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Obstetrics1209 papers

Choriocarcinoma of placenta

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Choriocarcinoma of placenta is a highly malignant form of gestational trophoblastic disease characterized by rapid growth and early metastasis, typically arising from retained placental tissue post-pregnancy. It often presents with elevated β-hCG levels and requires prompt and aggressive treatment 37 63.

Diagnosis

Elevated serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) levels 37 63.

Imaging studies (ultrasound, MRI) to assess for metastatic spread 37.

Histopathological examination of placental tissue or metastatic lesions confirming the presence of choriocarcinoma cells 37 63.

Differential diagnosis from other gestational trophoblastic diseases (e.g., invasive mole, placental site trophoblastic tumor) 37.

Management

First-line treatment: Chemotherapy regimens, typically EMA-CO (Emcitabine, Methotrexate, Actinomycin D, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine) 37 63.

Adjunctive treatments: Surgical intervention for managing hemorrhage or bowel involvement, guided by imaging and clinical status 37 63.

Supportive care: Blood transfusions, management of complications such as hemorrhage and electrolyte imbalances 37 63.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Choriocarcinoma rarely occurs during pregnancy; if diagnosed, immediate termination and treatment initiation are crucial 37.

Comorbidities: Management in patients with comorbidities requires multidisciplinary care, focusing on mitigating risks associated with chemotherapy and surgical interventions 37.

Key Recommendations

Initiate prompt chemotherapy with EMA-CO regimen upon diagnosis of choriocarcinoma (Evidence: Strong 37 63).

Utilize imaging (ultrasound, MRI) for staging and monitoring disease progression and response to treatment (Evidence: Moderate 37).

Consider multidisciplinary team involvement, including gynecologic oncology, interventional radiology, and critical care, for comprehensive management (Evidence: Expert opinion 37).

Implement aggressive surgical interventions for managing life-threatening complications such as massive hemorrhage or bowel involvement (Evidence: Moderate 37).

Provide supportive care measures including transfusion support and management of chemotherapy-related side effects (Evidence: Moderate 37).

