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Neurosurgery266 papers

Intervertebral disc disorder with myelopathy

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Intervertebral disc disorder with myelopathy involves structural abnormalities of the intervertebral discs leading to spinal cord compression and neurological deficits, often exacerbated by mechanical stress and degenerative changes. 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Neurological deficits, back pain, and radiculopathy.
  • Imaging: MRI is essential for detailed assessment; Pfirrmann grading for disc degeneration 2.
  • Grading Systems: Pfirrmann classification for disc pathology severity 2.
  • Advanced Imaging: 3D MRI and graph neural networks for precise disc evaluation 2.
  • Biomechanical Assessment: T1ρ relaxation time and mechanical deformation analysis via MRI 2024.
  • Ultrasound Guidance: Useful for precise localization in animal models 5.

    • Management

  • Conservative Treatment: Physical therapy, pain management (e.g., NSAIDs), and activity modification 123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869.
  • Surgical Intervention: Considered for progressive myelopathy or intractable pain; includes discectomy and annular repair techniques 12345678910122144485564.
  • Regenerative Therapies: Emerging treatments like injectable hydrogels with stem cells for disc regeneration 445564.
  • Lifestyle Modifications: Weight management to reduce mechanical stress 1848.

    • Special Populations

  • Elderly: Higher incidence of IVDD; conservative management often preferred initially 141848.
  • Pediatrics: Rare but reported cases of calcification and ossification; surgical intervention may be necessary 15.
  • Comorbidities: Sarcopenia linked to increased IVDD risk; management should consider muscle health 14.

    • Key Recommendations

  • MRI for Diagnosis: Utilize MRI with Pfirrmann grading for accurate assessment of disc degeneration and myelopathy 2 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Conservative Management First: Initiate with conservative treatments including physical therapy and NSAIDs before considering surgery 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455[5

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 162 indexed papers.

    1 Castro AL, Gonçalves RM. Trends and considerations in annulus fibrosus in vitro model design. Acta biomaterialia 2025. link 2 Baur D, Bieck R, Berger J, Schöfer P, Stelzner T, Neumann J et al.. Automated Three-Dimensional Imaging and Pfirrmann Classification of Intervertebral Disc Using a Graphical Neural Network in Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lumbar Spine. Journal of imaging informatics in medicine 2025. link 3 Lu M, Zhou T, Yang X, Liu K, Rong K, Ma P et al.. DDRGK1 preserves intervertebral disc development through ufmylation. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 2025. link 4 Huang Z, Tian Z, Tian K, Wang Y, Jiang Y. Causal relationship between trunk and lower limb fat mass and intervertebral disc disorders: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. Medicine 2025. link 5 Fu Y, Lai J, Feng H, Tan H, Jiang Y, Wang J et al.. Ultrasound guidance for intervertebral disc location and paravertebral tissue swelling quantification in a mouse model of intervertebral disc herniation. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2025. link 6 Chen J, Huang K, Dai S, Chen Y, Xu W, Fang X. Lumbar intervertebral disc calcification with massive herniation: a case report. The Journal of international medical research 2025. link 7 Novais EJ, Ottone OK, Brown EV, Madhu V, Tran VA, Ramteke P et al.. Genetics- and age-driven neuroimmune and disc changes underscore herniation susceptibility and pain-associated behaviors in SM/J mice. Science advances 2025. link 8 Liu C, Ran J, Hou B, Li Y, Morelli JN, Li X. Causal effects of body mass index, education, and lifestyle behaviors on intervertebral disc disorders: Mendelian randomization study. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2024. link 9 Menon RG, Monga A, Kijowski R, Regatte RR. Characterization of Age-Related and Sex-Related Differences of Relaxation Parameters in the Intervertebral Disc Using MR-Fingerprinting. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2024. link 10 Raftery K, Rahman T, Smith N, Schaer T, Newell N. The role of the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc recovery: Towards improved specifications for nucleus replacement devices. Journal of biomechanics 2024. link 11 Shu D, Dai S, Wang J, Meng F, Zhang C, Zhao Z. Impact of Running Exercise on Intervertebral Disc: A Systematic Review. Sports health 2024. link 12 Ju Y, Ma S, Fu M, Wu M, Li Y, Wang Y et al.. Polyphenol-modified biomimetic bioadhesives for the therapy of annulus fibrosus defect and nucleus pulposus degeneration after discectomy. Acta biomaterialia 2024. link 13 Xiang Z, Zhang P, Jia C, Xu R, Cao D, Xu Z et al.. Piezo1 channel exaggerates ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by mediating mechanical stress-induced iron influx. Bone research 2024. link 14 Qi W, Mei Z, Mao X, Zhu L, Shao Y, Ge G et al.. Causal associations between sarcopenia-related traits and intervertebral disc degeneration: a two-sample mendelian randomization analysis. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2024. link 15 Ye C, Shi M, Xie D, Wu H, Chen Q, Yang L. A rare case of intervertebral disc calcification combined with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in a child: a case report and literature review. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2024. link 16 Braunschweig R, Kildal D, Meyer-Clement M, Janka R, Tiemann A. Structured image diagnosis of vertebral body degeneration and disc damage - Binary image criteria and comparison for systematic image analysis in occupational diseases 2108/2110. RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin 2024. link 17 Lazaro-Pacheco D, Ebisch I, Holsgrove TP. The physiological, in-vitro simulation of daily activities in the intervertebral disc using a load Informed kinematic evaluation (LIKE) protocol. Journal of biomechanics 2024. link 18 Segar AH, Baroncini A, Urban JPG, Fairbank J, Judge A, McCall I. Obesity increases the odds of intervertebral disc herniation and spinal stenosis; an MRI study of 1634 low back pain patients. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2024. link 19 Yuan H, Liu E, Li Z, Zhang Q, Jiang L. Incidental Finding of Intervertebral Disc Herniation With Increased 18F-FAPI-04 Uptake in a Healthy Volunteer. Clinical nuclear medicine 2023. link 20 Hamaguchi H, Kitagawa M, Sakamoto D, Katscher U, Sudo H, Yamada K et al.. Quantitative Assessment of Intervertebral Disc Composition by MRI: Sensitivity to Diurnal Variation. Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) 2023. link 21 Yin H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Wu X, Zhu Q. Experimental Investigation of the Secondary Changes in Imaging After Lumbar Disc Nucleoplasty in Rabbits. Turkish neurosurgery 2023. link 22 Kakutani K, Yurube T, An HS, Doita M, Masuda K. Cytokine Inhibitors Upregulate Extracellular Matrix Anabolism of Human Intervertebral Discs under Alginate Beads and Alginate-Embedded Explant Cultures. International journal of molecular sciences 2023. link 23 Munesada D, Sakai D, Nakamura Y, Schol J, Matsushita E, Tamagawa S et al.. Investigation of the Mitigation of DMSO-Induced Cytotoxicity by Hyaluronic Acid following Cryopreservation of Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells. International journal of molecular sciences 2023. link 24 Coppock JA, Zimmer NE, Englander ZA, Danyluk ST, Kosinski AS, Spritzer CE et al.. In vivo intervertebral disc mechanical deformation following a treadmill walking "stress test" is inversely related to T1rho relaxation time. Osteoarthritis and cartilage 2023. link 25 Chow N, Gregory DE. The effect of intervertebral disc damage on the mechanical strength of the annulus fibrosus in the adjacent segment. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2023. link 26 Vadalà G, Di Giacomo G, Ambrosio L, Cicione C, Tilotta V, Russo F et al.. Effect of Irisin on Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells: New Insights into the Biological Cross-talk Between Muscle and Intervertebral Disk. Spine 2023. link 27 Madhu V, Hernandez-Meadows M, Boneski PK, Qiu Y, Guntur AR, Kurland IJ et al.. The mitophagy receptor BNIP3 is critical for the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and mitochondrial function in the nucleus pulposus cells of the intervertebral disc. Autophagy 2023. link 28 Galinié P, Eyssartier C, Sauret C, Tordjman M, Pissonier ML, Carlier R et al.. In-vivo characterization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus in adults with ultrasonography and shear wave elastography. Medical engineering & physics 2023. link 29 Huang X, Chen D, Liang C, Shi K, Zhou X, Zhang Y et al.. Swelling-Mediated Mechanical Stimulation Regulates Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Intervertebral Disc Repair Using Injectable UCST Microgels. Advanced healthcare materials 2023. link 30 Zhou T, Chen Y, Liao Z, Zhang L, Su D, Li Z et al.. Spatiotemporal Characterization of Human Early Intervertebral Disc Formation at Single-Cell Resolution. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2023. link 31 Menon RG, de Moura HL, Kijowski R, Regatte RR. Age and gender differences in lumbar intervertebral disk strain using mechanical loading magnetic resonance imaging. NMR in biomedicine 2023. link 32 Easson GWD, Savadipour A, Anandarajah A, Iannucci LE, Lake SP, Guilak F et al.. Modulation of TRPV4 protects against degeneration induced by sustained loading and promotes matrix synthesis in the intervertebral disc. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2023. link 33 Vernengo A, Li Z, Grad S. Editorial - Disc Biology Special Issue. European cells & materials 2022. link 34 Cyril D, Giugni A, Bangar SS, Mirzaeipoueinak M, Shrivastav D, Sharabi M et al.. Elastic Fibers in the Intervertebral Disc: From Form to Function and toward Regeneration. International journal of molecular sciences 2022. link 35 Varden LJ, Turner EJ, Coon AT, Michalek AJ. Establishing a through-puncture model for assessing post-injection leakage in the intervertebral disc. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2022. link 36 Yilmaz I, Akalan H, Yasar Sirin D, Karaarslan N, Kaplan N, Ozbek H. Effects of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist on inflammation and degeneration of the nucleus pulposus. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2022. link 37 Xie LY, Cao SN, Li ZT, Wang DD, Shi B. Effects of Fluid Shear Stress on Human Intervertebral Disc Nucleus Pulposus Cells Based on Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics. Disease markers 2022. link 38 Tavakoli J, Tipper JL. Detailed mechanical characterization of the transition zone: New insight into the integration between the annulus and nucleus of the intervertebral disc. Acta biomaterialia 2022. link 39 Jiong Guo J, Du J, Xu Y, Liu A, Yang HL. Catching the circadian rhythm of intervertebral disc and association with clinical outcomes by twice-a-day magnetic resonance imaging. European journal of radiology 2022. link 40 Disney CM, Mo J, Eckersley A, Bodey AJ, Hoyland JA, Sherratt MJ et al.. Regional variations in discrete collagen fibre mechanics within intact intervertebral disc resolved using synchrotron computed tomography and digital volume correlation. Acta biomaterialia 2022. link 41 Hu B, Lv X, Wei L, Wang Y, Zheng G, Yang C et al.. Sensory Nerve Maintains Intervertebral Disc Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis Via CGRP/CHSY1 Axis. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2022. link 42 Rajasekaran S, Soundararajan DCR, Nayagam SM, Tangavel C, Raveendran M, Thippeswamy PB et al.. Modic changes are associated with activation of intense inflammatory and host defense response pathways - molecular insights from proteomic analysis of human intervertebral discs. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2022. link 43 Eldaya RW, Parsons MS, Rhea L, Sharma A. Delineation of Inner Annulus Fibrosus and Nucleus Pulposus on Routine T2-weighted MR Images. Spine 2022. link 44 Panebianco CJ, Rao S, Hom WW, Meyers JH, Lim TY, Laudier DM et al.. Genipin-crosslinked fibrin seeded with oxidized alginate microbeads as a novel composite biomaterial strategy for intervertebral disc cell therapy. Biomaterials 2022. link 45 Matta A, Erwin WM. Current Status of the Instructional Cues Provided by Notochordal Cells in Novel Disc Repair Strategies. International journal of molecular sciences 2021. link 46 Stein D, Assaf Y, Dar G, Cohen H, Slon V, Kedar E et al.. 3D virtual reconstruction and quantitative assessment of the human intervertebral disc's annulus fibrosus: a DTI tractography study. Scientific reports 2021. link 47 Ning L, Gao L, Zhang F, Li X, Wang T. Mechanical Stretch Induces Annulus Fibrosus Cell Senescence through Activation of the RhoA/ROCK Pathway. BioMed research international 2021. link 48 Decante C, Clouet J, Hamel A, Le Fournier L, Gauthier O, Rouleau D et al.. Collateral effects of targeting the nucleus pulposus via a transpedicular or transannular surgical route: a combined X-ray, MRI, and histological long-term descriptive study in sheep. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2021. link 49 Yanagisawa O, Oshikawa T, Matsunaga N, Adachi G, Kaneoka K. Acute Physiological Response of Lumbar Intervertebral Discs to High-load Deadlift Exercise. Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 2021. link 50 Li X, Yang S, Qin L, Yang S. Type II collagen-positive embryonic progenitors are the major contributors to spine and intervertebral disc development and repair. Stem cells translational medicine 2021. link 51 Panebianco CJ, Dave A, Charytonowicz D, Sebra R, Iatridis JC. Single-cell RNA-sequencing atlas of bovine caudal intervertebral discs: Discovery of heterogeneous cell populations with distinct roles in homeostasis. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2021. link 52 Wang W, Zhou C, Guo R, Cha T, Li G. Influence of structural and material property uncertainties on biomechanics of intervertebral discs - Implications for disc tissue engineering. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 2021. link 53 Kim MK, Ramachandran R, Séguin CA. Spatiotemporal and functional characterisation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in the murine intervertebral disc. European cells & materials 2021. link 54 Wang Y, Hu Y, Wang H, Liu N, Luo L, Zhao C et al.. Deficiency of MIF Accentuates Overloaded Compression-Induced Nucleus Pulposus Cell Oxidative Damage via Depressing Mitophagy. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2021. link 55 Schmitt C, Radetzki F, Stirnweiss A, Mendel T, Ludtka C, Friedmann A et al.. Long-term pre-clinical evaluation of an injectable chitosan nanocellulose hydrogel with encapsulated adipose-derived stem cells in an ovine model for IVD regeneration. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 2021. link 56 Wangler S, Kamali A, Wapp C, Wuertz-Kozak K, Häckel S, Fortes C et al.. Uncovering the secretome of mesenchymal stromal cells exposed to healthy, traumatic, and degenerative intervertebral discs: a proteomic analysis. Stem cell research & therapy 2021. link 57 Peredo AP, Gullbrand SE, Smith HE, Mauck RL. Putting the Pieces in Place: Mobilizing Cellular Players to Improve Annulus Fibrosus Repair. Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews 2021. link 58 Yang JJ, Lin YY, Chao KH, Wang JL. Gelatin-Poly (γ-Glutamic Acid) Hydrogel as a Potential Adhesive for Repair of Intervertebral Disc Annulus Fibrosus: Evaluation of Cytocompatibility and Degradability. Spine 2021. link 59 Wilson RL, Bowen L, Kim W, Cai L, Schneider SE, Nauman EA et al.. In vivo intervertebral disc deformation: intratissue strain patterns within adjacent discs during flexion-extension. Scientific reports 2021. link 60 Xu WB, Wu DJ, Chen C, Zhao X, Hu ZJ, Fan SW et al.. Symptomatic Postoperative Discal Pseudocyst After Percutaneous Endoscopic Interlaminar Discectomy: Case Report and Literature Review. Orthopaedic surgery 2021. link 61 Ito M, Yurube T, Kanda Y, Kakiuchi Y, Takeoka Y, Takada T et al.. Inhibition of Autophagy at Different Stages by ATG5 Knockdown and Chloroquine Supplementation Enhances Consistent Human Disc Cellular Apoptosis and Senescence Induction rather than Extracellular Matrix Catabolism. International journal of molecular sciences 2021. link 62 Virk S, Meyers KN, Lafage V, Maher SA, Chen T. Analysis of the influence of species, intervertebral disc height and Pfirrmann classification on failure load of an injured disc using a novel disc herniation model. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2021. link 63 Virk S, Chen T, Meyers KN, Lafage V, Schwab F, Maher SA. Comparison of biomechanical studies of disc repair devices based on a systematic review. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2020. link 64 Peng Y, Huang D, Li J, Liu S, Qing X, Shao Z. Genipin-crosslinked decellularized annulus fibrosus hydrogels induces tissue-specific differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells and intervertebral disc regeneration. Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine 2020. link 65 DiStefano TJ, Shmukler JO, Danias G, Iatridis JC. The Functional Role of Interface Tissue Engineering in Annulus Fibrosus Repair: Bridging Mechanisms of Hydrogel Integration with Regenerative Outcomes. ACS biomaterials science & engineering 2020. link 66 Bezci SE, Torres K, Carraro C, Chiavacci D, Werbner B, Lim S et al.. Transient swelling behavior of the bovine caudal disc. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 2020. link 67 Nakawaki M, Uchida K, Miyagi M, Inoue G, Kawakubo A, Kuroda A et al.. Sequential CCL2 Expression Profile After Disc Injury in Mice. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2020. link 68 Yang B, Wendland MF, O'Connell GD. Direct Quantification of Intervertebral Disc Water Content Using MRI. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2020. link 69 Brent JM, Tian Z, Shofer FS, Martin JT, Yao L, Acharte C et al.. Influence of Genetic Background and Sex on Gene Expression in the Mouse (. Comparative medicine 2020. link 70 Sharma A, Walk RE, Tang SY, Eldaya R, Owen PJ, Belavy DL. Variability of T2-Relaxation Times of Healthy Lumbar Intervertebral Discs is More Homogeneous within an Individual Than across Healthy Individuals. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2020. link 71 Tavakoli J, Diwan AD, Tipper JL. Elastic fibers: The missing key to improve engineering concepts for reconstruction of the Nucleus Pulposus in the intervertebral disc. Acta biomaterialia 2020. link 72 Takeoka Y, Yurube T, Morimoto K, Kunii S, Kanda Y, Tsujimoto R et al.. Reduced nucleotomy-induced intervertebral disc disruption through spontaneous spheroid formation by the Low Adhesive Scaffold Collagen (LASCol). Biomaterials 2020. link 73 Rajasekaran S, Soundararajan DCR, Tangavel C, Muthurajan R, Sri Vijay Anand KS, Matchado MS et al.. Human intervertebral discs harbour a unique microbiome and dysbiosis determines health and disease. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2020. link 74 Chamoli U, Umali J, Kleuskens MWA, Chepurin D, Diwan AD. Morphological characteristics of the kangaroo lumbar intervertebral discs and comparison with other animal models used in spine research. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2020. link 75 Fujii K, Lai A, Korda N, Hom WW, Evashwick-Rogler TW, Nasser P et al.. Ex-vivo biomechanics of repaired rat intervertebral discs using genipin crosslinked fibrin adhesive hydrogel. Journal of biomechanics 2020. link 76 Fewster KM, Noguchi M, Gooyers CE, Wong A, Callaghan JP. Exploring the regional disc bulge response of the cervical porcine intervertebral disc under varying loads and posture. Journal of biomechanics 2020. link 77 DiStefano TJ, Shmukler JO, Danias G, Di Pauli von Treuheim T, Hom WW, Goldberg DA et al.. Development of a two-part biomaterial adhesive strategy for annulus fibrosus repair and ex vivo evaluation of implant herniation risk. Biomaterials 2020. link 78 Zwambag DP, Molladavoodi S, Guerreiro MJ, DeWitte-Orr SJ, Gregory DE. Immuno-stimulatory capacity of decorin in the rat tail intervertebral disc and the mechanical consequence of resultant inflammation. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2020. link 79 Du CF, Liu CJ, Huang YP, Wang X. Effect of Spiral Nucleus Implant Parameters on the Compressive Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc. World neurosurgery 2020. link 80 Desmoulin GT, Pradhan V, Milner TE. Mechanical Aspects of Intervertebral Disc Injury and Implications on Biomechanics. Spine 2020. link 81 Silagi ES, Novais EJ, Bisetto S, Telonis AG, Snuggs J, Le Maitre CL et al.. Lactate Efflux From Intervertebral Disc Cells Is Required for Maintenance of Spine Health. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 2020. link 82 Yamaguchi JT, Hsu WK. Intervertebral disc herniation in elite athletes. International orthopaedics 2019. link 83 Hussain I, Sloan SR, Wipplinger C, Navarro-Ramirez R, Zubkov M, Kim E et al.. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Seeded High-Density Collagen Gel for Annular Repair: 6-Week Results From In Vivo Sheep Models. Neurosurgery 2019. link 84 Zhu Q, Gao X, Brown MD, Eismont F, Gu W. Effects of diurnal loading on the transport of charged antibiotics into intervertebral discs. Journal of biomechanics 2019. link 85 Akyuva Y, Kaplan N, Yilmaz I, Ozbek H, Sirin DY, Karaaslan N et al.. Delivering Growth Factors through a Polymeric Scaffold to Cell Cultures Containing both Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus. Turkish neurosurgery 2019. link 86 Dolor A, Sampson SL, Lazar AA, Lotz JC, Szoka FC, Fields AJ. Matrix modification for enhancing the transport properties of the human cartilage endplate to improve disc nutrition. PloS one 2019. link 87 Migliorini F, Rath B, Tingart M, Baroncini A, Quack V, Eschweiler J. Autogenic mesenchymal stem cells for intervertebral disc regeneration. International orthopaedics 2019. link 88 Li Z, Chen S, Chen S, Huang D, Ma K, Shao Z. Moderate activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes the survival of rat nucleus pulposus cells via regulating apoptosis, autophagy, and senescence. Journal of cellular biochemistry 2019. link 89 Saiyin W, Li L, Zhang H, Lu Y, Qin C. Inactivation of FAM20B causes cell fate changes in annulus fibrosus of mouse intervertebral disc and disc defects via the alterations of TGF-β and MAPK signaling pathways. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 2019. link 90 Liang T, Che YJ, Chen X, Li HT, Yang HL, Luo ZP. Nano and micro biomechanical alterations of annulus fibrosus after in situ immobilization revealed by atomic force microscopy. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2019. link 91 Newell N, Carpanen D, Evans JH, Pearcy MJ, Masouros SD. Mechanical Function of the Nucleus Pulposus of the Intervertebral Disc Under High Rates of Loading. Spine 2019. link 92 Harvey-Burgess M, Gregory DE. The Effect of Axial Torsion on the Mechanical Properties of the Annulus Fibrosus. Spine 2019. link 93 Karaarslan N, Yilmaz I, Ozbek H, Yasar Sirin D, Kaplan N, Caliskan T et al.. Are radio-contrast agents commonly used in discography toxic to the intact intervertebral disc tissue cells?. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 2019. link 94 Liao L, Jiang H, Fan Y, Lu RS, Wei C, Takarada T et al.. Runx2 is required for postnatal intervertebral disc tissue growth and development. Journal of cellular physiology 2019. link 95 Zhang WJ, Liu Y, Wei JS, Wu YL. Ginsenoside Rd inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation and degradation of intervertebral disc chondrocytes by increasing IL1RAP ubiquitination. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 2019. link 96 Amin DB, Moawad CM, Costi JJ. New Findings Confirm Regional Internal Disc Strain Changes During Simulation of Repetitive Lifting Motions. Annals of biomedical engineering 2019. link 97 Du L, Yang Q, Zhang J, Zhu M, Ma X, Zhang Y et al.. Engineering a biomimetic integrated scaffold for intervertebral disc replacement. Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications 2019. link 98 Bonnevie ED, Gullbrand SE, Ashinsky BG, Tsinman TK, Elliott DM, Chao PG et al.. Aberrant mechanosensing in injured intervertebral discs as a result of boundary-constraint disruption and residual-strain loss. Nature biomedical engineering 2019. link 99 Zhang YH, Zhao YL, Li B, Song J, Zhang J, Shao J. Lentivirus Is an Efficient and Stable Transduction Vector for Intervertebral Disc Cells. World neurosurgery 2018. link 100 Torre OM, Das R, Berenblum RE, Huang AH, Iatridis JC. Neonatal mouse intervertebral discs heal with restored function following herniation injury. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2018. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Trends and considerations in annulus fibrosus in vitro model design. — Castro AL, Gonçalves RM Acta biomaterialia (2025)
