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Cardiology225 papers

Subendocardial ischemia

Last edited: 4/22/2026

Overview

Subendocardial ischemia refers to inadequate blood supply to the innermost layer of the heart muscle, often due to coronary artery disease, leading to impaired myocardial function and potential cell death if not promptly addressed. 24

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Symptoms: Chest pain, dyspnea, fatigue 24
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): ST-segment depression, T-wave inversion 24
  • Echocardiography: Wall motion abnormalities, reduced ejection fraction 5
  • Cardiac Biomarkers: Elevated troponin levels 5
  • Coronary Angiography: Visual confirmation of coronary artery stenosis 27
  • Tissue Doppler Imaging: Assessment of myocardial velocity and strain 5

    • Management

  • Pharmacological Interventions:
    • - Anti-ischemic Agents: Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers 24 - Antiplatelet Therapy: Aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors 27
  • Revascularization Procedures:
    • - Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI): Angioplasty and stenting 27 - Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG): For complex coronary artery disease 27
  • Lifestyle Modifications: Smoking cessation, diet modification, exercise 24

    • Special Populations

  • Elderly: Increased risk of complications; careful risk stratification and tailored revascularization strategies 24
  • Comorbidities: Presence of diabetes, hypertension may influence treatment choices and outcomes 24

    • Key Recommendations

  • Early Diagnosis and Prompt Revascularization: Initiate urgent coronary angiography and revascularization (PCI or CABG) in patients with significant symptoms and evidence of ischemia to improve outcomes. (Evidence: Strong 27)
  • Optimize Medical Therapy: Use of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and antiplatelet agents to reduce ischemia burden and prevent future events. (Evidence: Strong 24)
  • Consider Patient-Specific Factors: Tailor treatment plans considering age and comorbidities to minimize risks and maximize benefits. (Evidence: Moderate 24)

    • References

    1 Marquez-Romero JM, Sánchez-Ramírez KI. Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation for the treatment of cerebrovascular ischemia. Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society 2025. link 2 Leyba KA, Vasudevan S, O'Sullivan TD, Goergen CJ. Evaluation of Hemodynamics in a Murine Hindlimb Ischemia Model Using Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging. Lasers in surgery and medicine 2021. link 3 Wang F, Han J, Higashimori H, Wang J, Liu J, Tong L et al.. Long-term depression induced by endogenous cannabinoids produces neuroprotection via astroglial CB. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2019. link 4 Du X, Wang D, Li Y, Huo X, Li C, Lu J et al.. Newly breeding an inbred strain of ischemia-prone Mongolian gerbils and its reproduction and genetic characteristics. Experimental animals 2018. link 5 Olsen FJ, Jørgensen PG, Møgelvang R, Jensen JS, Fritz-Hansen T, Bech J et al.. Predicting Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Cerebrovascular Ischemia Using Tissue Doppler Imaging and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2016. link 6 Madineni A, Alhadidi Q, Shah ZA. Cofilin Inhibition Restores Neuronal Cell Death in Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Model of Ischemia. Molecular neurobiology 2016. link 7 Mani K, Campbell A, Fitzpatrick J, Modarai B, Carrell T, Rashid H et al.. A novel reverse thermosensitive polymer to achieve temporary atraumatic vessel occlusion in infra-popliteal bypasses. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery 2013. link 8 Mogami S, Suzuki H, Fukuhara S, Matsuzaki J, Kangawa K, Hibi T. Reduced ghrelin production induced anorexia after rat gastric ischemia and reperfusion. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 2012. link 9 Giaroni C, Zanetti E, Giuliani D, Oldrini R, Marchet S, Moro E et al.. Protein kinase C modulates NMDA receptors in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum during in vitro ischemia and reperfusion. Neurogastroenterology and motility 2011. link 10 Semenza GL. Vascular responses to hypoxia and ischemia. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2010. link 11 Suzuki S, Suzuki H, Horiguchi K, Tsugawa H, Matsuzaki J, Takagi T et al.. Delayed gastric emptying and disruption of the interstitial cells of Cajal network after gastric ischaemia and reperfusion. Neurogastroenterology and motility 2010. link 12 Varley I, Carter LM, Wales CJ, Warnock N, Whitfield PH. Ischaemia of the hand after harvest of a radial forearm flap. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery 2008. link 13 Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Borea PA. The A3 adenosine receptor: an enigmatic player in cell biology. Pharmacology & therapeutics 2008. link 14 Oehmann C, Benz S, Drognitz O, Pisarski P, Hopt UT, Obermaier R. Remote preconditioning reduces microcirculatory disorders in pancreatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pancreas 2007. link 15 Zou L, Sato N, Kone BC. Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone protects against H2O2-induced inhibition of wound restitution in IEC-6 cells via a Syk kinase- and NF-kappabeta-dependent mechanism. Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 2004. link 16 Abraham SC, Solem CA, Hauser SC, Smyrk TC. Chronic antral ulcer associated with gastroduodenal lymphocytic phlebitis. The American journal of surgical pathology 2004. link 17 Emanueli C, Van Linthout S, Salis MB, Monopoli A, Del Soldato P, Ongini E et al.. Nitric oxide-releasing aspirin derivative, NCX 4016, promotes reparative angiogenesis and prevents apoptosis and oxidative stress in a mouse model of peripheral ischemia. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2004. link 18 Blikslager AT. Treatment of gastrointestinal ischemic injury. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice 2003. link 19 Sáez-Valero J, González-García C, Ceña V. Acetylcholinesterase activation in organotypic rat hippocampal slice cultures deprived of oxygen and glucose. Neuroscience letters 2003. link00790-0) 20 Allen NJ, Attwell D. Modulation of ASIC channels in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons by ischaemia-related signals. The Journal of physiology 2002. link 21 Muñoz F, Martín ME, Manso-Tomico J, Berlanga J, Salinas M, Fando JL. Ischemia-induced phosphorylation of initiation factor 2 in differentiated PC12 cells: role for initiation factor 2 phosphatase. Journal of neurochemistry 2000. link 22 Takeishi Y, Abe Ji, Lee JD, Kawakatsu H, Walsh RA, Berk BC. Differential regulation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase and big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 