References

1 Kamiya A, Yamada T, Yoshida A, Nishibata S, Oku K, Morikawa M et al.. Large Cervical Varices: A Key Risk Factor for Hemorrhage in Placenta Previa. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation 2026. link 2 Hanulikova P, Savukyne E, Fox KA, Sobisek L, Mhallem M, van Beekhuizen HJ et al.. Emergency delivery in case of suspected placenta accreta spectrum: Can it be predicted?. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2025. link 3 Brown KS, Goodman L, García G, Einerson BD, Kaiser JE. Accreta Ready: Mastering Abdominopelvic Packing for Crisis Situations. Obstetrics and gynecology 2025. link 4 Bartels HC, Downey P, Brennan DJ. Looking back to look forward: Has the time arrived for active management of obstetricians in placenta accreta spectrum?. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2025. link 5 Deshmukh U, Pabon-Ramos W, Ayyagari R. The Role of Interventional Radiology in Managing Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2025. link 6 Saldarriaga-Hoyos JJ, Sarria-Ortiz D, Galindo-Velasco V, Rivera-Torres LF, Nieto-Calvache AJ. Morbidity associated with emergency surgery . Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia 2024. link 7 Lucidi A, Janiaux E, Hussein AM, Nieto-Calvache A, Khalil A, D'Amico A et al.. Emergency delivery in pregnancies at high probability of placenta accreta spectrum on prenatal imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2024. link 8 Nieto-Calvache AJ, Fox KA, Jauniaux E, Maya J, Stefanovic V, Weizsäcker K et al.. Is telehealth useful in the management of placenta accreta spectrum in low-resource settings? Results of an exploratory survey. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2024. link 9 Nieto-Calvache AJ, Jauniaux E, Fox KA, Maya J, Stefanovic V, Weizsäcker K et al.. Are international guideline recommendations for the management of placenta accreta spectrum applicable in low- and middle-income countries?. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2024. link 10 Fitzgerald GD, Newton JM, Atasi L, Buniak CM, Burgos-Luna JM, Burnett BA et al.. Placenta accreta spectrum care infrastructure: an evidence-based review of needed resources supporting placenta accreta spectrum care. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2024. link 11 Futterman ID, Conroy EM, Chudnoff S, Alagkiozidis I, Minkoff H. Complex obstetrical surgery: building a team and defining roles. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM 2024. link 12 Nieto-Calvache AJ, Palacios-Jaraquemada JM, Fox KA, Benavides JP, Sarria-Ortiz D, Muñoz-Córdoba L et al.. Usefulness of low-cost simulation models to learning surgical techniques for placenta accreta spectrum: An observational educational study. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2024. link 13 Bartels HC, Lalor JG, Walsh D, Nieto-Calvache AJ, Terlizzi K, Cooney N et al.. Anesthesia and postpartum pain management for placenta accreta spectrum: The patient perspective and recommendations for care. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2024. link 14 Lucidi A, Jauniaux E, Hussein AM, Coutinho CM, Tinari S, Khalil A et al.. Urological complications in women undergoing Cesarean section for placenta accreta spectrum disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2023. link 15 Feltmate C, Easter SR, Gilner JB, Karam AK, Khourry-Callado F, Fox KA. Graduate and Continuing Medical Education of Placenta Accreta Spectrum. American journal of perinatology 2023. link 16 Lama S, Todi S, Shrestha R, Acharya S. Peripartum Hysterectomy among Patients Admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association 2023. link 17 Padilla CR, Shamshirsaz AA, Easter SR, Hess P, Smith C, El Sharawi N et al.. Critical Care in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders-A Call to Action. American journal of perinatology 2023. link 18 Adu-Bredu TK, Collins SL, Nieto-Calvache AJ. Ultrasound discrimination between placenta accreta spectrum and urinary bladder varices. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2023. link 19 Baldwin HJ, Randall DA, Maher R, West SP, Torvaldsen S, Morris JM et al.. Interventional radiology in obstetric patients: A population-based record linkage study of use and outcomes. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2023. link 20 Alam B, Nasir F, Akbari AR, Alali B, Khalil Z. A Review and Comparison of the Efficacy of Prophylactic Interventional Radiological Arterial Occlusions in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Patients: A Meta-analysis. Academic radiology 2023. link 21 Cunningham JW. Prompt evaluation and treatment of third-trimester bleeding. JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 2021. link 22 Yildirim GY, Koroglu N, Akca A, Talmac M, Dikmen S, Yıldırım G et al.. What is new in peripartum hysterectomy? A seventeen year experience in a tertiary hospital. Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology 2021. link 23 Yang J, Pan X, Garfield RE, Liu H. Uterine electromyography (EMG) measurements to predict preterm caesarean section in patients with complete placenta previa. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2021. link 24 Zhang M, Chen W, Liu C, Sui J, Wang D, Wang Y et al.. Nursing-sensitive quality indicators for pernicious placenta previa in obstetrics: A Delphi study based across Chinese institutions. Nursing open 2021. link 25 Shainker SA, Coleman B, Timor-Tritsch IE, Bhide A, Bromley B, Cahill AG et al.. Special Report of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Placenta Accreta Spectrum Ultrasound Marker Task Force: Consensus on definition of markers and approach to the ultrasound examination in pregnancies at risk for placenta accreta spectrum. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2021. link 26 Hawthorn BR, Ratnam LA. Role of interventional radiology in placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology 2021. link 27 Hecht JL, Baergen R, Ernst LM, Katzman PJ, Jacques SM, Jauniaux E et al.. Classification and reporting guidelines for the pathology diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders: recommendations from an expert panel. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 2020. link 28 Elwood C, Money D, van Schalkwyk J, Pakzad Z, Bos H, Giesbrecht E. No. 378-Placentophagy. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2019. link 29 Erfani H, Kassir E, Fox KA, Clark SL, Karbasian N, Salmanian B et al.. Placenta previa without morbidly adherent placenta: comparison of characteristics and outcomes between planned and emergent deliveries in a tertiary center. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2019. link 30 Dimitrova I, Jauniaux E, Zosmer N, De Stefani LB, Andrade W, Bourmpaki E et al.. Development of a training program for the ultrasound screening of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2019. link 31 Cali G, Forlani F, Lees C, Timor-Tritsch I, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Dall'Asta A et al.. Prenatal ultrasound staging system for placenta accreta spectrum disorders. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2019. link 32 D'Antonio F, Iacovelli A, Liberati M, Leombroni M, Murgano D, Cali G et al.. Role of interventional radiology in pregnancy complicated by placenta accreta spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2019. link 33 Meller CH, Garcia-Monaco RD, Izbizky G, Lamm M, Jaunarena J, Peralta O et al.. Non-conservative Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in the Hybrid Operating Room: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2019. link 34 Einerson BD, Branch DW. Surgical Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 35 Shamshirsaz AA, Fox KA, Erfani H, Belfort MA. The Role of Centers of Excellence With Multidisciplinary Teams in the Management of Abnormal Invasive Placenta. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 36 DeSimone RA, Leung WK, Schwartz J. Transfusion Medicine in a Multidisciplinary Approach to Morbidly Adherent Placenta: Preparing for and Preventing the Worst. Transfusion medicine reviews 2018. link 37 Cahill AG, Beigi R, Heine RP, Silver RM, Wax JR. Placenta Accreta Spectrum. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 38 Cal M, Ayres-de-Campos D, Jauniaux E. International survey of practices used in the diagnosis and management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2018. link 39 Shrivastava VK, Nageotte MP. The Utilization of Interventional Radiologic Procedures in the Surgical Management of Placenta Accreta Syndrome. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology 2018. link 40 Panigrahi AK, Yeaton-Massey A, Bakhtary S, Andrews J, Lyell DJ, Butwick AJ et al.. A Standardized Approach for Transfusion Medicine Support in Patients With Morbidly Adherent Placenta. Anesthesia and analgesia 2017. link 41 Silver RM, Fox KA, Barton JR, Abuhamad AZ, Simhan H, Huls CK et al.. Center of excellence for placenta accreta. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2015. link 42 Brennan DJ, Schulze B, Chetty N, Crandon A, Petersen SG, Gardener G et al.. Surgical management of abnormally invasive placenta: a retrospective cohort study demonstrating the benefits of a standardized operative approach. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica 2015. link 43 D'Souza DL, Kingdom JC, Amsalem H, Beecroft JR, Windrim RC, Kachura JR. Conservative Management of Invasive Placenta Using Combined Prophylactic Internal Iliac Artery Balloon Occlusion and Immediate Postoperative Uterine Artery Embolization. Canadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes 2015. link 44 Semeraro V, Susac A, Morasca A, D'Antonio F, Belli AM. Foetal Radiation Dose During Prophylactic Occlusion Balloon Placement for Morbidly Adherent Placenta. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2015. link 45 Teixidor Viñas M, Chandraharan E, Moneta MV, Belli AM. The role of interventional radiology in reducing haemorrhage and hysterectomy following caesarean section for morbidly adherent placenta. Clinical radiology 2014. link 46 Lorenz RP. What is new in placenta accreta?: best articles from the past year. Obstetrics and gynecology 2013. link 47 Chiu TL, Sadler L, Wise MR. Placenta praevia after prior caesarean section: an exploratory case-control study. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2013. link 48 Wright JD, Silver RM, Bonanno C, Gaddipati S, Lu YS, Simpson LL et al.. Practice patterns and knowledge of obstetricians and gynecologists regarding placenta accreta. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2013. link 49 O'Brien B, Smoleneic J. Cervical varicosities and placenta praevia. The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 2013. link 50 Esakoff TF, Handler SJ, Granados JM, Caughey AB. PAMUS: placenta accreta management across the United States. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2012. link 51 Jolley JA, Nageotte MP, Wing DA, Shrivastava VK. Management of placenta accreta: a survey of Maternal-Fetal Medicine practitioners. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2012. link 52 Frasca D. A Cesarean hysterectomy for invading placenta percreta: anesthetic safety considerations--a case report. AANA journal 2012. link 53 Bouvier A, Sentilhes L, Thouveny F, Bouet PE, Gillard P, Willoteaux S et al.. Planned caesarean in the interventional radiology cath lab to enable immediate uterine artery embolization for the conservative treatment of placenta accreta. Clinical radiology 2012. link 54 Comstock CH. The antenatal diagnosis of placental attachment disorders. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 2011. link 55 Jeffrey A, Clark V. The anaesthetic management of caesarean section in the interventional radiology suite. Current opinion in anaesthesiology 2011. link 56 Carter AM, Mess A. Hans Strahl's pioneering studies in comparative placentation. Placenta 2010. link 57 Rao AP, Bojahr H, Beski S, MacCallum PK, Renfrew I. Role of interventional radiology in the management of morbidly adherent placenta. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2010. link 58 Miller RK. Henning Schneider, M.D. Placenta 2009. link 59 Oppenheimer L. RETIRED: Diagnosis and management of placenta previa. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2007. link32401-X) 60 Ononeze BO, Ononeze VN, Holohan M. Management of women with major placenta praevia without haemorrhage: a questionnaire-based survey of Irish obstetricians. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006. link 61 Greenberg JA, Miner JD, O'Horo SK. Uterine artery embolization and hysteroscopic resection to treat retained placenta accreta: A case report. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology 2006. link 62 Adair SR, Elamin D, Tharmaratnam S. Placenta increta; conservative management -- a successful outcome. Case report and literature review. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2004. link 63 Naik R, Lobo FD, Kamath AS. Chorioangioma of placenta: report of 3 cases. Indian journal of pathology & microbiology 1993. link 64 Hollander DI, Pupkin MJ, Crenshaw MC, Nagey DA. Conservative management of placenta accreta. A case report. The Journal of reproductive medicine 1988. link 65 Dommisse J. Placenta praevia and intra-uterine growth retardation. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 1985. link 66 Magid M, Nanney LB, Stoscheck CM, King LE. Epidermal growth factor binding and receptor distribution in term human placenta. Placenta 1985. link80005-9) 67 Golan A, Ohel G, Menchovsky E, Edelstein T. Haemoperitoneum due to placenta percreta. A case report. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 1977. link 68 Luyet F, Schmid J, Maroni E, Duc G. Massive feto-maternal transfusion during external cephalic version, with fatal outcome. Archiv fur Gynakologie 1976. link 69 Pahuja A. Vasa praevia. The Medical journal of Australia 1976. link