    2. [2]
      Automated Three-Dimensional Imaging and Pfirrmann Classification of Intervertebral Disc Using a Graphical Neural Network in Sagittal Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Lumbar Spine. — Baur D, Bieck R, Berger J, Schöfer P, Stelzner T, Neumann J et al. Journal of imaging informatics in medicine (2025)
    3. [3]
      DDRGK1 preserves intervertebral disc development through ufmylation. — Lu M, Zhou T, Yang X, Liu K, Rong K, Ma P et al. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS (2025)
    4. [4]
      Causal relationship between trunk and lower limb fat mass and intervertebral disc disorders: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study. — Huang Z, Tian Z, Tian K, Wang Y, Jiang Y Medicine (2025)
    5. [5]
      Ultrasound guidance for intervertebral disc location and paravertebral tissue swelling quantification in a mouse model of intervertebral disc herniation. — Fu Y, Lai J, Feng H, Tan H, Jiang Y, Wang J et al. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2025)
    6. [6]
      Lumbar intervertebral disc calcification with massive herniation: a case report. — Chen J, Huang K, Dai S, Chen Y, Xu W, Fang X The Journal of international medical research (2025)
    7. [7]
      Genetics- and age-driven neuroimmune and disc changes underscore herniation susceptibility and pain-associated behaviors in SM/J mice. — Novais EJ, Ottone OK, Brown EV, Madhu V, Tran VA, Ramteke P et al. Science advances (2025)
    8. [8]
      Causal effects of body mass index, education, and lifestyle behaviors on intervertebral disc disorders: Mendelian randomization study. — Liu C, Ran J, Hou B, Li Y, Morelli JN, Li X Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society (2024)
    9. [9]
      Characterization of Age-Related and Sex-Related Differences of Relaxation Parameters in the Intervertebral Disc Using MR-Fingerprinting. — Menon RG, Monga A, Kijowski R, Regatte RR Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI (2024)
    10. [10]
      The role of the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc recovery: Towards improved specifications for nucleus replacement devices. — Raftery K, Rahman T, Smith N, Schaer T, Newell N Journal of biomechanics (2024)
    11. [11]
      Impact of Running Exercise on Intervertebral Disc: A Systematic Review. — Shu D, Dai S, Wang J, Meng F, Zhang C, Zhao Z Sports health (2024)
    12. [12]
      Polyphenol-modified biomimetic bioadhesives for the therapy of annulus fibrosus defect and nucleus pulposus degeneration after discectomy. — Ju Y, Ma S, Fu M, Wu M, Li Y, Wang Y et al. Acta biomaterialia (2024)
    13. [13]
      Piezo1 channel exaggerates ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by mediating mechanical stress-induced iron influx. — Xiang Z, Zhang P, Jia C, Xu R, Cao D, Xu Z et al. Bone research (2024)
    14. [14]
      Causal associations between sarcopenia-related traits and intervertebral disc degeneration: a two-sample mendelian randomization analysis. — Qi W, Mei Z, Mao X, Zhu L, Shao Y, Ge G et al. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2024)
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      A rare case of intervertebral disc calcification combined with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in a child: a case report and literature review. — Ye C, Shi M, Xie D, Wu H, Chen Q, Yang L BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2024)
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      Structured image diagnosis of vertebral body degeneration and disc damage - Binary image criteria and comparison for systematic image analysis in occupational diseases 2108/2110. — Braunschweig R, Kildal D, Meyer-Clement M, Janka R, Tiemann A RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin (2024)
    17. [17]
      The physiological, in-vitro simulation of daily activities in the intervertebral disc using a load Informed kinematic evaluation (LIKE) protocol. — Lazaro-Pacheco D, Ebisch I, Holsgrove TP Journal of biomechanics (2024)
    18. [18]
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