by ischemia/reperfusion and oxidative stress in perfused guinea pig hearts. Circulation research 1999. link 23 Halterman MW, Federoff HJ. HIF-1alpha and p53 promote hypoxia-induced delayed neuronal death in models of CNS ischemia. Experimental neurology 1999. link 24 Hammerman C, Kaplan M. Ischemia and reperfusion injury. The ultimate pathophysiologic paradox. Clinics in perinatology 1998. link 25 Germann G, Drücke D, Steinau HU. Adhesion receptors and cytokine profiles in controlled tourniquet ischaemia in the upper extremity. Journal of hand surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) 1997. link80447-0) 26 Grau AJ, Buggle F, Ziegler C, Schwarz W, Meuser J, Tasman AJ et al.. Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Stroke 1997. link 27 Svendsen LB, Flink P, Wøjdemann M, Riber C, Mogensen T, Secher NH. Muscle oxygen saturation during surgery in the lithotomy position. Clinical physiology (Oxford, England) 1997. link 28 Gullo L, Cavicchi L, Tomassetti P, Spagnolo C, Freyrie A, D'Addato M. Effects of ischemia on the human pancreas. Gastroenterology 1996. link70072-0) 29 Takizawa S, Fujita H, Ogawa S, Shinohara Y. Carbon monoxide, a novel neural messenger, does not modulate extracellular glutamate concentration in forebrain ischemia. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 1996. link 30 Harris AG, Leiderer R, Peer F, Messmer K. Skeletal muscle microvascular and tissue injury after varying durations of ischemia. The American journal of physiology 1996. link 31 Pérez-Pinzón MA, Tao L, Nicholson C. Extracellular potassium, volume fraction, and tortuosity in rat hippocampal CA1, CA3, and cortical slices during ischemia. Journal of neurophysiology 1995. link 32 Mathieu-Costello O, Manciet LH, Tyml K. Capillary ultrastructure and functional capillary density. International journal of microcirculation, clinical and experimental 1995. link 33 Laptook AR, Corbett RJ, Sterett R, Garcia D, Tollefsbol G. Quantitative relationship between brain temperature and energy utilization rate measured in vivo using 31P and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pediatric research 1995. link 34 Shuaib A, Ijaz MS, Waqar T, Voll C, Kanthan R, Miyashita H et al.. Insulin elevates hippocampal GABA levels during ischemia. This is independent of its hypoglycemic effect. Neuroscience 1995. link00093-x) 35 Shin MS, Angel MF, Im MJ, Manson PN. Effects of 21-aminosteroid U74389F on skin-flap survival after secondary ischemia. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 1994. link 36 Kooij A, Schiller HJ, Schijns M, Van Noorden CJ, Frederiks WM. Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase into xanthine oxidase in rat liver and plasma at the onset of reperfusion after ischemia. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1994. link 37 Dacie JE, Goldin J. The value of interventional techniques in the management of symptomatic leg ischaemia complicating transfemoral cardiac procedures. Clinical radiology 1994. link81966-x) 38 Wilkins EG, Rees RS, Smith D, Cashmer B, Punch J, Till GO et al.. Identification of xanthine oxidase activity following reperfusion in human tissue. Annals of plastic surgery 1993. link 39 Aliev G, Cirillo R, Salvatico E, Paro M, Prosdocimi M. Changes in vessel ultrastructure during ischemia and reperfusion of rabbit hindlimb: implications for therapeutic intervention. Microvascular research 1993. link 40 Rees R, Punch J, Shaheen K, Cashmer B, Guice K, Smith DJ. The stress response in skin: the role of neutrophil products in preconditioning. Plastic and reconstructive surgery 1993. link 41 Shuaib A, Sochocka E, Ishaqzay R, Hertz L, Code WE. Protective effect of hypothermia during ischemia in neural cell cultures. Neurochemical research 1993. link 42 Pedata F, Latini S, Pugliese AM, Pepeu G. Investigations into the adenosine outflow from hippocampal slices evoked by ischemia-like conditions. Journal of neurochemistry 1993. link 43 Tweedie D, Henderson C, Kane K. Glibenclamide, but not class III drugs, prevents ischaemic shortening of the refractory period in guinea-pig hearts. European journal of pharmacology 1993. link90906-x) 44 Andrews FJ, Malcontenti C, O'Brien PE. Sequence of gastric mucosal injury following ischemia and reperfusion. Role of reactive oxygen metabolites. Digestive diseases and sciences 1992. link 45 Shibata S, Kagami-Ishi Y, Tominaga K, Kodama K, Ueki S, Watanabe S. Ischemia-induced impairment of 2-deoxyglucose uptake and CA1 field potentials in rat hippocampal slices: protection by 5-HT1A receptor agonists and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists. European journal of pharmacology 1992. link90281-8) 46 Hülsmann WC, Dubelaar ML. Carnitine requirement of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in imminent ischemia. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 1992. link 47 Yamashita T, Hayashi M, Kashiwagi S, Nakano S, Eguchi Y, Takasago T et al.. Cerebrovascular reserve capacity in ischemia due to occlusion of a major arterial trunk: studies by Xe-CT and the acetazolamide test. Journal of computer assisted tomography 1992. link 48 Ikenouchi H, Kohmoto O, McMillan M, Barry WH. Contributions of [Ca2+]i, [Pi]i, and pHi to altered diastolic myocyte tone during partial metabolic inhibition. The Journal of clinical investigation 1991. link 49 Kochhar A, Zivin JA, Mazzarella V. Pharmacologic studies of the neuroprotective actions of a glutamate antagonist in ischemia. Journal of neurotrauma 1991. link 50 Gutteridge JM, Halliwell B. Reoxygenation injury and antioxidant protection: a tale of two paradoxes. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 1990. link90635-c) 51 Franco-Cereceda A, Lundberg JM. Post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia in the heart, skeletal muscle and skin of control and capsaicin-pre-treated pigs. Acta physiologica Scandinavica 1989. link 52 Marie PY, Zannad F, Parisot M, Royer RJ. Role of ancillary properties of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in protecting the heart from anoxia. European journal of pharmacology 1989. link90203-3) 53 Kraaier V, van Huffelen AC, Wieneke GH. Changes in quantitative EEG and blood flow velocity due to standardized hyperventilation; a model of transient ischaemia in young human subjects. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology 1988. link90015-6) 54 Depairon M, De Landsheere C, Merlo P, Del Fiore G, Quaglia L, Peters JM et al.. Effect of exercise on the leg distribution of C15O2 and 15O2 in normals and in patients with peripheral ischemia: a study using positron tomography. International angiology : a journal of the International Union of Angiology 1988. link 55 Schweiger H, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Arnold E, Koch W, Nitsche R, Brand K. Ischemia-induced alterations of mitochondrial structure and function in brain, liver, and heart muscle of young and senescent rats. Biochemical medicine and metabolic biology 1988. link90117-x) 56 Shlafer M, Myers CL, Adkins S. Mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation and activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase following global ischemia. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 1987. link80530-8) 57 Leung FW, Morishita T, Livingston EH, Reedy T, Guth PH. Reflectance spectrophotometry for the assessment of gastroduodenal mucosal perfusion. The American journal of physiology 1987. link 58 Rosenthal E, Benderly A, Monies-Chass I, Fishman J, Levy J, Bialik V. Hyperbaric oxygenation in peripheral ischaemic lesions in infants. Archives of disease in childhood 1985. link 59 Winegar CD, White BC. Physiology of resuscitation. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 1983. link 60 Borgers M, Thoné F, Van Reempts J, Verheyen F. The role of calcium in cellular dysfunction. The American journal of emergency medicine 1983. link90083-9) 61 Satiani B, Sowden DT. Hand ischemia. The Journal of family practice 1982. link 62 Croft RJ, Menon GP, Marston A. Does 'intestinal angina' exist? A critical study of obstructed visceral arteries. The British journal of surgery 1981. link 63 Uchida Y, Murao S, Masuda R. Angiographic changes associated with recurrent reduction of carotid and cerebral blood flow in dogs, with special reference to transient focal cerebral ischemic attacks. Japanese circulation journal 1981. link 64 Kottow MH. Papilloarterial Ischemia. Annals of ophthalmology 1981. link 65 Schaper J. Structural characteristics in regional versus global ischemia. Advances in myocardiology 1980. link 66 Holleman JH, Hardy JD, Williamson JW, Raju S, Neely WA. Arterial surgery for arm ischemia. A survey of 136 patients. Annals of surgery 1980. link 67 Granger DN, Valleau JD, Parker RE, Lane RS, Taylor AE. Effects of adenosine on intestinal hemodynamics, oxygen delivery, and capillary fluid exchange. The American journal of physiology 1978. link 68 Stipa S, Cavallaro A, Sciacca V. Axillary-to-contralateral brachial artery by-pass in the treatment of arm ischaemia. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 1977. link 69 Singer PA, Wasserman RE, Hanna GR. Associated systemic factors in cerebrovascular ischemia. Southern medical journal 1976. link 70 Saha SP, Goff RD, Stephenson SE. Arm ischemia due to fibromuscular hyperplasia of the axillary artery. Southern medical journal 1975. link

