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Cardiology101 papers

Anomalous origin of left coronary artery

Last edited: 5 h ago

Overview

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a congenital cardiac anomaly where the left coronary artery arises from the pulmonary artery instead of the aorta, leading to myocardial ischemia and infarction due to inadequate coronary perfusion. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Often presents in infancy with symptoms like dyspnea, tachypnea, and cardiogenic shock. 1 2 5 6 25 28 30 35 50 57

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Shows nonspecific ST-T changes, inverted T waves, and may evolve over time. 2 28 68

Echocardiography: Essential for initial diagnosis, identifying anomalous origin and collateral vessels. 2 25 30 57 68 69

Cardiac Imaging: Coronary CT angiography (CTA) and MRI can delineate the anatomy and collateral circulation. 24 68

Doppler Echocardiography: Detects intercoronary collaterals and assesses collateral flow dynamics. 46 59

Parasternal Pulmonary Artery Short-Axis View: Useful for confirming anomalous origin from the pulmonary artery. 25

Management

Surgical Repair: Preferred treatment, typically involving reimplantation into the aorta or creating a dual coronary system. 1 3 6 8 10 12 13 16 18 19 21 22 23 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 61 62 64

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO): Used in acute severe cases to support circulation preoperatively. 3

Postoperative Care: Close monitoring for fluid overload and left ventricular function recovery. 15 55

Percutaneous Interventions: Rarely considered, particularly in late presentations or failed surgical outcomes. 40 47

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Early diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial for better outcomes. 1 2 5 6 25 30 50 57

Adults: Late presentation is uncommon but requires tailored surgical approaches; outcomes can be favorable with reimplantation. 10 18 19 39 40 41 45

Comorbidities: Presence of comorbidities may influence surgical complexity and postoperative recovery; individualized management is essential. 6 13 33

Key Recommendations

Early Surgical Intervention: Essential for infants with ALCAPA to prevent irreversible myocardial damage. (Evidence: Strong 1 2 5 6 25 30 50 57)

Reimplantation or Dual Coronary System Creation: Preferred surgical techniques to ensure adequate coronary perfusion. (Evidence: Strong 1 3 6 8 10 12 13 16 18 19 21 22 23 26 27 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 48 49 50 51 52[5

References

Showing 100 most recent of 101 indexed papers.

