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Anesthesiology467 papers

Mechanical ileus

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Mechanical ileus refers to a functional or mechanical obstruction of the small intestine, often complicating critical illness, surgery, or the use of mechanical ventilation. It can lead to significant morbidity and mortality due to impaired gut motility and potential complications like bowel perforation.

Diagnosis

Clinical signs include abdominal distension, absence of bowel sounds, and symptoms of nausea/vomiting.

Imaging studies such as abdominal X-rays are crucial for diagnosis, often showing dilated loops of bowel.

Laboratory tests may reveal metabolic acidosis or electrolyte imbalances 7 17.

Management

Early Mobilization: Encourage early mobilization to improve muscle strength and mobility, potentially reducing the risk of ileus 1.

Optimized Sedation Practices: Minimize deep sedation to reduce emotional distress and improve independent living post-discharge 3.

Patient-Ventilator Assessment: Regular assessments to ensure proper synchronization and minimize dyssynchronies 6.

Enteral Nutrition: Consider postpyloric feeding to reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia 44.

Managing Residual Gastric Volume: Reassess thresholds for gastric residual volume to optimize enteral feeding 38.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Sedation protocols should be tailored to minimize adverse outcomes; dexmedetomidine shows promise over midazolam 18.

Elderly: Triple therapy integrating physical, occupational, and speech therapy can improve quality of life 11.

Comorbidities: Patients with pre-existing conditions like rheumatic heart disease may require specialized management during mechanical ventilation 25.

Key Recommendations

Implement Early Mobilization: Early mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients to enhance recovery and reduce complications (Evidence: Strong 1).

Optimize Sedation Levels: Avoid deep sedation to prevent long-term functional impairments and improve patient outcomes (Evidence: Moderate 3).

Regular Patient-Ventilator Assessments: Conduct frequent assessments to identify and address dyssynchronies to improve ventilation efficacy (Evidence: Moderate 6).

Consider Postpyloric Feeding: Use postpyloric enteral nutrition in elderly patients to decrease the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia (Evidence: Moderate 44).

Tailored Sedation Protocols in Pediatrics: Utilize dexmedetomidine for sedation in mechanically ventilated children to potentially improve outcomes compared to midazolam (Evidence: Moderate 18).

