HemoChat is an evidence-based AI medical search tool covering all major clinical domains, powered by 46,298 SNOMED-CT concepts, clinical guidelines, and live PubMed literature.

What medical domains does HemoChat cover?

HemoChat covers all major medical domains including cardiology, oncology, neurology, hematology, pulmonology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, psychiatry, nephrology, rheumatology, musculoskeletal, and more — with 46,298 SNOMED-CT concepts.

Is HemoChat a replacement for clinical judgment?

No. HemoChat is for clinical reference only and is not a substitute for professional medical judgment. Always consult qualified healthcare professionals for medical decisions.

What AI technology does HemoChat use?

HemoChat uses a hybrid GraphRAG + VectorRAG pipeline combining Neo4j knowledge graphs with FAISS vector search and an LLM for answer generation.

← Back to guidelines

Cardiology486 papers

Viral pericarditis with pericardial effusion

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Viral pericarditis with pericardial effusion is an inflammatory condition characterized by fluid accumulation around the heart, often secondary to viral infections, leading to potential cardiac tamponade and hemodynamic instability. 13 25

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Chest pain, fever, dyspnea, and signs of cardiac tamponade.

Echocardiography: Essential for detecting pericardial effusion and assessing for tamponade.

Cytopathology: Utilize the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (TIS) for fluid analysis. 1

Imaging: Cardiac MRI or CT may help in identifying underlying causes or complications. 5 39

Laboratory Tests: Elevated inflammatory markers and specific serology for suspected viral etiologies. 16

Management

First-Line:

- Pericardiocentesis: Emergency procedure for tamponade or symptomatic relief. 2 6 33 44 - Antibiotics: If bacterial co-infection is suspected.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Corticosteroids: For managing inflammation in idiopathic or autoimmune causes (dose not specified). 15 - Percutaneous Balloon Pericardiotomy: For recurrent massive effusions. 4 - Pericardial Window: Surgical intervention for recurrent effusions or malignant effusions. 9 43 - 5-Fluorouracil: For malignant effusions, though efficacy varies. 36

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Idiopathic effusions common; pericardiocentesis is frequently required. 12 14 70

Elderly: Higher risk of complications; careful monitoring and management essential. 16

Comorbidities: Presence of advanced malignancies may necessitate palliative approaches like pericardial window or catheter drainage. 3 23 40

Key Recommendations

Perform echocardiography for diagnosis and monitoring of pericardial effusion and tamponade (Evidence: Strong 2 5 33).

Initiate pericardiocentesis in cases of hemodynamic instability or significant symptoms (Evidence: Strong 2 6).

Consider corticosteroids for idiopathic or autoimmune causes of pericarditis (Evidence: Moderate 15).

Use percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy for recurrent massive effusions as a less invasive alternative (Evidence: Moderate 4).

Evaluate for underlying malignancies in adults with large effusions, especially if recurrent (Evidence: Moderate 3 40).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 304 indexed papers.

1 Arshia A, Kalfert D, Kholová I. Navigating the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology in pericardial effusion: A meta-analysis. Cancer cytopathology 2026. link 2 Donaldson C, Alzahrani A, de Abreu MG, Levasseur J, Tabah J, Alotaibi S et al.. Bedside Pericardiocentesis and Pericardial Drain Placement by Critical Care Physicians After Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2026. link 3 Yu J, Tantraworasin A, Laohathai S. Effect of the primary tumor on outcomes after the pleuropericardial window in malignant pericardial effusion. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2026. link 4 Kıvrak A, Zekeriyayev S, Canpolat U, Hajizade F, Deniz Ç, Çöteli C et al.. Percutaneous Balloon Pericardiotomy: A Safe and Effective Approach for Managing Recurrent Massive Pericardial Effusion. Angiology 2026. link 5 Gajjar RA, Kafil TS, Luis SA. Role of Multimodal Cardiac Imaging in Pericardial Effusions and Tamponade. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 2026. link 6 Ünlü L, Margenfeld F, Zendehdel A, Griese JA, Poilliot A, Müller-Gerbl M et al.. Ultrasound-guided Emergency Pericardiocentesis Simulation on Human Cadavers: A Scoping Review. The western journal of emergency medicine 2025. link 7 Ren G, Huang P, Ding Y, Ma X. Risk of drug-induced pericardial effusion: a disproportionality analysis of the FAERS database. BMC pharmacology & toxicology 2025. link 8 Gupta AK, Bamimore MA, Haber R, Williams G, Piguet V, Talukder M. The Role of Patient- and Drug-Related Factors in Oral Minoxidil and Pericardial Effusion: Analyses of Data From the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. Journal of cosmetic dermatology 2025. link 9 Carvalho EA, Oliveira RENDN, Ribeiro JHA, Gross JL, Galhardo CAV, Neto HFEC et al.. Recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology for the Treatment of Neoplastic Pericardial Effusion. Journal of surgical oncology 2025. link 10 Sami SZ, Hasan M, Murtaza M, Hanif ZM, Nazir A. Letter to the editor: Role of extracorporeal life support for traumatic hemopericardium: A single level I trauma center review. Injury 2025. link 11 Ganta AG, Desta WT. Infected congenital pericardial cyst with mass effect on adjacent structures, a rare presentation in an infant in LMIC setting: a case report and review of literature. BMC pediatrics 2025. link 12 Ribeiro ER, Hurtado CG, Knapp T, Maul TM, Nelson JS. Idiopathic Pericardial Effusions in Children: Workup and Final Diagnoses. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 13 Hori K, Kato Y, Suzuki S, Hirota N, Arita T, Yagi N et al.. Descriptions of Etiology, Clinical Course, and Prognosis of Patients Presenting with Pericardial Effusion. International heart journal 2024. link 14 Herron C, Forbes TJ, Kobayashi D. Pericardiocentesis in children: 20-year experience at a tertiary children's hospital. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 15 Mizumoto M, Masaki N, Sai S. Efficacy of Short-Term Oral Prednisolone Treatment in the Management of Pericardial Effusion Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Pediatric cardiology 2022. link 16 Pradhan A, Vishwakarma P, Bhandari M, Sethi R, Snigdha B, Narain VS et al.. Demographic, clinical and etiological profile of pericardial effusion in India: A single centre experience. The Indian journal of tuberculosis 2022. link 17 Lazaros G, Vlachopoulos C, Lazarou E, Tsioufis K. New Approaches to Management of Pericardial Effusions. Current cardiology reports 2021. link 18 Pezeshki B, Boodaie B, Kessel M, Grewal E, Alexander D. A Novel, Reusable, Ultrasound-Guided Pericardiocentesis Simulation Model. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2021. link 19 Lord S, Lord G, Geary SP. A Novel, Low-cost, Low-fidelity Pericardiocentesis Teaching Model. The western journal of emergency medicine 2021. link 20 Cheong XP, Law LKP, Seow SC, Tay LWE, Tan HC, Yeo WT et al.. Causes and prognosis of symptomatic pericardial effusions treated by pericardiocentesis in an Asian academic medical centre. Singapore medical journal 2020. link 21 Rathore K, Yussouf R, Teh M, Jindal S, Wong D, Newman M. Left Atrial Anastomosing Hemangioma Causing Recurrent Pericardial Effusion. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2020. link 22 Carvajal JL, Case JB, Mayhew PD, Runge J, Singh A, Townsend S et al.. Outcome in dogs with presumptive idiopathic pericardial effusion after thoracoscopic pericardectomy and pericardioscopy. Veterinary surgery : VS 2019. link 23 McGehee E, Gerber DE, Reisch J, Dowell JE. Treatment and Outcomes of Primary Pericardial Mesothelioma: A Contemporary Review of 103 Published Cases. Clinical lung cancer 2019. link 24 Imazio M, Lazaros G, Valenti A, De Carlini CC, Maggiolini S, Pivetta E et al.. Outcomes of idiopathic chronic large pericardial effusion. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2019. link 25 Sinnaeve PR, Adriaenssens T. A contemporary look at pericardiocentesis. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2019. link 26 Park CY, McGonigle NC. Single-Port Thoracoscopic Pericardial Window Under Local Anesthesia. Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2018. link 27 Bolin EH, Tang X, Lang SM, Daily JA, Collins RT. Characteristics of Non-postoperative Pediatric Pericardial Effusion: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS). Pediatric cardiology 2018. link 28 Gecmen C, Gecmen GG, Ece D, Kahyaoğlu M, Kalayci A, Karabay CY et al.. Cytopathology of pericardial effusions : Experience from a tertiary center of cardiology. Herz 2018. link 29 Huang JF, Hsieh FJ, Fu CY, Liao CH. Non-operative management is feasible for selected blunt trauma patients with pericardial effusion. Injury 2018. link 30 Craigie M, Meehan L, Harper J. Tip Migration Post-Contrast Pressure Injection Through Pressure-Injectable Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters Causing Vascular Injury: A Report of 3 Cases. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2018. link 31 Hoit BD. Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade in the New Millennium. Current cardiology reports 2017. link 32 De Ridder M, Kitshoff A, Devriendt N, Or M, Rubio-Guzman A, de Rooster H. Transdiaphragmatic pericardiectomy in dogs. The Veterinary record 2017. link 33 Battistoni I, Marini M, Angelini L, Francioni M, Gili A, Moretti S et al.. Safety and efficacy of non-continuous echocardiography-guided pericardiocentesis: a single-center study of 478 patients. Minerva cardioangiologica 2017. link 34 Akyuz S, Zengin A, Arugaslan E, Yazici S, Onuk T, Ceylan US et al.. Echo-guided pericardiocentesis in patients with clinically significant pericardial effusion. Outcomes over a 10-year period. Herz 2015. link 35 Ho MY, Wang JL, Lin YS, Mao CT, Tsai ML, Wen MS et al.. Pericardiocentesis adverse event risk factors: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Cardiology 2015. link 36 Ji YL, Li RZ, Xue LF, Li P, Liang XH, Dong L et al.. Therapeutic effects of 5-fluorouracil sustained-release particles in 81 malignant pericardial effusion patients. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences 2015. link 37 Khosraviani K, Goldberg Y, Salari B, Nezami N, Peng CF, Taub CC. The Biplane Modified Simpson's Method Accurately Estimates Pericardial Effusion Volume: A Comparison with Pericardiocentesis. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2015. link 38 Chew H, Shetty P, Elahi M, Akhunji Z. A case of spontaneous chylous pericardial effusion in Poland syndrome. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2014. link 39 Abdallah R, Atar S. Etiology and characteristics of large symptomatic pericardial effusion in a community hospital in the contemporary era. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians 2014. link 40 Tan JX, Fu Y, Chen J. Primary idiopathic chylopericardium: a case report. Cardiology in the young 2013. link 41 Mirhosseini SM, Fakhri M, Mozaffary A, Lotfaliany M, Behzadnia N, Ansari Aval Z et al.. Risk factors affecting the survival rate in patients with symptomatic pericardial effusion undergoing surgical intervention. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2013. link 42 Potter BJ, Quan VH, Masson JB. The fluoroscopic swinging heart: a rare sight for the modern interventionalist. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2013. link 43 Imazio M, Adler Y. Management of pericardial effusion. European heart journal 2013. link 44 Ruiz-García J, Jiménez-Valero S, Moreno R, Galeote G, Sánchez-Recalde Á, Calvo L et al.. Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy as the initial and definitive treatment for malignant pericardial effusion. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2013. link 45 Inboriboon PC, Lumlertgul S. A cadaveric model for pericardiocentesis training. The Journal of emergency medicine 2013. link 46 Hwang DS, Kim SJ, Shin ES, Lee SG. The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as a predictor of disease progression in patients with pericardial effusion. International journal of cardiology 2012. link 47 Chauhan A, Khaja MS, Chauhan V, Hallett RL, Miller J, Musunuru H et al.. An unusual cause of dysphagia: pericardial effusion after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement. The Journal of emergency medicine 2012. link 48 Jaussaud N, Boignard A, Durand M, Bach V, Porcu P, Hacini R et al.. Percutaneous drainage of postoperative pericardial effusion in cardiac surgery. Journal of interventional cardiology 2012. link 49 Karatolios K, Pankuweit S, Goettsch C, Hofbauer LC, Timmesfeld N, Al-Fakhri N et al.. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) levels in malignant and benign pericardial effusions. Clinical biochemistry 2012. link 50 Ma W, Liu J, Zeng Y, Chen S, Zheng Y, Ye S et al.. Causes of moderate to large pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis in 140 Han Chinese patients. Herz 2012. link 51 Mensi C, Giacomini S, Sieno C, Consonni D, Riboldi L. Pericardial mesothelioma and asbestos exposure. International journal of hygiene and environmental health 2011. link 52 Siniorakis E, Arvanitakis S, Samaras A, Tsika L, Pamouki S, Exadactylos N. Tricuspid annular respirophasic velocities in imminent tamponade. International journal of cardiology 2011. link 53 Muhammad MI. The pericardial window: is a video-assisted thoracoscopy approach better than a surgical approach?. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2011. link 54 Weiss SA, Anderson AS, Raman J, Jolly N. Postoperative pericardial calcification causing diastolic coronary compression. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2010. link 55 Thomson TL, Levine M, Muraskas JK, El-Zein C. Pericardial effusion in a preterm infant resulting from umbilical venous catheter placement. Pediatric cardiology 2010. link 56 Motas C, Motas N, Rus O, Horvat T. Left paraxiphoidian approach for drainage of pericardial effusions. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2010. link 57 Choo TL, Wong KY, Chen CK, Tan TH. Successful drainage of a traumatic haemopericardium with pericardiocentesis through an intercostal approach. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA 2010. link 58 Velchev V, Finkov B. Case report: Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy using Inoue balloon for patients with massive pericardial effusion. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 59 Mateja C, Mishkin J, George M, Chheda H, Guglin M. False positive stress-test in a patient with pericardial effusion. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 60 Zhengrong W, Yun Z, Fuchun Z. Primary malignant pericardial sarcoma. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 61 MacDonald KA, Cagney O, Magne ML. Echocardiographic and clinicopathologic characterization of pericardial effusion in dogs: 107 cases (1985-2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2009. link 62 Manca G, Codecasa R, Valeri A, Braconi L, Giunti G, Tedone A et al.. Totally endoscopic subxiphoid pericardioscopy: early steps with a new surgical tool. Surgical endoscopy 2009. link 63 Hermens JA, Wajon EM, Grandjean JG, Haalebos MM, von Birgelen C. Delayed cardiac tamponade in a patient with previous minor blunt chest trauma. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 64 Messas E, Szymanski C, Fabiani JN, Desnos M, Hagege A. Pericardial effusion causing echocardiographic mimicking of left intra-atrial thrombus. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2009. link 65 Kim SH, Song JM, Jung IH, Kim MJ, Kang DH, Song JK. Initial echocardiographic characteristics of pericardial effusion determine the pericardial complications. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 66 Balmain S, Hawkins NM, MacDonald MR, Dunn FG, Petrie MC. Pericardiocentesis practice in the United Kingdom. International journal of clinical practice 2008. link 67 Fusco FP, De Carolis MP, Costa S, De Rosa G, Zambraro A, Romagnoli C. Cardiac complications in preterm infants with percutaneous long lines: the importance of early diagnosis. Resuscitation 2008. link 68 de Souza Paolino B, Benchimol-Barbosa PR, Muniz RT, Manhães PS, de Mendonça RG, Yunes EA et al.. Large pericardial effusion due to peritoneopericardial fistula. International journal of cardiology 2008. link 69 Askew JW, Christenson SD. Abnormalities on cardiac planar projection and tomographic images: focus on pericardial effusions. International journal of cardiology 2008. link 70 Kühn B, Peters J, Marx GR, Breitbart RE. Etiology, management, and outcome of pediatric pericardial effusions. Pediatric cardiology 2008. link 71 Santos C, Montesinos J, Castañer E, Sole JM, Baga R. Primary pericardial mesothelioma. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2008. link 72 Patanè F, Sansone F, Centofanti P, Rinaldi M. Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after pericardiocentesis. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2008. link 73 Chuang WP, Chiu KM. Pigtail slip-knot catches the heart. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2007. link 74 Kennedy UM, Mahony NJ. A cadaveric study of complications associated with the subxiphoid and transthoracic approaches to emergency pericardiocentesis. European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine 2006. link 75 Boston SE, Moens NM, Martin DM. Idiopathic primary chylopericardium in a dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2006. link 76 Mood G, Shaaraoui M, Allareddy R, Smith D, Rodriguez L, Hammer D et al.. Chylous pericardial effusion after minimally invasive mitral valve repair. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2006. link 77 Toh U, Fujii T, Seki N, Niiya F, Shirouzu K, Yamana H. Characterization of IL-2-activated TILs and their use in intrapericardial immunotherapy in malignant pericardial effusion. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 2006. link 78 Marcy PY, Bondiau PY, Brunner P. Percutaneous treatment in patients presenting with malignant cardiac tamponade. European radiology 2005. link 79 Hayavadana Rao PV, Raveenthiran V. Choice of drainage procedure in paediatric pyopericardium: a 30-year experience. Tropical doctor 2005. link 80 Cohen M, Johnson T, Hoyer M. The high-riding superior aortic recess of the pericardium: MRI visualization in a child. Pediatric radiology 2005. link 81 de Laforcade AM, Freeman LM, Rozanski EA, Rush JE. Biochemical analysis of pericardial fluid and whole blood in dogs with pericardial effusion. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 2005. link19[833:baopfa]2.0.co;2) 82 Stafford Johnson M, Martin M, Binns S, Day MJ. A retrospective study of clinical findings, treatment and outcome in 143 dogs with pericardial effusion. The Journal of small animal practice 2004. link 83 Tomkowski WZ, Wiśniewska J, Szturmowicz M, Kuca P, Burakowski J, Kober J et al.. Evaluation of intrapericardial cisplatin administration in cases with recurrent malignant pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 2004. link 84 Erdöl H, Erdöl C, Baykan M, Kola M, Akyol N, Kaplan S. The effect of the aspiration of pericardial effusion on intraocular pressure. Acta cardiologica 2003. link 85 Stringel G, Ouzounian SP, Napoleon L, Permut LC, Golombek SG. Thoracoscopic pericardial window creation and thoracic duct ligation in neonates. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons 2003. link 86 Kudo Y, Yamasaki F, Doi T, Doi Y, Sugiura T. Clinical significance of low voltage in asymptomatic patients with pericardial effusion free of heart disease. Chest 2003. link 87 Cherian G, Uthaman B, Habashy AG, Salama AL, George S. Large pericardial effusion: the differentiation of tuberculous from chronic idiopathic effusion. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2003. link 88 Yuan Z, Johnston M. Lymphatic transport of pericardial effusate in sheep. Microvascular research 2002. link 89 Eren NT, Akar AR. Primary pericardial mesothelioma. Current treatment options in oncology 2002. link 90 Totaro P, Lorusso R, Ceconi C, Zogno M. Transperitoneal approach for pericardial drainage. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 2002. link 91 Totté E, Hee R, Brabant P, Wollaert B, Gheuens E, Declerck S et al.. Laparoscopic transabdominal pericardial window: new standard in the treatment of recurrent pericardial effusion complicated by cardiac tamponade. Surgical endoscopy 2002. link 92 Campione A, Cacchiarelli M, Ghiribelli C, Caloni V, D'Agata A, Gotti G. Which treatment in pericardial effusion?. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 2002. link 93 Saklayen M, Anne VV, Lapuz M. Pericardial effusion leading to acute renal failure: two case reports and discussion of pathophysiology. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2002. link 94 van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P. How to diagnose cardiac tamponade. The Netherlands journal of medicine 2002. link 95 Sidley JA, Atkins CE, Keene BW, DeFrancesco TC. Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy as a treatment for recurrent pericardial effusion in 6 dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 2002. link016<0541:pbpaat>2.3.co;2) 96 Mandavia DP, Hoffner RJ, Mahaney K, Henderson SO. Bedside echocardiography by emergency physicians. Annals of emergency medicine 2001. link 97 Gould JC, Schurr MA. Tension pneumopericardium after blunt chest trauma. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2001. link02647-9) 98 Bagtharia R, Kempley ST, Hla TM. Acute neonatal collapse resulting from pericardial effusion. European journal of pediatrics 2001. link 99 Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Fernandes F, Ianni BM, Rohr SS, Bernardelli IM, Jatene FB et al.. Video-assisted pericardioscopy. How to improve diagnostic efficacy in pericardial effusions. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2001. link 100 Jinks J. Pericardial effusion in a mixed breed dog. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne 2001. link