    Original source

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      Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation for the treatment of cerebrovascular ischemia. — Marquez-Romero JM, Sánchez-Ramírez KI Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society (2025)
    2. [2]
      Evaluation of Hemodynamics in a Murine Hindlimb Ischemia Model Using Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging. — Leyba KA, Vasudevan S, O'Sullivan TD, Goergen CJ Lasers in surgery and medicine (2021)
    3. [3]
      Long-term depression induced by endogenous cannabinoids produces neuroprotection via astroglial CB — Wang F, Han J, Higashimori H, Wang J, Liu J, Tong L et al. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism (2019)
    4. [4]
      Newly breeding an inbred strain of ischemia-prone Mongolian gerbils and its reproduction and genetic characteristics. — Du X, Wang D, Li Y, Huo X, Li C, Lu J et al. Experimental animals (2018)
    5. [5]
      Predicting Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Cerebrovascular Ischemia Using Tissue Doppler Imaging and Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. — Olsen FJ, Jørgensen PG, Møgelvang R, Jensen JS, Fritz-Hansen T, Bech J et al. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association (2016)
    6. [6]
      Cofilin Inhibition Restores Neuronal Cell Death in Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Model of Ischemia. — Madineni A, Alhadidi Q, Shah ZA Molecular neurobiology (2016)
    7. [7]
      A novel reverse thermosensitive polymer to achieve temporary atraumatic vessel occlusion in infra-popliteal bypasses. — Mani K, Campbell A, Fitzpatrick J, Modarai B, Carrell T, Rashid H et al. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (2013)
    8. [8]
      Reduced ghrelin production induced anorexia after rat gastric ischemia and reperfusion. — Mogami S, Suzuki H, Fukuhara S, Matsuzaki J, Kangawa K, Hibi T American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology (2012)
    9. [9]
      Protein kinase C modulates NMDA receptors in the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum during in vitro ischemia and reperfusion. — Giaroni C, Zanetti E, Giuliani D, Oldrini R, Marchet S, Moro E et al. Neurogastroenterology and motility (2011)
    10. [10]
      Vascular responses to hypoxia and ischemia. — Semenza GL Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology (2010)
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      Delayed gastric emptying and disruption of the interstitial cells of Cajal network after gastric ischaemia and reperfusion. — Suzuki S, Suzuki H, Horiguchi K, Tsugawa H, Matsuzaki J, Takagi T et al. Neurogastroenterology and motility (2010)
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      Ischaemia of the hand after harvest of a radial forearm flap. — Varley I, Carter LM, Wales CJ, Warnock N, Whitfield PH The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery (2008)
    13. [13]
      The A3 adenosine receptor: an enigmatic player in cell biology. — Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Borea PA Pharmacology & therapeutics (2008)
    14. [14]
      Remote preconditioning reduces microcirculatory disorders in pancreatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. — Oehmann C, Benz S, Drognitz O, Pisarski P, Hopt UT, Obermaier R Pancreas (2007)
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      Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone protects against H2O2-induced inhibition of wound restitution in IEC-6 cells via a Syk kinase- and NF-kappabeta-dependent mechanism. — Zou L, Sato N, Kone BC Shock (Augusta, Ga.) (2004)
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      Chronic antral ulcer associated with gastroduodenal lymphocytic phlebitis. — Abraham SC, Solem CA, Hauser SC, Smyrk TC The American journal of surgical pathology (2004)
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      Nitric oxide-releasing aspirin derivative, NCX 4016, promotes reparative angiogenesis and prevents apoptosis and oxidative stress in a mouse model of peripheral ischemia. — Emanueli C, Van Linthout S, Salis MB, Monopoli A, Del Soldato P, Ongini E et al. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology (2004)
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      Treatment of gastrointestinal ischemic injury. — Blikslager AT The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice (2003)
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      Acetylcholinesterase activation in organotypic rat hippocampal slice cultures deprived of oxygen and glucose. — Sáez-Valero J, González-García C, Ceña V Neuroscience letters (2003)
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      Modulation of ASIC channels in rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons by ischaemia-related signals. — Allen NJ, Attwell D The Journal of physiology (2002)
    21. [21]
      Ischemia-induced phosphorylation of initiation factor 2 in differentiated PC12 cells: role for initiation factor 2 phosphatase. — Muñoz F, Martín ME, Manso-Tomico J, Berlanga J, Salinas M, Fando JL Journal of neurochemistry (2000)