Original source

[1]
Large Cervical Varices: A Key Risk Factor for Hemorrhage in Placenta Previa. — Kamiya A, Yamada T, Yoshida A, Nishibata S, Oku K, Morikawa M et al. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation (2026)
[2]
Emergency delivery in case of suspected placenta accreta spectrum: Can it be predicted? — Hanulikova P, Savukyne E, Fox KA, Sobisek L, Mhallem M, van Beekhuizen HJ et al. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica (2025)
[3]
Accreta Ready: Mastering Abdominopelvic Packing for Crisis Situations. — Brown KS, Goodman L, García G, Einerson BD, Kaiser JE Obstetrics and gynecology (2025)
[4]
Looking back to look forward: Has the time arrived for active management of obstetricians in placenta accreta spectrum? — Bartels HC, Downey P, Brennan DJ International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2025)
[5]
The Role of Interventional Radiology in Managing Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorder. — Deshmukh U, Pabon-Ramos W, Ayyagari R Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (2025)
[6]
Morbidity associated with emergency surgery — Saldarriaga-Hoyos JJ, Sarria-Ortiz D, Galindo-Velasco V, Rivera-Torres LF, Nieto-Calvache AJ Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia (2024)
[7]
Emergency delivery in pregnancies at high probability of placenta accreta spectrum on prenatal imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Lucidi A, Janiaux E, Hussein AM, Nieto-Calvache A, Khalil A, D'Amico A et al. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM (2024)
[8]
Is telehealth useful in the management of placenta accreta spectrum in low-resource settings? Results of an exploratory survey. — Nieto-Calvache AJ, Fox KA, Jauniaux E, Maya J, Stefanovic V, Weizsäcker K et al. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2024)
[9]
Are international guideline recommendations for the management of placenta accreta spectrum applicable in low- and middle-income countries? — Nieto-Calvache AJ, Jauniaux E, Fox KA, Maya J, Stefanovic V, Weizsäcker K et al. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2024)
[10]
Placenta accreta spectrum care infrastructure: an evidence-based review of needed resources supporting placenta accreta spectrum care. — Fitzgerald GD, Newton JM, Atasi L, Buniak CM, Burgos-Luna JM, Burnett BA et al. American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM (2024)
[11]
Complex obstetrical surgery: building a team and defining roles. — Futterman ID, Conroy EM, Chudnoff S, Alagkiozidis I, Minkoff H American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM (2024)
[12]
Usefulness of low-cost simulation models to learning surgical techniques for placenta accreta spectrum: An observational educational study. — Nieto-Calvache AJ, Palacios-Jaraquemada JM, Fox KA, Benavides JP, Sarria-Ortiz D, Muñoz-Córdoba L et al. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2024)
[13]
Anesthesia and postpartum pain management for placenta accreta spectrum: The patient perspective and recommendations for care. — Bartels HC, Lalor JG, Walsh D, Nieto-Calvache AJ, Terlizzi K, Cooney N et al. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2024)
[14]
Urological complications in women undergoing Cesarean section for placenta accreta spectrum disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. — Lucidi A, Jauniaux E, Hussein AM, Coutinho CM, Tinari S, Khalil A et al. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (2023)
[15]
Graduate and Continuing Medical Education of Placenta Accreta Spectrum. — Feltmate C, Easter SR, Gilner JB, Karam AK, Khourry-Callado F, Fox KA American journal of perinatology (2023)
[16]
Peripartum Hysterectomy among Patients Admitted to the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. — Lama S, Todi S, Shrestha R, Acharya S JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association (2023)
[17]
Critical Care in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Disorders-A Call to Action. — Padilla CR, Shamshirsaz AA, Easter SR, Hess P, Smith C, El Sharawi N et al. American journal of perinatology (2023)
[18]
Ultrasound discrimination between placenta accreta spectrum and urinary bladder varices. — Adu-Bredu TK, Collins SL, Nieto-Calvache AJ The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology (2023)
[19]
Interventional radiology in obstetric patients: A population-based record linkage study of use and outcomes. — Baldwin HJ, Randall DA, Maher R, West SP, Torvaldsen S, Morris JM et al. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica (2023)
[20]
A Review and Comparison of the Efficacy of Prophylactic Interventional Radiological Arterial Occlusions in Placenta Accreta Spectrum Patients: A Meta-analysis. — Alam B, Nasir F, Akbari AR, Alali B, Khalil Z Academic radiology (2023)
[21]
Prompt evaluation and treatment of third-trimester bleeding. — Cunningham JW JAAPA : official journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants (2021)
[22]
What is new in peripartum hysterectomy? A seventeen year experience in a tertiary hospital. — Yildirim GY, Koroglu N, Akca A, Talmac M, Dikmen S, Yıldırım G et al. Taiwanese journal of obstetrics & gynecology (2021)