Original source

[1]
Navigating the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology in pericardial effusion: A meta-analysis. — Arshia A, Kalfert D, Kholová I Cancer cytopathology (2026)
[2]
Bedside Pericardiocentesis and Pericardial Drain Placement by Critical Care Physicians After Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis. — Donaldson C, Alzahrani A, de Abreu MG, Levasseur J, Tabah J, Alotaibi S et al. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia (2026)
[3]
Effect of the primary tumor on outcomes after the pleuropericardial window in malignant pericardial effusion. — Yu J, Tantraworasin A, Laohathai S Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals (2026)
[4]
Percutaneous Balloon Pericardiotomy: A Safe and Effective Approach for Managing Recurrent Massive Pericardial Effusion. — Kıvrak A, Zekeriyayev S, Canpolat U, Hajizade F, Deniz Ç, Çöteli C et al. Angiology (2026)
[5]
Role of Multimodal Cardiac Imaging in Pericardial Effusions and Tamponade. — Gajjar RA, Kafil TS, Luis SA Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal (2026)
[6]
Ultrasound-guided Emergency Pericardiocentesis Simulation on Human Cadavers: A Scoping Review. — Ünlü L, Margenfeld F, Zendehdel A, Griese JA, Poilliot A, Müller-Gerbl M et al. The western journal of emergency medicine (2025)
[7]
Risk of drug-induced pericardial effusion: a disproportionality analysis of the FAERS database. — Ren G, Huang P, Ding Y, Ma X BMC pharmacology & toxicology (2025)
[8]
The Role of Patient- and Drug-Related Factors in Oral Minoxidil and Pericardial Effusion: Analyses of Data From the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System. — Gupta AK, Bamimore MA, Haber R, Williams G, Piguet V, Talukder M Journal of cosmetic dermatology (2025)
[9]
Recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology for the Treatment of Neoplastic Pericardial Effusion. — Carvalho EA, Oliveira RENDN, Ribeiro JHA, Gross JL, Galhardo CAV, Neto HFEC et al. Journal of surgical oncology (2025)
[10]
Letter to the editor: Role of extracorporeal life support for traumatic hemopericardium: A single level I trauma center review. — Sami SZ, Hasan M, Murtaza M, Hanif ZM, Nazir A Injury (2025)
[11]
Infected congenital pericardial cyst with mass effect on adjacent structures, a rare presentation in an infant in LMIC setting: a case report and review of literature. — Ganta AG, Desta WT BMC pediatrics (2025)
[12]
Idiopathic Pericardial Effusions in Children: Workup and Final Diagnoses. — Ribeiro ER, Hurtado CG, Knapp T, Maul TM, Nelson JS Pediatric cardiology (2024)
[13]
Descriptions of Etiology, Clinical Course, and Prognosis of Patients Presenting with Pericardial Effusion. — Hori K, Kato Y, Suzuki S, Hirota N, Arita T, Yagi N et al. International heart journal (2024)
[14]
Pericardiocentesis in children: 20-year experience at a tertiary children's hospital. — Herron C, Forbes TJ, Kobayashi D Cardiology in the young (2022)
[15]
Efficacy of Short-Term Oral Prednisolone Treatment in the Management of Pericardial Effusion Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. — Mizumoto M, Masaki N, Sai S Pediatric cardiology (2022)
[16]
Demographic, clinical and etiological profile of pericardial effusion in India: A single centre experience. — Pradhan A, Vishwakarma P, Bhandari M, Sethi R, Snigdha B, Narain VS et al. The Indian journal of tuberculosis (2022)
[17]
New Approaches to Management of Pericardial Effusions. — Lazaros G, Vlachopoulos C, Lazarou E, Tsioufis K Current cardiology reports (2021)
[18]
A Novel, Reusable, Ultrasound-Guided Pericardiocentesis Simulation Model. — Pezeshki B, Boodaie B, Kessel M, Grewal E, Alexander D Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (2021)
[19]
A Novel, Low-cost, Low-fidelity Pericardiocentesis Teaching Model. — Lord S, Lord G, Geary SP The western journal of emergency medicine (2021)
[20]
Causes and prognosis of symptomatic pericardial effusions treated by pericardiocentesis in an Asian academic medical centre. — Cheong XP, Law LKP, Seow SC, Tay LWE, Tan HC, Yeo WT et al. Singapore medical journal (2020)
[21]
Left Atrial Anastomosing Hemangioma Causing Recurrent Pericardial Effusion. — Rathore K, Yussouf R, Teh M, Jindal S, Wong D, Newman M The Annals of thoracic surgery (2020)
[22]
Outcome in dogs with presumptive idiopathic pericardial effusion after thoracoscopic pericardectomy and pericardioscopy. — Carvajal JL, Case JB, Mayhew PD, Runge J, Singh A, Townsend S et al. Veterinary surgery : VS (2019)
[23]
Treatment and Outcomes of Primary Pericardial Mesothelioma: A Contemporary Review of 103 Published Cases. — McGehee E, Gerber DE, Reisch J, Dowell JE Clinical lung cancer (2019)
[24]
Outcomes of idiopathic chronic large pericardial effusion. — Imazio M, Lazaros G, Valenti A, De Carlini CC, Maggiolini S, Pivetta E et al. Heart (British Cardiac Society) (2019)
[25]
A contemporary look at pericardiocentesis. — Sinnaeve PR, Adriaenssens T Trends in cardiovascular medicine (2019)
[26]
Single-Port Thoracoscopic Pericardial Window Under Local Anesthesia. — Park CY, McGonigle NC Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2018)
[27]
Characteristics of Non-postoperative Pediatric Pericardial Effusion: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS). — Bolin EH, Tang X, Lang SM, Daily JA, Collins RT Pediatric cardiology (2018)
[28]
Cytopathology of pericardial effusions : Experience from a tertiary center of cardiology. — Gecmen C, Gecmen GG, Ece D, Kahyaoğlu M, Kalayci A, Karabay CY et al. Herz (2018)
[29]
Non-operative management is feasible for selected blunt trauma patients with pericardial effusion. — Huang JF, Hsieh FJ, Fu CY, Liao CH Injury (2018)
[30]
Tip Migration Post-Contrast Pressure Injection Through Pressure-Injectable Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters Causing Vascular Injury: A Report of 3 Cases. — Craigie M, Meehan L, Harper J Cardiovascular and interventional radiology (2018)
[31]
Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade in the New Millennium. — Hoit BD Current cardiology reports (2017)
[32]
Transdiaphragmatic pericardiectomy in dogs. — De Ridder M, Kitshoff A, Devriendt N, Or M, Rubio-Guzman A, de Rooster H The Veterinary record (2017)
[33]
Safety and efficacy of non-continuous echocardiography-guided pericardiocentesis: a single-center study of 478 patients. — Battistoni I, Marini M, Angelini L, Francioni M, Gili A, Moretti S et al. Minerva cardioangiologica (2017)
[34]
Echo-guided pericardiocentesis in patients with clinically significant pericardial effusion. Outcomes over a 10-year period. — Akyuz S, Zengin A, Arugaslan E, Yazici S, Onuk T, Ceylan US et al. Herz (2015)
[35]
Pericardiocentesis adverse event risk factors: a nationwide population-based cohort study. — Ho MY, Wang JL, Lin YS, Mao CT, Tsai ML, Wen MS et al. Cardiology (2015)
[36]
Therapeutic effects of 5-fluorouracil sustained-release particles in 81 malignant pericardial effusion patients. — Ji YL, Li RZ, Xue LF, Li P, Liang XH, Dong L et al. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences (2015)
[37]
The Biplane Modified Simpson's Method Accurately Estimates Pericardial Effusion Volume: A Comparison with Pericardiocentesis. — Khosraviani K, Goldberg Y, Salari B, Nezami N, Peng CF, Taub CC Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2015)
[38]
A case of spontaneous chylous pericardial effusion in Poland syndrome. — Chew H, Shetty P, Elahi M, Akhunji Z General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2014)
[39]
Etiology and characteristics of large symptomatic pericardial effusion in a community hospital in the contemporary era. — Abdallah R, Atar S QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians (2014)
[40]
Primary idiopathic chylopericardium: a case report. — Tan JX, Fu Y, Chen J Cardiology in the young (2013)
[41]
Risk factors affecting the survival rate in patients with symptomatic pericardial effusion undergoing surgical intervention. — Mirhosseini SM, Fakhri M, Mozaffary A, Lotfaliany M, Behzadnia N, Ansari Aval Z et al. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery (2013)
[42]
The fluoroscopic swinging heart: a rare sight for the modern interventionalist. — Potter BJ, Quan VH, Masson JB The Canadian journal of cardiology (2013)
[43]
Management of pericardial effusion. — Imazio M, Adler Y European heart journal (2013)
[44]
Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy as the initial and definitive treatment for malignant pericardial effusion. — Ruiz-García J, Jiménez-Valero S, Moreno R, Galeote G, Sánchez-Recalde Á, Calvo L et al. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) (2013)
[45]
A cadaveric model for pericardiocentesis training. — Inboriboon PC, Lumlertgul S The Journal of emergency medicine (2013)
[46]
The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as a predictor of disease progression in patients with pericardial effusion. — Hwang DS, Kim SJ, Shin ES, Lee SG International journal of cardiology (2012)
[47]
An unusual cause of dysphagia: pericardial effusion after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement. — Chauhan A, Khaja MS, Chauhan V, Hallett RL, Miller J, Musunuru H et al. The Journal of emergency medicine (2012)
[48]
Percutaneous drainage of postoperative pericardial effusion in cardiac surgery. — Jaussaud N, Boignard A, Durand M, Bach V, Porcu P, Hacini R et al. Journal of interventional cardiology (2012)
[49]
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) levels in malignant and benign pericardial effusions. — Karatolios K, Pankuweit S, Goettsch C, Hofbauer LC, Timmesfeld N, Al-Fakhri N et al. Clinical biochemistry (2012)
[50]
Causes of moderate to large pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis in 140 Han Chinese patients. — Ma W, Liu J, Zeng Y, Chen S, Zheng Y, Ye S et al. Herz (2012)
[51]
Pericardial mesothelioma and asbestos exposure. — Mensi C, Giacomini S, Sieno C, Consonni D, Riboldi L International journal of hygiene and environmental health (2011)
[52]
Tricuspid annular respirophasic velocities in imminent tamponade. — Siniorakis E, Arvanitakis S, Samaras A, Tsika L, Pamouki S, Exadactylos N International journal of cardiology (2011)
[53]
The pericardial window: is a video-assisted thoracoscopy approach better than a surgical approach? — Muhammad MI Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery (2011)
[54]
Postoperative pericardial calcification causing diastolic coronary compression. — Weiss SA, Anderson AS, Raman J, Jolly N The Annals of thoracic surgery (2010)
[55]
Pericardial effusion in a preterm infant resulting from umbilical venous catheter placement. — Thomson TL, Levine M, Muraskas JK, El-Zein C Pediatric cardiology (2010)
[56]
Left paraxiphoidian approach for drainage of pericardial effusions. — Motas C, Motas N, Rus O, Horvat T Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery (2010)
[57]
Successful drainage of a traumatic haemopericardium with pericardiocentesis through an intercostal approach. — Choo TL, Wong KY, Chen CK, Tan TH Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA (2010)
[58]
Case report: Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy using Inoue balloon for patients with massive pericardial effusion. — Velchev V, Finkov B International journal of cardiology (2010)
[59]
False positive stress-test in a patient with pericardial effusion. — Mateja C, Mishkin J, George M, Chheda H, Guglin M International journal of cardiology (2009)
[60]
Primary malignant pericardial sarcoma. — Zhengrong W, Yun Z, Fuchun Z International journal of cardiology (2009)
[61]
Echocardiographic and clinicopathologic characterization of pericardial effusion in dogs: 107 cases (1985-2006). — MacDonald KA, Cagney O, Magne ML Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2009)
[62]
Totally endoscopic subxiphoid pericardioscopy: early steps with a new surgical tool. — Manca G, Codecasa R, Valeri A, Braconi L, Giunti G, Tedone A et al. Surgical endoscopy (2009)
[63]
Delayed cardiac tamponade in a patient with previous minor blunt chest trauma. — Hermens JA, Wajon EM, Grandjean JG, Haalebos MM, von Birgelen C International journal of cardiology (2009)
[64]
Pericardial effusion causing echocardiographic mimicking of left intra-atrial thrombus. — Messas E, Szymanski C, Fabiani JN, Desnos M, Hagege A European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology (2009)
[65]
Initial echocardiographic characteristics of pericardial effusion determine the pericardial complications. — Kim SH, Song JM, Jung IH, Kim MJ, Kang DH, Song JK International journal of cardiology (2009)
[66]
Pericardiocentesis practice in the United Kingdom. — Balmain S, Hawkins NM, MacDonald MR, Dunn FG, Petrie MC International journal of clinical practice (2008)
[67]
Cardiac complications in preterm infants with percutaneous long lines: the importance of early diagnosis. — Fusco FP, De Carolis MP, Costa S, De Rosa G, Zambraro A, Romagnoli C Resuscitation (2008)
[68]
Large pericardial effusion due to peritoneopericardial fistula. — de Souza Paolino B, Benchimol-Barbosa PR, Muniz RT, Manhães PS, de Mendonça RG, Yunes EA et al. International journal of cardiology (2008)
[69]
Abnormalities on cardiac planar projection and tomographic images: focus on pericardial effusions. — Askew JW, Christenson SD International journal of cardiology (2008)
[70]
Etiology, management, and outcome of pediatric pericardial effusions. — Kühn B, Peters J, Marx GR, Breitbart RE Pediatric cardiology (2008)
[71]
Primary pericardial mesothelioma. — Santos C, Montesinos J, Castañer E, Sole JM, Baga R Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2008)
[72]
Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after pericardiocentesis. — Patanè F, Sansone F, Centofanti P, Rinaldi M Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery (2008)
[73]
Pigtail slip-knot catches the heart. — Chuang WP, Chiu KM Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions (2007)
[74]
A cadaveric study of complications associated with the subxiphoid and transthoracic approaches to emergency pericardiocentesis. — Kennedy UM, Mahony NJ European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine (2006)