1 McGeoghegan PB, Borgelt L, Lipsitz S, Sleeper LA, Kobayashi R, Feins E et al.. Long-Term Systolic and Diastolic Function in Patients with Repaired Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 2 Amula V, Radman M, Loomba RS, Kwiatkowski DM, Beshish A, Flores S et al.. Electrocardiographic Changes at Presentation and Over Time in Children with Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery: A Multicenter Analysis. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 3 Stevens CG, Lipsitz S, Thiagarajan RR, Hames DL. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 4 Brancaccio G, Chinali M, Dionisi S, Trezzi M, Esposito C, Iacobelli R et al.. A Meta-Analysis of Mitral Surgery in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Anomalous Left Coronary Artery: When to Perform Repair?. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 5 Straka N, Gauvreau K, Huang Y, DeWitt E, Allan C, Thiagarajan R et al.. Analysis of Perioperative and Long-Term Outcomes Among Presentations of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery Diagnosed Beyond Infancy Versus During Infancy. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 6 Wang Z, Ding N, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Li Z, Li X. Surgical Outcomes for Children with Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery. Pediatric cardiology 2023. link 7 Gutowski JN, Donovan DJ, Firnberg MT, Constantinescu A, Kennedy TM. A Rare Complication of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery Identified by Point-of-Care Ultrasound. Pediatric emergency care 2023. link 8 Thomas AS, Chan A, Alsoufi B, Vinocur JM, Kochilas L. Long-term Outcomes of Children Operated on for Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 9 Biçer M, Korun O, Yurdakök O, Çiçek M, Dedemoğlu M, Özdemir F et al.. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery repair outcomes: Preoperative mitral regurgitation persists in the follow-up. Journal of cardiac surgery 2021. link 10 Cavalcanti LRP, Sá MPBO, Escorel Neto AC, Salerno PR, Lima RC. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) in adults: Collateral circulation does not preclude direct reimplantation. Journal of cardiac surgery 2021. link 11 Najm HK, Karamlou T, Ahmad M, Hassan S, Salam Y, Majdalany D et al.. Early Outcomes of Transconal Repair of Transseptal Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From Right Sinus. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 12 Radman M, Mastropietro CW, Costello JM, Amula V, Flores S, Caudill E et al.. Intermediate Outcomes After Repair of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 13 Zhang W, Hu R, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Yu X, Sun Y et al.. Surgical outcomes for anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: Influence of late presentation. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 14 Hirai T, Jacob D, Main ML, Grantham JA. A case of robotic assisted percutaneous coronary intervention of the left main coronary artery in a patient with very late baffle stenosis after surgical correction of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2020. link 15 Wang J, Wang C, Wang Y, Gao Y, Tian Y, Wang S et al.. Fluid Overload in Special Pediatric Cohorts With Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery Following Surgical Repair. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2020. link 16 Zhang C, Zhang H, Yan J, Hua Z, Song Y, Sun H et al.. Mid-Term Outcome for Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery. Heart, lung & circulation 2020. link 17 Al Kindi HN, Yacoub MH. Transection and Relocation of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery After Aborted Sudden Cardiac Death. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2019. link 18 Abdallah H, Bouhout I, St-Onge S, Mongeon FP, Demers P. Surgical Treatment of an Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery in a Sexagenarian Woman. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2016. link 19 Mitchell J, Lemaire A, Henaine R, Metton O, Ninet J. Reimplantation of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery in a 65-year-old. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2016. link 20 Ajami G, Edraki MR, Moarref AR, Amirghofran AA, Borzouee M, Amoozgar H et al.. Role of speckle tracking echocardiography in the assessment of post-repair left ventricular function in patients with late presentation of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Cardiology in the young 2015. link 21 Weigand J, Marshall CD, Bacha EA, Chen JM, Richmond ME. Repair of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in the modern era: preoperative predictors of immediate postoperative outcomes and long term cardiac follow-up. Pediatric cardiology 2015. link 22 Ma K, Wang L, Hua Z, Yang K, Hu S, Yan J et al.. Outcomes of coronary transfer for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2015. link 23 Schuck R, Abd El Rahman MY, Rentzsch A, Hui W, Weng Y, Alexi-Meskishvili V et al.. Altered right ventricular function in the long-term follow-up evaluation of patients after delayed aortic reimplantation of the anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Pediatric cardiology 2014. link 24 Day K, Avery R, Oliva I, Jokerst C. Coronary CTA appearance of anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery with intramural aortic route. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2014. link 25 Jiang GP, Wang HF, Gong FQ, He J, Ye JJ, Wang W. Diagnostic value of parasternal pulmonary artery short-axis view for the anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Journal of cardiology 2014. link 26 Aliku TO, Lubega S, Lwabi P. A case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiovascular collapse. African health sciences 2014. link 27 Aggarwal S, Delius RE, Pettersen MD. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with a large patent ductus arteriosus: aversion of a catastrophe. Congenital heart disease 2013. link 28 Hoffman JI. Electrocardiogram of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in infants. Pediatric cardiology 2013. link 29 Callaghan MA, O'Hare B, Casey W. What other anomalies? Failure to wean post ventricular septal defect repair secondary to anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Paediatric anaesthesia 2012. link 30 El-Rassi I, Soueide A, Sweid O, Chabb B. Transfer technique of an anomalous coronary artery from the anterior pulmonary artery. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2012. link 31 Zheng J, Ding W, Xiao Y, Jin M, Zhang G, Cheng P et al.. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in children: 15 years experience. Pediatric cardiology 2011. link 32 Sfyridis PG, Lytrivi ID, Kirvassilis GV, Papagiannis JK, Michalis LK, Sarris GE. Anterior aortic reimplantation of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) originating from the nonfacing sinus in an adult. Journal of cardiac surgery 2010. link 33 Ojala T, Salminen J, Happonen JM, Pihkala J, Jokinen E, Sairanen H. Excellent functional result in children after correction of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery--a population-based complete follow-up study. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2010. link 34 Desai RV, Gupta R, Litovsky SH, Nath H, Gupta H, Singh SP et al.. X-ray angiography and magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish interarterial from septal courses of anomalous left coronary artery: an ex vivo heart model. The Journal of invasive cardiology 2009. link 35 Aslanger E, Altun I, Umman B. Sudden cardiac arrest in a patient with an anomalous left main coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery. Acta cardiologica 2009. link 36 Hofmeyr L, Moolman J, Brice E, Weich H. An unusual presentation of an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) in an adult: anterior papillary muscle rupture causing severe mitral regurgitation. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2009. link 37 Novick WM, Li XF, Anic D, Baskevitch A, Sandoval N, Gilbert CL et al.. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: intermediate results of coronary elongation. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2009. link 38 Iwahashi K, Omura A, Kawahira T, Okada M. Coronary artery bypass grafting with bilateral internal thoracic arteries for Bland-White-Garland syndrome in an adult. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2008. link 39 Sodian R, Rassoullian D, Beiras-Fernandez A, Loeff M, Schmitz C, Reichart B et al.. ALCAPA with the ectopic orifice at the non-facing sinus: successful anatomic repair by creation of an autologous extrapulmonary tunnel. Texas Heart Institute journal 2008. link 40 Collins N, Colman J, Benson L, Hansen M, Merchant N, Horlick E. Successful percutaneous treatment of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 41 Maluf MA, Mangia CM, Diógenes MS, Carvalho AE, Buffolo E. Anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery: autogenous arterial tube for aortic implantation. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 2004. link 42 Maeder M, Vogt PR, Ammann P, Rickli H. Bland-White-Garland syndrome in a 39-year-old mother. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2004. link01461-9) 43 Barth MJ, Allen BS, Gulecyuz M, Chiemmongkoltip P, Cuneo B, Ilbawi MN. Experience with an alternative technique for the management of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2003. link00897-x) 44 Ando M, Mee RB, Duncan BW, Drummond-Webb JJ, Seshadri SG, Igor Mesia CI. Creation of a dual-coronary system for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery utilizing the trapdoor flap method. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2002. link00407-4) 45 Amanullah MM, Hamilton JR, Hasan A. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: creating an autogenous arterial conduit for aortic implantation. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2001. link00888-0) 46 Hildreth B, Junkel P, Allada V, Sintek C, Sapin S. An uncommon echocardiographic marker for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: visualization of intercoronary collaterals within the ventricular septum. Pediatric cardiology 2001. link 47 De Caro E, Pongiglione G. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the left internal thoracic artery graft: a case report of a child operated on for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Pediatric cardiology 2001. link 48 Giardini A, Gargiulo G, Picchio FM. Surgical repair of naturally palliated anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery. Cardiology in the young 2001. link 49 Nakajima H, Yagihara T, Uemura H, Kawahira Y, Yoshikawa Y. Extended unroofing procedure for creation of a new ostium for anomalous left coronary artery. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2001. link02991-5) 50 Isomatsu Y, Imai Y, Seo K, Terada M, Aoki M, Shin'oka T. Definite improvement in left ventricular function at six years after the Takeuchi procedure. The Japanese journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official publication of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery = Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai zasshi 2000. link 51 Katsumata T, Westaby S. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: a simple method for aortic implantation with autogenous arterial tissue. The Annals of thoracic surgery 1999. link00761-4) 52 Schwartz ML, Jonas RA, Colan SD. Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery: recovery of left ventricular function after dual coronary repair. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1997. link00175-7) 53 van Son JA, Mohr FW. Repair of anomalous connection of the left coronary artery to the pulmonary artery using native aortic and pulmonary tissue flaps. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 1997. link00124-3) 54 Turley K, Szarnicki RJ, Flachsbart KD, Richter RC, Popper RW, Tarnoff H. Aortic implantation is possible in all cases of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. The Annals of thoracic surgery 1995. link 55 Jin Z, Berger F, Uhlemann F, Schröder C, Hetzer R, Alexi-Meskhishvili V et al.. Improvement in left ventricular dysfunction after aortic reimplantation in 11 consecutive paediatric patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Early results of a serial echocardiographic follow-up. European heart journal 1994. link 56 Berdjis F, Takahashi M, Wells WJ, Stiles QR, Lindesmith GG. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Significance of intercoronary collaterals. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1994. link 57 Kececioglu D, Kotthoff S, Konertz W, Scheld HH, Vogt J. Pulmonary artery origin of the left coronary artery: diagnosis by transoesophageal echocardiography in infancy. European heart journal 1993. link 58 Bensky AS, Meyer RA. An unusual coronary artery origin in a patient with anomalous left coronary artery. The Journal of pediatrics 1993. link90052-x) 59 Salzer-Muhar U, Proll E, Kronik G. Intercoronary collateral flow detected by Doppler colour flow mapping is an additional diagnostic sign in children with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. British heart journal 1993. link 60 Stern H, Sauer U, Locher D, Bauer R, Meisner H, Sebening F et al.. Left ventricular function assessed with echocardiography and myocardial perfusion assessed with scintigraphy under dipyridamole stress in pediatric patients after repair for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1993. link 61 Wollenek G, Domanig E, Salzer-Muhar U, Havel M, Wimmer M, Wolner E. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery: a review of surgical management in 13 patients. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 1993. link 62 Vouhé PR, Tamisier D, Sidi D, Vernant F, Mauriat P, Pouard P et al.. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: results of isolated aortic reimplantation. The Annals of thoracic surgery 1992. link91004-s) 63 Jureidini SB, Nouri S, Crawford CJ, Chen SC, Pennington DG, Fiore A. Reliability of echocardiography in the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. American heart journal 1991. link90759-b) 64 Montigny M, Stanley P, Chartrand C, Selman E, Fournier A, Davignon A. Postoperative evaluation after end-to-end subclavian-left coronary artery anastomosis in anomalous left coronary artery. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1990. link 65 Vigneswaran WT, Campbell DN, Pappas G, Wiggins JW, Wolfe RW, Clarke DR. Evolution of the management of anomalous left coronary artery: a new surgical approach. The Annals of thoracic surgery 1989. link66863-4) 66 Hurwitz RA, Caldwell RL, Girod DA, Brown J, King H. Clinical and hemodynamic course of infants and children with anomalous left coronary artery. American heart journal 1989. link90006-9) 67 Bogers AJ, Quaegebeur JM, Huysmans HA. The need for follow-up after surgical correction of anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 1988. link 68 Florent C, Vouhe PR, Khoury W, Leca F, Neveux JY, Barrier G. Anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery: a series of 27 infants undergoing operation in the first years of life. Journal of cardiothoracic anesthesia 1988. link90224-4) 69 Swensson RE, Murillo-Olivas A, Elias W, Bender R, Daily PO, Sahn DJ. Noninvasive Doppler color flow mapping for detection of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and for evaluation of surgical repair. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1988. link91546-x) 70 Petrozzo PJ, Woodard ML, Vitullo DA, Bekerman C, Blend MJ, Pinsky SM. The use and diagnostic significance of thallium-201 SPECT imaging in a case of anomalous left coronary artery. Clinical nuclear medicine 1988. link 71 Kakou Guikahue M, Sidi D, Kachaner J, Villain E, Cohen L, Piechaud JF et al.. Anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery in infancy: is early operation better?. British heart journal 1988. link 72 Vouhé PR, Baillot-Vernant F, Trinquet F, Sidi D, de Geeter B, Khoury W et al.. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in infants. Which operation? When?. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1987. link 73 Tyrrell MJ, Duncan WJ, Hayton RC, Bharadwaj BB. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: effect of coronary anatomy on clinical course. Angiology 1987. link 74 Kawachi K, Kitamura S, Oyama C, