics analysis and secreted proteins. Scientific reports 2025. link 32 Esposito ML, Moore R. Advances in device-based therapies for cardiorenal syndrome. Current opinion in cardiology 2025. link 33 Ren Y, Lin H, Guo J, Su X, Wang L, Qiao X. Roles of microRNAs in cardiorenal syndrome. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 2025. link 34 Lai Y, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Ding S, Wang F, Hao J et al.. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites: Potential targets for cardiorenal syndrome. Pharmacological research 2025. link 35 Kani R, Miyamoto Y, Saito T, Watanabe A, Matsubara K, Ejiri K et al.. Racial and regional differences in efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on cardiorenal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of cardiology 2025. link 36 Zhang H, Chen Z, Ren W, Ye Y. The Efficacy of Sacubitril Valsartan Sodium in Combination with Levosimendan in the Treatment of Cardiorenal Syndrome and the Effect on Cardiac and Renal Function. Alternative therapies in health and medicine 2025. link 37 Carollo C, Sorce A, Cirafici E, Mulè G, Caimi G. Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Cardiorenal Diseases: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Nutrients 2025. link 38 Fang Z, Zhao J, Gong H. Neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio mediates the association between life's crucial 9 with cardiorenal syndrome: a secondary data analysis from NHANES. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2025. link 39 Marques Vidas M, Portolés J, Cobo M, Gorriz JL, Nuñez J, Cases A. Anemia Management in the Cardiorenal Patient: A Nephrological Perspective. Journal of the American Heart Association 2025. link 40 Kaur M, Middha M, Sharma V, Dahiya N, Singh V. Unraveling Non-coding RNAs and dysregulation of TGF-β signalling in cardiorenal syndrome, a focused review for molecular and clinical applications. Molecular biology reports 2025. link 41 Bergo KK, Nordén ES, Bendiksen BA, Espe EKS, McGinley G, Hauge-Iversen IM et al.. Sacubitril/valsartan preserves kidney function in rats with cardiorenal syndrome after myocardial infarction. PloS one 2025. link 42 Shah SA, Mushahid H, Salman A, Farhan SH, Latif F, Siddiqi R et al.. Safety and Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Older Adults with Variable Disease States: A Meta-analysis of Large Placebo-Controlled Trials. Drugs & aging 2025. link 43 Dutta A, Chakraborty S, Roy A, Mittal A, Basak T. Tissue fibrosis in cardiorenal syndrome: crosstalk between heart and kidneys. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2025. link 44 Han S, Zhang H, Qian J, Yao S, Sun Y, Zhao X et al.. Qiangxin bushen decoction attenuates cardiorenal syndrome type II via AMPK/FOXO1-mediated ferroptosis pathway: A multi-omics and experimental study. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2025. link 45 Zhao BR, Hu XR, Wang WD, Zhou Y. Cardiorenal syndrome: clinical diagnosis, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2025. link 46 Sharma P, Choudhury CS, Sahu BD. Deciphering the Emerging Signaling Pathways That Interplay Between Chronic Kidney Disease and Heart: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology 2025. link 47 Zhu Y, Lv C, Yang H, Lu Q, Wang X, Zhang Y et al.. Chronic cardiorenal syndrome: cardio-renal protective effect of SGLT2i. Renal failure 2025. link 48 Dutta A, Verma S, Athira CA, Bahl A, Kumar V, Mittal A et al.. Distinct clinical characteristics of acute cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) patients: An Indian cohort study for novel biomarker discovery. Physiological reports 2025. link 49 Zhang X, Shao W, Gao Y, Wang X. Macrophage polarization-mediated PKM2/mTORC1/YME1L signaling pathway activation in fibrosis associated with Cardiorenal syndrome. Cellular signalling 2025. link 50 Lee HS, Kalra PR, Kalra PA. Recent advances in the use of intravenous iron in cardiorenal disease: a review of efficacy and safety. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 2025. link 51 Yao M, Wen R, Zhuang H, Li Y, Lin X, Pang S et al.. Formononetin, a bioactive isoflavone compound in modified nuanxinkang, alleviates cardiorenal syndrome type 4-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by targeting Hippo-YAP signaling. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2025. link 52 Gigante A, Assanto E, Brigato C, Pellicano C, Iannazzo F, Rosato E et al.. Clinical outcomes in patients with cardiorenal multimorbidity: the role of serum uric acid/serum creatinine ratio. High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension 2025. link 53 Wang B, Zheng X, Fu Q, Luo X, Pan S. Predictor and prognostic modeling in cardiorenal syndrome type 2: a retrospective study of multicenter. Biomarkers in medicine 2025. link 54 Xu S, Sun X, Ouyang Z, Ouyang J, Zheng Y, Liu X et al.. Explainable machine learning framework using visceral adiposity index to predict cardiorenal syndrome: a survey-weighted NHANES study with SHAP interpretation. Renal failure 2025. link 55 Leventoğlu E, Kavgacı A, Örün UA, Büyükkaragöz B. Secondary Cardiorenal Syndromes in Children: Focus on Type 3 to 5 Cardiorenal Syndrome. Cardiorenal medicine 2025. link 56 de Oliveira Cavalheiro R, Brognara F, da Silva CAA, Castania JA, Molina CAF, Murphy D et al.. Activation of the Carotid Sinus Nerve After Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 Model in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England) 2025. link 57 Xu S, Hu J, Ouyang Z, Yuan M, Zheng Y, Liu X et al.. Elevated atherogenic index of plasma is associated with increased cardiorenal syndrome prevalence: a cross-sectional study. Renal failure 2025. link 58 Shuyan H, Xinyue D, Hui Z, Zongjun L, Yuling L, Lina X. Jingui Shenqi pill ( ) treats cardiorenal syndrome by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and reducing inflammatory response. Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan 2025. link 59 Borghi C, Fogacci F, Cicero AF. Crystal clear - part I: The role of uric acid in cardiorenal disease. European journal of internal medicine 2025. link 60 Calça R, Malho A, Domingos AT, Menezes Fernandes R, Gomes da Silva F, Aguiar C et al.. Multidisciplinary cardiorenal program for heart failure patients: Improving outcomes through comprehensive care. Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology 2025. link 61 Wadehra S, Singh S, Kaur S, Kaur A, Singh TG. Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) for Cardiorenal Disease: Mechanistic Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Journal of cardiovascular translational research 2025. link 62 Faruque L, Yau K, Cherney DZI. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists to improve cardiorenal outcomes: data from FLOW and beyond. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 2025. link 63 Wu FY, Li J, Hu MQ, Deng JC, Liu SS, Xiang M et al.. HEC95468, a novel soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, shows protection in the Dahl model of cardiorenal disorder. European journal of pharmacology 2025. link 64 Handelsman Y, Anderson JE, Bakris GL, Ballantyne CM, Bhatt DL, Bloomgarden ZT et al.. DCRM 2.0: Multispecialty practice recommendations for the management of diabetes, cardiorenal, and metabolic diseases. Metabolism: clinical and experimental 2024. link 65 Hatamizadeh P. From cardiorenal syndrome to nephrocardiology: The journey of exploring the interconnection between nephrology and cardiovascular medicine. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2024. link 66 Burfeind KG, Funahashi Y, Munhall AC, Eiwaz M, Hutchens MP. Natural Killer Lymphocytes Mediate Renal Fibrosis Due to Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome. Kidney360 2024. link 67 Verma S, Pandey A, Pandey AK, Butler J, Lee JS, Teoh H et al.. Aldosterone and aldosterone synthase inhibitors in cardiorenal disease. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2024. link 68 Islas-Rodríguez JP, Miranda-Aquino T, Romero-González G, Hernández-Del Rio J, Camacho-Guerrero JR, Covarrubias-Villa S et al.. Effect on Kidney Function Recovery Guiding Decongestion with VExUS in Patients with Cardiorenal Syndrome 1: A Randomized Control Trial. Cardiorenal medicine 2024. link 69 Okpara R, Pena C, Nugent K. Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 3 Review. Cardiology in review 2024. link 70 Doumani G, Spanos G, Theofilis P, Vordoni A, Kalaitzidis RG. Cardiorenal syndrome and iron supplementation-more benefits than risks: a narrative review. International urology and nephrology 2024. link 71 Muromachi N, Ishida J, Noguchi K, Akiyama T, Maruhashi S, Motomura K et al.. Cardiorenal damages in mice at early phase after intervention induced by angiotensin II, nephrectomy, and salt intake. Experimental animals 2024. link 72 Lisa A, Carbone F, Liberale L, Montecucco F. The Need to Identify Novel Markers for Early Renal Injury in Cardiorenal Syndrome. Cells 2024. link 73 Verma S, Mudaliar S, Greasley PJ. Potential Underlying Mechanisms Explaining the Cardiorenal Benefits of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors. Advances in therapy 2024. link 74 Xu X, Wang Y, Song Q, Zheng H, Lv J, Fu Z et al.. Mechanism of Zhenwu Decoction modulating TLR4/NF-κB/HIF-1α loop through miR-451 to delay renal fibrosis in type 2 CRS. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2024. link 75 Blazquez-Bermejo Z, Quiroga B, Casado J, de la Espriella R, Trullàs JC, Romero-González G et al.. Practical Approaches to the Management of Cardiorenal Disease beyond Congestion. Cardiorenal medicine 2024. link 76 Shi Y, Fu Z, Wu S, Yu X. Publication Trends and Research Hotspots of the Cardiorenal Syndrome: A Bibliometrics and Visual Analysis from 2003 to 2023. Cardiorenal medicine 2024. link 77 Horng JL, Hsiao BY, Lin WT, Lin TT, Chang CY, Lin LY. Investigation of verapamil-induced cardiorenal dysfunction and compensatory ion regulation in zebrafish embryos. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP 2024. link 78 Wang YY, Liu YY, Li J, Zhang YY, Ding YF, Peng YR. Gualou xiebai decoction ameliorates cardiorenal syndrome type II by regulation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signalling pathway. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2024. link 79 Lin J, Li Z, Xu J, Pan M, Yin T, Wang J et al.. Independent and joint associations of monocyte to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio and body mass index with cardiorenal syndrome: insights from NHANES 2003-2020. Lipids in health and disease 2024. link 80 Kobayashi M, Girerd N, Zannad F. When to use spironolactone, eplerenone or finerenone in the spectrum of cardiorenal diseases. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2024. link 81 Ramírez-Guerrero G, Ronco C, Reis T. Cardiorenal Syndrome and Inflammation: A Forgotten Frontier Resolved by Sorbents?. Cardiorenal medicine 2024. link 82 Ali MU, Mancini GBJ, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Connelly KA, O'Meara E, Zieroth S et al.. The effectiveness of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors on cardiorenal outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular diabetology 2024. link 83 Buryskova Salajova K, Malik J, Valerianova A. Cardiorenal Syndromes and Their Role in Water and Sodium Homeostasis. Physiological research 2024. link 84 Zong Y, Hu Y, Zheng M, Wang Z. Bioinformatics analysis of the microRNA genes associated with type 2 cardiorenal syndrome. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2024. link 85 Almenar-Bonet L, Sánchez-Lázaro I, Soldevila A, López-Vilella R, Donoso Trenado V, Devesa R et al.. Practical Requirements for the Development of an Advanced Cardiorenal Unit. Cardiorenal medicine 2024. link 86 Villegas-Gutiérrez LY, Núñez J, Kashani K, Chávez-Iñiguez JS. Kidney Replacement Therapies and Ultrafiltration in Cardiorenal Syndrome. Cardiorenal medicine 2024. link 87 Stefanou E, Tountas C, Ioannidis E, Kole C. Biomarkers in cardiorenal syndrome, a potential use in precision medicine. Journal of nephrology 2024. link 88 Marín-Blázquez M, Rovira J, Ramírez-Bajo MJ, Zapata-Pérez R, Rabadán-Ros R. NAD. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 2024. link 89 Yu G, Liu L, Ma Q, He H. Association between cardiorenal syndrome and depressive symptoms among the US population: a mediation analysis via lipid indices. Lipids in health and disease 2024. link 90 Melero R, Torroba-Sanz B, Goicoechea M, Sousa-Casasnovas I, Barrio JM, García-Prieto AM et al.. Treatment with Rasburicase in Hospitalized Patients with Cardiorenal Syndrome: Old Treatment, New Scenario. International journal of molecular sciences 2024. link 91 Götzinger F, Kunz M, Lauder L, Böhm M, Mahfoud F. New ways of mitigating aldosterone in cardiorenal disease. European heart journal. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy 2024. link 92 Mohammedsaeed W, Alghamdi ZJ. Biomarker for cardiorenal syndrome risk in patients with liver cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal 2024. link 93 Laham-Karam N, Laakkonen JP, Ylä-Herttuala S, Aroor A, Jia G, Whaley-Connell A. Cell-Specific Targeting of the Endothelium in the Cardiorenal Syndrome. Cardiorenal medicine 2024. link 94 Mohottige D. Paving a Path to Equity in Cardiorenal Care. Seminars in nephrology 2024. link 95 Jin L, Zong Y, Pan Y, Hu Y, Xie Q, Wang Z. Application of functional magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate renal structure and function in type 2 cardiorenal syndrome. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2024. link 96 Rezabakhsh A, Fathi F, Habtemariam S, Ahmadian E. Cardiorenal syndrome: Plasmonic biosensors. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 2024. link 97 Li H, Liu T, Yang L, Ma F, Wang Y, Zhan Y et al.. Knowledge landscapes and emerging trends of cardiorenal syndrome type 4: a bibliometrics and visual analysis from 2004 to 2022. International urology and nephrology 2024. link 98 Young JB, Eknoyan G. Cardiorenal Syndrome: An Evolutionary Appraisal. Circulation. Heart failure 2024. link 99 Kompa AR. Rat Models of Cardiorenal Syndrome and Methods for Functional Assessment. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 2024. link 100 Klimek K, Groener D, Chen X, Rowe SP, Speer T, Higuchi T et al.. Molecular imaging along the heart-kidney axis. Theranostics 2024. link

Original source

[1]
Dapagliflozin sustains heart function in type 3 cardiorenal syndrome by restoring DUSP1-dependent mitochondrial quality control. — Li Z, Zhang A, Lu H, Jiang Y, He X, Zhu H et al. Acta diabetologica (2026)
[2]
The role of ventricular remodeling in the early decompensation of cardiorenal syndrome: Insight from studies with Ren-2 transgenic hypertensive rats subjected to volume overload induced using aorto-caval fistula. — Kala P, Miklovič M, Honetschlägerová Z, Vaňourková Z, Kujal P, Sadowski J et al. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (2026)
[3]
A Comprehensive Review on the Cardioprotective and Nephroprotective Effects of Semaglutide, and Its Therapeutic Efficacy and Mechanisms in Cardiorenal Syndrome. — Ye L, Tang P, Wan H, Zhong X, Chen X, Liu C et al. Drug design, development and therapy (2026)
[4]
Overcoming Hyperkalaemia as a Barrier to Achieving Optimal RAASi Therapy and Cardiorenal Protection in Individuals with Cardiorenal Disease: A Podcast Discussion. — Frankel AH, Bramham K, Byrne B, Chiu G, Chumber R, Davies SJ et al. Advances in therapy (2026)
[5]
4-Phenylbutyrate attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiorenal comorbidity by suppressing ER stress-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and endothelial-mesenchymal transition. — Hui W, Cui W, Li J, Cheng M, Liu Y, Peng Y et al. European journal of pharmacology (2026)
[6]