[75]
Idiopathic primary chylopericardium in a dog. — Boston SE, Moens NM, Martin DM Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2006)
[76]
Chylous pericardial effusion after minimally invasive mitral valve repair. — Mood G, Shaaraoui M, Allareddy R, Smith D, Rodriguez L, Hammer D et al. The Annals of thoracic surgery (2006)
[77]
Characterization of IL-2-activated TILs and their use in intrapericardial immunotherapy in malignant pericardial effusion. — Toh U, Fujii T, Seki N, Niiya F, Shirouzu K, Yamana H Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII (2006)
[78]
Percutaneous treatment in patients presenting with malignant cardiac tamponade. — Marcy PY, Bondiau PY, Brunner P European radiology (2005)
[79]
Choice of drainage procedure in paediatric pyopericardium: a 30-year experience. — Hayavadana Rao PV, Raveenthiran V Tropical doctor (2005)
[80]
The high-riding superior aortic recess of the pericardium: MRI visualization in a child. — Cohen M, Johnson T, Hoyer M Pediatric radiology (2005)
[81]
Biochemical analysis of pericardial fluid and whole blood in dogs with pericardial effusion. — de Laforcade AM, Freeman LM, Rozanski EA, Rush JE Journal of veterinary internal medicine (2005)
[82]
A retrospective study of clinical findings, treatment and outcome in 143 dogs with pericardial effusion. — Stafford Johnson M, Martin M, Binns S, Day MJ The Journal of small animal practice (2004)
[83]
Evaluation of intrapericardial cisplatin administration in cases with recurrent malignant pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. — Tomkowski WZ, Wiśniewska J, Szturmowicz M, Kuca P, Burakowski J, Kober J et al. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (2004)
[84]
The effect of the aspiration of pericardial effusion on intraocular pressure. — Erdöl H, Erdöl C, Baykan M, Kola M, Akyol N, Kaplan S Acta cardiologica (2003)
[85]
Thoracoscopic pericardial window creation and thoracic duct ligation in neonates. — Stringel G, Ouzounian SP, Napoleon L, Permut LC, Golombek SG JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons (2003)
[86]
Clinical significance of low voltage in asymptomatic patients with pericardial effusion free of heart disease. — Kudo Y, Yamasaki F, Doi T, Doi Y, Sugiura T Chest (2003)
[87]
Large pericardial effusion: the differentiation of tuberculous from chronic idiopathic effusion. — Cherian G, Uthaman B, Habashy AG, Salama AL, George S The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India (2003)
[88]
Lymphatic transport of pericardial effusate in sheep. — Yuan Z, Johnston M Microvascular research (2002)
[89]
Primary pericardial mesothelioma. — Eren NT, Akar AR Current treatment options in oncology (2002)
[90]
Transperitoneal approach for pericardial drainage. — Totaro P, Lorusso R, Ceconi C, Zogno M The Journal of cardiovascular surgery (2002)
[91]
Laparoscopic transabdominal pericardial window: new standard in the treatment of recurrent pericardial effusion complicated by cardiac tamponade. — Totté E, Hee R, Brabant P, Wollaert B, Gheuens E, Declerck S et al. Surgical endoscopy (2002)
[92]
Which treatment in pericardial effusion? — Campione A, Cacchiarelli M, Ghiribelli C, Caloni V, D'Agata A, Gotti G The Journal of cardiovascular surgery (2002)
[93]
Pericardial effusion leading to acute renal failure: two case reports and discussion of pathophysiology. — Saklayen M, Anne VV, Lapuz M American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation (2002)
[94]
How to diagnose cardiac tamponade. — van Steijn JH, Sleijfer DT, van der Graaf WT, van der Sluis A, Nieboer P The Netherlands journal of medicine (2002)
[95]
Percutaneous balloon pericardiotomy as a treatment for recurrent pericardial effusion in 6 dogs. — Sidley JA, Atkins CE, Keene BW, DeFrancesco TC Journal of veterinary internal medicine (2002)
[96]
Bedside echocardiography by emergency physicians. — Mandavia DP, Hoffner RJ, Mahaney K, Henderson SO Annals of emergency medicine (2001)
[97]
Tension pneumopericardium after blunt chest trauma. — Gould JC, Schurr MA The Annals of thoracic surgery (2001)
[98]
Acute neonatal collapse resulting from pericardial effusion. — Bagtharia R, Kempley ST, Hla TM European journal of pediatrics (2001)
[99]
Video-assisted pericardioscopy. How to improve diagnostic efficacy in pericardial effusions. — Pêgo-Fernandes PM, Fernandes F, Ianni BM, Rohr SS, Bernardelli IM, Jatene FB et al. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia (2001)
[100]
Pericardial effusion in a mixed breed dog. — Jinks J The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne (2001)

Share:Twitter Reddit LinkedIn