    22. [22]
      Differential regulation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase and big mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 by ischemia/reperfusion and oxidative stress in perfused guinea pig hearts. — Takeishi Y, Abe Ji, Lee JD, Kawakatsu H, Walsh RA, Berk BC Circulation research (1999)
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      HIF-1alpha and p53 promote hypoxia-induced delayed neuronal death in models of CNS ischemia. — Halterman MW, Federoff HJ Experimental neurology (1999)
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      Ischemia and reperfusion injury. The ultimate pathophysiologic paradox. — Hammerman C, Kaplan M Clinics in perinatology (1998)
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      Adhesion receptors and cytokine profiles in controlled tourniquet ischaemia in the upper extremity. — Germann G, Drücke D, Steinau HU Journal of hand surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) (1997)
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      Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. — Grau AJ, Buggle F, Ziegler C, Schwarz W, Meuser J, Tasman AJ et al. Stroke (1997)
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      Muscle oxygen saturation during surgery in the lithotomy position. — Svendsen LB, Flink P, Wøjdemann M, Riber C, Mogensen T, Secher NH Clinical physiology (Oxford, England) (1997)
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      Effects of ischemia on the human pancreas. — Gullo L, Cavicchi L, Tomassetti P, Spagnolo C, Freyrie A, D'Addato M Gastroenterology (1996)
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      Carbon monoxide, a novel neural messenger, does not modulate extracellular glutamate concentration in forebrain ischemia. — Takizawa S, Fujita H, Ogawa S, Shinohara Y Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism (1996)
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      Skeletal muscle microvascular and tissue injury after varying durations of ischemia. — Harris AG, Leiderer R, Peer F, Messmer K The American journal of physiology (1996)
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      Extracellular potassium, volume fraction, and tortuosity in rat hippocampal CA1, CA3, and cortical slices during ischemia. — Pérez-Pinzón MA, Tao L, Nicholson C Journal of neurophysiology (1995)
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      Capillary ultrastructure and functional capillary density. — Mathieu-Costello O, Manciet LH, Tyml K International journal of microcirculation, clinical and experimental (1995)
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      Quantitative relationship between brain temperature and energy utilization rate measured in vivo using 31P and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. — Laptook AR, Corbett RJ, Sterett R, Garcia D, Tollefsbol G Pediatric research (1995)
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      Insulin elevates hippocampal GABA levels during ischemia. This is independent of its hypoglycemic effect. — Shuaib A, Ijaz MS, Waqar T, Voll C, Kanthan R, Miyashita H et al. Neuroscience (1995)
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      Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase into xanthine oxidase in rat liver and plasma at the onset of reperfusion after ischemia. — Kooij A, Schiller HJ, Schijns M, Van Noorden CJ, Frederiks WM Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) (1994)
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      Changes in vessel ultrastructure during ischemia and reperfusion of rabbit hindlimb: implications for therapeutic intervention. — Aliev G, Cirillo R, Salvatico E, Paro M, Prosdocimi M Microvascular research (1993)
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      Investigations into the adenosine outflow from hippocampal slices evoked by ischemia-like conditions. — Pedata F, Latini S, Pugliese AM, Pepeu G Journal of neurochemistry (1993)
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      Glibenclamide, but not class III drugs, prevents ischaemic shortening of the refractory period in guinea-pig hearts. — Tweedie D, Henderson C, Kane K European journal of pharmacology (1993)
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      Ischemia-induced impairment of 2-deoxyglucose uptake and CA1 field potentials in rat hippocampal slices: protection by 5-HT1A receptor agonists and 5-HT2 receptor antagonists. — Shibata S, Kagami-Ishi Y, Tominaga K, Kodama K, Ueki S, Watanabe S European journal of pharmacology (1992)
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      Cerebrovascular reserve capacity in ischemia due to occlusion of a major arterial trunk: studies by Xe-CT and the acetazolamide test. — Yamashita T, Hayashi M, Kashiwagi S, Nakano S, Eguchi Y, Takasago T et al. Journal of computer assisted tomography (1992)
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