References

1 Rosenberg K. Early mobilization improves muscle strength, mobility in mechanically ventilated patients. The American journal of nursing 2026. link 2 Richards ND, Bekker HL, Howell SJ. Barriers to Changing Sedation Practice for Patients Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation on the Intensive Care Unit: A Qualitative Interview Study of Clinical Staff. Nursing in critical care 2026. link 3 Wongtangman K, Borngaesser F, Rudolph MI, Scheffenbichler FT, Kiyatkin ME, Karaye IM et al.. Association of medication-induced deep sedation and emotional distress during mechanical ventilation with loss of independent living: an observational cohort study. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine 2026. link00264-4) 4 Dantas JS, Castro MMC, Aguiar CVN. Cross-cultural adaptation of the State Behavioral Scale to Brazilian Portuguese. Critical care science 2025. link 5 Roberts KJ, Goodfellow LT, Battey-Muse CM, Hoerr CA, Carreon ML, Sorg ME et al.. AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: Spontaneous Breathing Trials for Liberation From Adult Mechanical Ventilation. Respiratory care 2024. link 6 Goodfellow LT, Miller AG, Varekojis SM, LaVita CJ, Glogowski JT, Hess DR. AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: Patient-Ventilator Assessment. Respiratory care 2024. link 7 Lian C, Zhang J, Wang P, Mao W. Impact of head-of-bed elevation angle on the development of pressure ulcers and pneumonia in patients on mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC pulmonary medicine 2024. link 8 Xu C, Yang F, Wang Q, Gao W. Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in critically ill adults with mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC pulmonary medicine 2024. link 9 Ashkenazy S, Weissman C, DeKeyser Ganz F. Measuring pain or discomfort during routine nursing care in lightly sedated mechanically ventilated intensive care patients: A prospective preliminary cohort study. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 2024. link 10 Anton ME, Altomare AL, Blais AR, Patten JC, Fjeld KJ, Esteves AM et al.. Reducing Deep Sedation and Benzodiazepine Use in Mechanically Ventilated Patients During Critical Care Transport: A Quality Improvement Initiative. Air medical journal 2024. link 11 Chen QL, Zou NH, Zhu ML. TRIPLE THERAPY COMBINED WITH ACCELERATED RECOVERY STRATEGY CAN IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH MECHANICAL VENTILATION. Georgian medical news 2024. link 12 Chang SJ, Kim E, Kwon YO, Im H, Park K, Kim J et al.. Benefits and harms of normal saline instillation before endotracheal suctioning in mechanically ventilated adult patients in intensive care units: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Intensive & critical care nursing 2023. link 13 Núñez Silveira JM, Gallardo A, García-Valdés P, Ríos F, Rodriguez PO, Felipe Damiani L. Reverse triggering during mechanical ventilation: Diagnosis and clinical implications. Medicina intensiva 2023. link 14 Mahmoodpoor A, Fouladi S, Ramouz A, Shadvar K, Ostadi Z, Soleimanpour H. Diaphragm ultrasound to predict weaning outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesthesiology intensive therapy 2022. link 15 Hazwani T, Al Ahmady A, Kazzaz Y, Al Smari A, Al Enizy S, Alali H. Implementation of a sedation protocol: a quality improvement project to enhance sedation management in the paediatric intensive care unit. BMJ open quality 2022. link 16 Harorani M, Garshasbi M, Sediqi M, Farahani Z, Habibi D, Farahani M et al.. The effect of Shiatsu massage on agitation in mechanically ventilated patients: A randomized controlled trial. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 2021. link 17 Green S, Staffileno BA. Favorable Outcomes After Implementing a Nurse-Driven Sedation Protocol. Critical care nurse 2021. link 18 Gulla KM, Sankar J, Jat KR, Kabra SK, Lodha R. Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Indian pediatrics 2021. link 19 Damiani LF, Bruhn A, Retamal J, Bugedo G. Patient-ventilator dyssynchronies: Are they all the same? A clinical classification to guide actions. Journal of critical care 2020. link 20 Liu CJ, Kung PT, Chu CC, Chou WY, Shih CM, Tsai WC. Effect of the Integrated Prospective Payment Program on Family Members' Knowledge and Acceptance of Hospice Care of Patients on Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation. Respiratory care 2020. link 21 Dale CM, Angus JE, Sutherland S, Dev S, Rose L. Exploration of difficulty accessing the mouths of intubated and mechanically ventilated adults for oral care: A video and photographic elicitation study. Journal of clinical nursing 2020. link 22 Noel C, Mallemat H. Sedation and Analgesia for Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Emergency Department. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2019. link 23 Tallo FS, Abib SCV, Baitello AL, Lopes RD. Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess the knowledge of mechanical ventilation in urgent care among students in their last-year medical course in Brazil. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2019. link 24 van Steenbergen GGJ, Tsang QHY, van der Heide SM, Verkroost MWA, Li WWL, Morshuis WJ. Spontaneous leaflet fracture resulting in embolization from mechanical valve prostheses. Journal of cardiac surgery 2019. link 25 Elsayed AAA, Abdelaal KM, Abdelghaffar AMM, Mohamed EEH, Mahran TMA, Ahmed MSM et al.. Poor Outcome of Surgical Management of Acute Malfunctioning Mechanical Mitral Valve During Pregnancy. Should Centers with Limited Resources Find Different Options?. The heart surgery forum 2019. link 26 Hayden JC, Bardol M, Doherty DR, Dawkins I, Healy M, Breatnach CV et al.. Optimizing clonidine dosage for sedation in mechanically ventilated children: A pharmacokinetic simulation study. Paediatric anaesthesia 2019. link 27 Guttormson JL, Chlan L, Tracy MF, Hetland B, Mandrekar J. Nurses' Attitudes and Practices Related to Sedation: A National Survey. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 2019. link 28 Pavcnik M, Groselj Grenc M. Sevoflurane sedation for weaning from mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care unit. Minerva anestesiologica 2019. link 29 Noguchi A, Inoue T, Yokota I. Promoting a nursing team's ability to notice intent to communicate in lightly sedated mechanically ventilated patients in an intensive care unit: An action research study. Intensive & critical care nursing 2019. link 30 Liu Z, Ge X. The sedation practices of paediatric intensive care unit nurses and the influencing factors in China. Nursing in critical care 2019. link 31 Fuller BM, Mohr NM, Roberts BW, Carpenter CR, Kollef MH, Avidan MS. Protocol for a multicentre, prospective cohort study of practice patterns and clinical outcomes associated with emergency department sedation for mechanically ventilated patients: the ED-SED Study. BMJ open 2018. link 32 Hetland B, Guttormson J, Tracy MF, Chlan L. "Sedation is tricky": A qualitative content analysis of nurses' perceptions of sedation administration in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Australian critical care : official journal of the Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses 2018. link 33 Stephens RJ, Dettmer MR, Roberts BW, Ablordeppey E, Fowler SA, Kollef MH et al.. Practice Patterns and Outcomes Associated With Early Sedation Depth in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Critical care medicine 2018. link 34 Zhu Y, Yin H, Zhang R, Ye X, Wei J. Gastric versus postpyloric enteral nutrition in elderly patients (age ≥ 75 years) on mechanical ventilation: a single-center randomized trial. Critical care (London, England) 2018. link 35 Tallo FS, de Campos Vieira Abib S, de Andrade Negri AJ, Cesar P, Lopes RD, Lopes AC. Evaluation of self-perception of mechanical ventilation knowledge among Brazilian final-year medical students, residents and emergency physicians. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2017. link01) 36 Laerkner E, Stroem T, Toft P. Sedation versus no sedation: Are there differences in relatives' satisfaction with the Intensive Care Unit? A survey study based on data from a randomised controlled trial. Intensive & critical care nursing 2017. link 37 Ramoo V, Abdullah KL, Tan PS, Wong LP, Chua YP, Tang LY. Sedation scoring and managing abilities of intensive care nurses post educational intervention. Nursing in critical care 2017. link 38 Emami Zeydi A, Sharafkhani M, Armat MR. Gastric Residual Volume: Rethinking the Threshold. Critical care nursing quarterly 2016. link 39 Richards JB, Strout TD, Seigel TA, Wilcox SR. Psychometric properties of a novel knowledge assessment tool of mechanical ventilation for emergency medicine residents in the northeastern United States. Journal of educational evaluation for health professions 2016. link 40 Mehta S, Meade M, Burry L, Mallick R, Katsios C, Fergusson D et al.. Variation in diurnal sedation in mechanically ventilated patients who are managed with a sedation protocol alone or a sedation protocol and daily interruption. Critical care (London, England) 2016. link 41 Klompas M, Li L, Szumita P, Kleinman K, Murphy MV. Associations Between Different Sedatives and Ventilator-Associated Events, Length of Stay, and Mortality in Patients Who Were Mechanically Ventilated. Chest 2016. link 42 Schönhofer B, Geiseler J, Dellweg D, Moerer O, Barchfeld T, Fuchs H et al.. S2k-Guideline "Prolonged Weaning". Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany) 2015. link 43 Wilcox SR, Seigel TA, Strout TD, Schneider JI, Mitchell PM, Marcolini EG et al.. Emergency medicine residents' knowledge of mechanical ventilation. The Journal of emergency medicine 2015. link 44 Costa JB, Marcon SS, Macedo CR, Jorge AC, Duarte PA. Sedation and memories of patients subjected to mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit. Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva 2014. link 45 Grap MJ, Munro CL, Wetzel PA, Ketchum JM, Hamilton VA, Sessler CN. Responses to noxious stimuli in sedated mechanically ventilated adults. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 2014. link 46 Nydahl P, Ruhl AP, Bartoszek G, Dubb R, Filipovic S, Flohr HJ et al.. Early mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients: a 1-day point-prevalence study in Germany. Critical care medicine 2014. link 47 MacIntyre N. Patient-ventilator trigger dys-synchrony: a common phenomenon with important implications. Critical care (London, England) 2013. link 48 Wise PM, Wallace DS. Direct sunlight and ventilator weaning outcomes. Holistic nursing practice 2012. link 49 Miller MA, Bosk EA, Iwashyna TJ, Krein SL. Implementation challenges in the intensive care unit: the why, who, and how of daily interruption of sedation. Journal of critical care 2012. link 50 Grap MJ, Munro CL, Wetzel PA, Best AM, Ketchum JM, Hamilton VA et al.. Sedation in adults receiving mechanical ventilation: physiological and comfort outcomes. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 2012. link 51 Strøm T, Toft P. Time to wake up the patients in the ICU: a crazy idea or common sense?. Minerva anestesiologica 2011. link 52 Deeter KH, King MA, Ridling D, Irby GL, Lynn AM, Zimmerman JJ. Successful implementation of a pediatric sedation protocol for mechanically ventilated patients. Critical care medicine 2011. link 53 Miller AC, Jamin CT, Elamin EM. Continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine for maintenance sedation. Minerva anestesiologica 2011. link 54 Kobr J, Pizingerova K, Fremuth J, Sasek L, Kocova J, Hes O et al.. Signaling molecules for early detection of adverse interactions during mechanical ventilation in animal models. In vivo (Athens, Greece) 2011. link 55 Guttormson JL, Chlan L, Weinert C, Savik K. Factors influencing nurse sedation practices with mechanically ventilated patients: a U.S. national survey. Intensive & critical care nursing 2010. link 56 Chlan LL, Weinert CR, Skaar DJ, Tracy MF. Patient-controlled sedation: a novel approach to sedation management for mechanically ventilated patients. Chest 2010. link 57 Ma P, Liu J, Xi X, Du B, Yuan X, Lin H et al.. Practice of sedation and the perception of discomfort during mechanical ventilation in Chinese intensive care units. Journal of critical care 2010. link 58 Almgren M, Lundmark M, Samuelson K. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: translation and reliability testing in a Swedish intensive care unit. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2010. link 59 Al MJ, Hakkaart L, Tan SS, Bakker J. Cost-consequence analysis of remifentanil-based analgo-sedation vs. conventional analgesia and sedation for patients on mechanical ventilation in the Netherlands. Critical care (London, England) 2010. link 60 Li DR, Ishikawa T, Quan L, Zhao D, Michiue T, Zhu BL et al.. Morphological analysis of astrocytes in the hippocampus in mechanical asphyxiation. Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2010. link 61 Brush DR, Kress JP. Sedation and analgesia for the mechanically ventilated patient. Clinics in chest medicine 2009. link 62 de Wit M, Pedram S, Best AM, Epstein SK. Observational study of patient-ventilator asynchrony and relationship to sedation level. Journal of critical care 2009. link 63 Unoki T, Grap MJ, Sessler CN, Best AM, Wetzel P, Hamilton A et al.. Autonomic nervous system function and depth of sedation in adults receiving mechanical ventilation. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 2009. link 64 Bachiller PR, McDonough JM, Feldman JM. Do new anesthesia ventilators deliver small tidal volumes accurately during volume-controlled ventilation?. Anesthesia and analgesia 2008. link 65 Emmert M, Kofidis T, Didilis V, Haverich A, Klima U. Aortic prosthesis re-replacement due to concealed stenosing subvalvular pannus ring. The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon 2007. link 66 Hofsø K, Coyer FM. Part 1. Chemical and physical restraints in the management of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU: contributing factors. Intensive & critical care nursing 2007. link 67 Weatherburn C, Endacott R, Tynan P, Bailey M. The impact of bispectral index monitoring on sedation administration in mechanically ventilated patients. Anaesthesia and intensive care 2007. link 68 Couchman BA, Wetzig SM, Coyer FM, Wheeler MK. Nursing care of the mechanically ventilated patient: what does the evidence say? Part one. Intensive & critical care nursing 2007. link 69 Feeley K, Gardner A. Sedation and analgesia management for mechanically ventilated adults: literature review, case study and recommendations for practice. Australian critical care : official journal of the Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses 2006. link80012-3) 70 Curley MA, Harris SK, Fraser KA, Johnson RA, Arnold JH. State Behavioral Scale: a sedation assessment instrument for infants and young children supported on mechanical ventilation. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies 2006. link 71 Grap MJ, Pickler RH, Munro C. Observation of behavior in sedated, mechanically ventilated children. Pediatric nursing 2006. link 72 Arias-Rivera S, Sánchez-Sánchez M, Sánchez-Izquierdo R, Santos-Díaz R, Gallardo-Murillo J, Frutos-Vivar F. Does sedation practice delay time to extubation?. Intensive & critical care nursing 2006. link 73 Hampton DC, Griffith D, Howard A. Evidence-based clinical improvement for mechanically ventilated patients. Rehabilitation nursing : the official journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses 2005. link 74 Rumbak MJ, Newton M, Truncale T, Schwartz SW, Adams JW, Hazard PB. A prospective, randomized, study comparing early percutaneous dilational tracheotomy to prolonged translaryngeal intubation (delayed tracheotomy) in critically ill medical patients. Critical care medicine 2004. link 75 Fernandez R. ICU cornerstone: 'triggering effort'. Critical care (London, England) 2003. link 76 Playfor SD, Thomas DA, Choonara I, Collier J, Jarvis A. Parental perceptions of comfort during mechanical ventilation. Paediatric anaesthesia 2001. link 77 Slomka J, Hoffman-Hogg L, Mion LC, Bair N, Bobek MB, Arroliga AC. Influence of clinicians' values and perceptions on use of clinical practice guidelines for sedation and neuromuscular blockade in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 2000. link 78 Detriche O, Berré J, Massaut J, Vincent JL. The Brussels sedation scale: use of a simple clinical sedation scale can avoid excessive sedation in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. British journal of anaesthesia 1999. link 79 Brunow de Carvalho W, Lucas da Silva PS, Paulo CS, Fonseca MM, Belli LA. Comparison between the Comfort and Hartwig sedation scales in pediatric patients undergoing mechanical lung ventilation. Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicina 1999. link 80 Anderson HL, Bartlett RH. Elective tracheotomy for mechanical ventilation by the percutaneous technique. Clinics in chest medicine 1991. link 81 Heffner JE. Tracheal intubation in mechanically ventilated patients. Clinics in chest medicine 1988. link 82 Véronneau-Troutman S. A four-step test for diagnosis of pseudo superior oblique palsy. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 1988. link

Original source

[1]
Early mobilization improves muscle strength, mobility in mechanically ventilated patients. — Rosenberg K The American journal of nursing (2026)
[2]
Barriers to Changing Sedation Practice for Patients Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation on the Intensive Care Unit: A Qualitative Interview Study of Clinical Staff. — Richards ND, Bekker HL, Howell SJ Nursing in critical care (2026)
[3]
Association of medication-induced deep sedation and emotional distress during mechanical ventilation with loss of independent living: an observational cohort study. — Wongtangman K, Borngaesser F, Rudolph MI, Scheffenbichler FT, Kiyatkin ME, Karaye IM et al. The Lancet. Respiratory medicine (2026)
[4]
Cross-cultural adaptation of the State Behavioral Scale to Brazilian Portuguese. — Dantas JS, Castro MMC, Aguiar CVN Critical care science (2025)
[5]
AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: Spontaneous Breathing Trials for Liberation From Adult Mechanical Ventilation. — Roberts KJ, Goodfellow LT, Battey-Muse CM, Hoerr CA, Carreon ML, Sorg ME et al. Respiratory care (2024)
[6]
AARC Clinical Practice Guideline: Patient-Ventilator Assessment. — Goodfellow LT, Miller AG, Varekojis SM, LaVita CJ, Glogowski JT, Hess DR Respiratory care (2024)
[7]
Impact of head-of-bed elevation angle on the development of pressure ulcers and pneumonia in patients on mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Lian C, Zhang J, Wang P, Mao W BMC pulmonary medicine (2024)
[8]
Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in critically ill adults with mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. — Xu C, Yang F, Wang Q, Gao W BMC pulmonary medicine (2024)
[9]
Measuring pain or discomfort during routine nursing care in lightly sedated mechanically ventilated intensive care patients: A prospective preliminary cohort study. — Ashkenazy S, Weissman C, DeKeyser Ganz F Heart & lung : the journal of critical care (2024)
[10]
Reducing Deep Sedation and Benzodiazepine Use in Mechanically Ventilated Patients During Critical Care Transport: A Quality Improvement Initiative. — Anton ME, Altomare AL, Blais AR, Patten JC, Fjeld KJ, Esteves AM et al. Air medical journal (2024)
[11]
TRIPLE THERAPY COMBINED WITH ACCELERATED RECOVERY STRATEGY CAN IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH MECHANICAL VENTILATION. — Chen QL, Zou NH, Zhu ML Georgian medical news (2024)
[12]
Benefits and harms of normal saline instillation before endotracheal suctioning in mechanically ventilated adult patients in intensive care units: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. — Chang SJ, Kim E, Kwon YO, Im H, Park K, Kim J et al. Intensive & critical care nursing (2023)
[13]
Reverse triggering during mechanical ventilation: Diagnosis and clinical implications. — Núñez Silveira JM, Gallardo A, García-Valdés P, Ríos F, Rodriguez PO, Felipe Damiani L Medicina intensiva (2023)
[14]
Diaphragm ultrasound to predict weaning outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis. — Mahmoodpoor A, Fouladi S, Ramouz A, Shadvar K, Ostadi Z, Soleimanpour H Anaesthesiology intensive therapy (2022)
[15]
Implementation of a sedation protocol: a quality improvement project to enhance sedation management in the paediatric intensive care unit. — Hazwani T, Al Ahmady A, Kazzaz Y, Al Smari A, Al Enizy S, Alali H BMJ open quality (2022)
[16]
The effect of Shiatsu massage on agitation in mechanically ventilated patients: A randomized controlled trial. — Harorani M, Garshasbi M, Sediqi M, Farahani Z, Habibi D, Farahani M et al. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care (2021)
[17]
Favorable Outcomes After Implementing a Nurse-Driven Sedation Protocol. — Green S, Staffileno BA Critical care nurse (2021)
[18]
Dexmedetomidine vs Midazolam for Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. — Gulla KM, Sankar J, Jat KR, Kabra SK, Lodha R Indian pediatrics (2021)
[19]
Patient-ventilator dyssynchronies: Are they all the same? A clinical classification to guide actions. — Damiani LF, Bruhn A, Retamal J, Bugedo G Journal of critical care (2020)
[20]
Effect of the Integrated Prospective Payment Program on Family Members' Knowledge and Acceptance of Hospice Care of Patients on Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation. — Liu CJ, Kung PT, Chu CC, Chou WY, Shih CM, Tsai WC Respiratory care (2020)
[21]
Exploration of difficulty accessing the mouths of intubated and mechanically ventilated adults for oral care: A video and photographic elicitation study. — Dale CM, Angus JE, Sutherland S, Dev S, Rose L Journal of clinical nursing (2020)
[22]
Sedation and Analgesia for Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Emergency Department. — Noel C, Mallemat H Emergency medicine clinics of North America (2019)
[23]
Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess the knowledge of mechanical ventilation in urgent care among students in their last-year medical course in Brazil. — Tallo FS, Abib SCV, Baitello AL, Lopes RD Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (2019)
[24]
Spontaneous leaflet fracture resulting in embolization from mechanical valve prostheses. — van Steenbergen GGJ, Tsang QHY, van der Heide SM, Verkroost MWA, Li WWL, Morshuis WJ Journal of cardiac surgery (2019)
[25]
Poor Outcome of Surgical Management of Acute Malfunctioning Mechanical Mitral Valve During Pregnancy. Should Centers with Limited Resources Find Different Options? — Elsayed AAA, Abdelaal KM, Abdelghaffar AMM, Mohamed EEH, Mahran TMA, Ahmed MSM et al. The heart surgery forum (2019)
[26]
Optimizing clonidine dosage for sedation in mechanically ventilated children: A pharmacokinetic simulation study. — Hayden JC, Bardol M, Doherty DR, Dawkins I, Healy M, Breatnach CV et al. Paediatric anaesthesia (2019)
[27]
Nurses' Attitudes and Practices Related to Sedation: A National Survey. — Guttormson JL, Chlan L, Tracy MF, Hetland B, Mandrekar J American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (2019)
[28]
Sevoflurane sedation for weaning from mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care unit. — Pavcnik M, Groselj Grenc M Minerva anestesiologica (2019)
[29]
Promoting a nursing team's ability to notice intent to communicate in lightly sedated mechanically ventilated patients in an intensive care unit: An action research study. — Noguchi A, Inoue T, Yokota I Intensive & critical care nursing (2019)
[30]
The sedation practices of paediatric intensive care unit nurses and the influencing factors in China. — Liu Z, Ge X Nursing in critical care (2019)
[31]
Protocol for a multicentre, prospective cohort study of practice patterns and clinical outcomes associated with emergency department sedation for mechanically ventilated patients: the ED-SED Study. — Fuller BM, Mohr NM, Roberts BW, Carpenter CR, Kollef MH, Avidan MS BMJ open (2018)
[32]
"Sedation is tricky": A qualitative content analysis of nurses' perceptions of sedation administration in mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. — Hetland B, Guttormson J, Tracy MF, Chlan L Australian critical care : official journal of the Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses (2018)
[33]
Practice Patterns and Outcomes Associated With Early Sedation Depth in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Stephens RJ, Dettmer MR, Roberts BW, Ablordeppey E, Fowler SA, Kollef MH et al. Critical care medicine (2018)
[34]
Gastric versus postpyloric enteral nutrition in elderly patients (age ≥ 75 years) on mechanical ventilation: a single-center randomized trial. — Zhu Y, Yin H, Zhang R, Ye X, Wei J Critical care (London, England) (2018)
[35]
Evaluation of self-perception of mechanical ventilation knowledge among Brazilian final-year medical students, residents and emergency physicians. — Tallo FS, de Campos Vieira Abib S, de Andrade Negri AJ, Cesar P, Lopes RD, Lopes AC Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (2017)
[36]
Sedation versus no sedation: Are there differences in relatives' satisfaction with the Intensive Care Unit? A survey study based on data from a randomised controlled trial. — Laerkner E, Stroem T, Toft P Intensive & critical care nursing (2017)
[37]
Sedation scoring and managing abilities of intensive care nurses post educational intervention. — Ramoo V, Abdullah KL, Tan PS, Wong LP, Chua YP, Tang LY Nursing in critical care (2017)
[38]
Gastric Residual Volume: Rethinking the Threshold. — Emami Zeydi A, Sharafkhani M, Armat MR Critical care nursing quarterly (2016)
[39]
Psychometric properties of a novel knowledge assessment tool of mechanical ventilation for emergency medicine residents in the northeastern United States. — Richards JB, Strout TD, Seigel TA, Wilcox SR Journal of educational evaluation for health professions (2016)
[40]
Variation in diurnal sedation in mechanically ventilated patients who are managed with a sedation protocol alone or a sedation protocol and daily interruption. — Mehta S, Meade M, Burry L, Mallick R, Katsios C, Fergusson D et al. Critical care (London, England) (2016)
[41]
Associations Between Different Sedatives and Ventilator-Associated Events, Length of Stay, and Mortality in Patients Who Were Mechanically Ventilated. — Klompas M, Li L, Szumita P, Kleinman K, Murphy MV Chest (2016)
[42]
S2k-Guideline "Prolonged Weaning". — Schönhofer B, Geiseler J, Dellweg D, Moerer O, Barchfeld T, Fuchs H et al. Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany) (2015)
[43]
Emergency medicine residents' knowledge of mechanical ventilation. — Wilcox SR, Seigel TA, Strout TD, Schneider JI, Mitchell PM, Marcolini EG et al. The Journal of emergency medicine (2015)
[44]
Sedation and memories of patients subjected to mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit. — Costa JB, Marcon SS, Macedo CR, Jorge AC, Duarte PA Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva (2014)
[45]
Responses to noxious stimuli in sedated mechanically ventilated adults. — Grap MJ, Munro CL, Wetzel PA, Ketchum JM, Hamilton VA, Sessler CN Heart & lung : the journal of critical care (2014)
[46]
Early mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients: a 1-day point-prevalence study in Germany. — Nydahl P, Ruhl AP, Bartoszek G, Dubb R, Filipovic S, Flohr HJ et al. Critical care medicine (2014)
[47]
Patient-ventilator trigger dys-synchrony: a common phenomenon with important implications. — MacIntyre N Critical care (London, England) (2013)
[48]
Direct sunlight and ventilator weaning outcomes. — Wise PM, Wallace DS Holistic nursing practice (2012)
[49]
Implementation challenges in the intensive care unit: the why, who, and how of daily interruption of sedation. — Miller MA, Bosk EA, Iwashyna TJ, Krein SL Journal of critical care (2012)
[50]
Sedation in adults receiving mechanical ventilation: physiological and comfort outcomes. — Grap MJ, Munro CL, Wetzel PA, Best AM, Ketchum JM, Hamilton VA et al. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (2012)
[51]
Time to wake up the patients in the ICU: a crazy idea or common sense? — Strøm T, Toft P Minerva anestesiologica (2011)
[52]
Successful implementation of a pediatric sedation protocol for mechanically ventilated patients. — Deeter KH, King MA, Ridling D, Irby GL, Lynn AM, Zimmerman JJ Critical care medicine (2011)
[53]
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