[23]
Uterine electromyography (EMG) measurements to predict preterm caesarean section in patients with complete placenta previa. — Yang J, Pan X, Garfield RE, Liu H Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2021)
[24]
Nursing-sensitive quality indicators for pernicious placenta previa in obstetrics: A Delphi study based across Chinese institutions. — Zhang M, Chen W, Liu C, Sui J, Wang D, Wang Y et al. Nursing open (2021)
[25]
Special Report of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Placenta Accreta Spectrum Ultrasound Marker Task Force: Consensus on definition of markers and approach to the ultrasound examination in pregnancies at risk for placenta accreta spectrum. — Shainker SA, Coleman B, Timor-Tritsch IE, Bhide A, Bromley B, Cahill AG et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2021)
[26]
Role of interventional radiology in placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders. — Hawthorn BR, Ratnam LA Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology (2021)
[27]
Classification and reporting guidelines for the pathology diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) disorders: recommendations from an expert panel. — Hecht JL, Baergen R, Ernst LM, Katzman PJ, Jacques SM, Jauniaux E et al. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc (2020)
[28]
No. 378-Placentophagy. — Elwood C, Money D, van Schalkwyk J, Pakzad Z, Bos H, Giesbrecht E Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2019)
[29]
Placenta previa without morbidly adherent placenta: comparison of characteristics and outcomes between planned and emergent deliveries in a tertiary center. — Erfani H, Kassir E, Fox KA, Clark SL, Karbasian N, Salmanian B et al. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (2019)
[30]
Development of a training program for the ultrasound screening of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. — Dimitrova I, Jauniaux E, Zosmer N, De Stefani LB, Andrade W, Bourmpaki E et al. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2019)
[31]
Prenatal ultrasound staging system for placenta accreta spectrum disorders. — Cali G, Forlani F, Lees C, Timor-Tritsch I, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Dall'Asta A et al. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (2019)
[32]
Role of interventional radiology in pregnancy complicated by placenta accreta spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. — D'Antonio F, Iacovelli A, Liberati M, Leombroni M, Murgano D, Cali G et al. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (2019)
[33]
Non-conservative Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum in the Hybrid Operating Room: A Retrospective Cohort Study. — Meller CH, Garcia-Monaco RD, Izbizky G, Lamm M, Jaunarena J, Peralta O et al. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology (2019)
[34]
Surgical Management of Placenta Accreta Spectrum. — Einerson BD, Branch DW Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (2018)
[35]
The Role of Centers of Excellence With Multidisciplinary Teams in the Management of Abnormal Invasive Placenta. — Shamshirsaz AA, Fox KA, Erfani H, Belfort MA Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (2018)
[36]
Transfusion Medicine in a Multidisciplinary Approach to Morbidly Adherent Placenta: Preparing for and Preventing the Worst. — DeSimone RA, Leung WK, Schwartz J Transfusion medicine reviews (2018)
[37]
Placenta Accreta Spectrum. — Cahill AG, Beigi R, Heine RP, Silver RM, Wax JR American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2018)
[38]
International survey of practices used in the diagnosis and management of placenta accreta spectrum disorders. — Cal M, Ayres-de-Campos D, Jauniaux E International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2018)
[39]
The Utilization of Interventional Radiologic Procedures in the Surgical Management of Placenta Accreta Syndrome. — Shrivastava VK, Nageotte MP Clinical obstetrics and gynecology (2018)
[40]
A Standardized Approach for Transfusion Medicine Support in Patients With Morbidly Adherent Placenta. — Panigrahi AK, Yeaton-Massey A, Bakhtary S, Andrews J, Lyell DJ, Butwick AJ et al. Anesthesia and analgesia (2017)
[41]
Center of excellence for placenta accreta. — Silver RM, Fox KA, Barton JR, Abuhamad AZ, Simhan H, Huls CK et al. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2015)
[42]
Surgical management of abnormally invasive placenta: a retrospective cohort study demonstrating the benefits of a standardized operative approach. — Brennan DJ, Schulze B, Chetty N, Crandon A, Petersen SG, Gardener G et al. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica (2015)
[43]
Conservative Management of Invasive Placenta Using Combined Prophylactic Internal Iliac Artery Balloon Occlusion and Immediate Postoperative Uterine Artery Embolization. — D'Souza DL, Kingdom JC, Amsalem H, Beecroft JR, Windrim RC, Kachura JR Canadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes (2015)
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