Apigenin alleviates DFZ-induced cardiac, renal, and intestinal injury in carp by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. — Guan T, Zhou W, Gao Y, Dong Q, Jin X, Li Y et al. Fish & shellfish immunology (2026)
[7]
Nature's Bioactives in Cardiorenal Syndrome: Polyphenols at the Crossroads-Preclinical Insights into Redox, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Protection. — Carollo C, Ciuppa ME, Sorce A, Evola S, Cirafici E, Vario MG et al. Nutrients (2026)
[8]
FNDC5/Irisin-dependent renoprotection of resistance training in myocardial infarction-induced Type 2 cardiorenal syndrome. — Fu W, Lin J, Lin W, Zeng K PloS one (2026)
[9]
Combined Empagliflozin and Sacubitril/Valsartan Therapy Additively Improves Cardiorenal Function Through AMPK Activation and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Signaling Attenuation in a Rat Model of Cardiorenal Syndrome. — Li YC, Chai HT, Ko SF, Chang CK, Chu CH, Cheng BC et al. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (2026)
[10]
Scarred by Fibrosis: The Heart-Kidney Disease Connection. — Boukhaled JH, Martin EM, Gayrard N, Argilés À, Karsdal MA, Genovese F Annual review of physiology (2026)
[11]
Association between relative fat mass and chronic cardiorenal syndrome: A cross-sectional study based on NHANES 1999 to 2018. — He Y, Quan Z, Huang D Medicine (2026)
[12]
Anemia in cardiorenal disease: From pathogenesis to treatment. — Heng J, Li ZT, Yao DD, Li XY, Cui MX, Li ZL European journal of internal medicine (2026)
[13]
Evolving Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism: a Narrative Review on Differences between Steroidal MRAs, Non-Steroidal MRAs and Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors in Cardiorenal Disease. — Erzeel J, van Es M, Mullens W, Martens P Current heart failure reports (2026)
[14]
Low estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) predicts decreased all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with cardiorenal syndrome (CRS): analysis of the MIMIC-IV database. — Zhou Y, Su X, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Sang H Scientific reports (2025)
[15]
ROS-Activated TRPM2 Channel: Calcium Homeostasis in Cardiovascular/renal System and Speculation in Cardiorenal Syndrome. — Chen Z, Cheng Z, Ding C, Cao T, Chen L, Wang H et al. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy (2025)
[16]
The role of C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio as a prognostic biomarker in patients hospitalized for cardiorenal syndrome. — Theofilis P, Vordoni A, Karakasis P, Volis N, Kampourelli A, Doumani G et al. Clinical and experimental nephrology (2025)
[17]
Analysis of the usefulness and benefits of ultrafiltration in cardiorenal syndrome: A systematic review. — Guerrero Cervera B, López-Vilella R, Donoso Trenado V, Peris-Fernández M, Carmona P, Soldevila A et al. ESC heart failure (2025)
[18]
Obesity in Cardiorenal syndrome: Management Opportunities and Challenges. — Reaves A, Jaffe E, McCallum W Current hypertension reports (2025)
[19]
Cardiorenal syndrome: evolving concepts and pediatric knowledge gaps. — Kula AJ, Bartlett D Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) (2025)
[20]
A Mock Circulatory Loop Analysis of Cardiorenal Hemodynamics With Intra-Aortic Mechanical Circulatory Support. — Barua S, Stevens M, Jain P, Matus Vazquez G, Boss L, Muthiah K et al. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) (2025)
[21]
Current Perspectives on the NF-κB Signaling Axis as a Potential Pharmacological Target in Cardiorenal Syndrome. — Liu Q, Wang X, Cheng P, Yang T, Wang C, Zhou H Drug design, development and therapy (2025)
[22]
Novel therapeutic targets for cardiorenal syndrome. — Trivedi MV, Jadhav HR, Gaikwad AB Drug discovery today (2025)
[23]
A New Era in the Management of Cardiorenal Syndrome: The Importance of Cardiorenal Units. — León-Román J, Azancot MA, Marouco C, Patricio-Liebana M, Zamora JI, Ramos Terrades N et al. Cardiorenal medicine (2025)
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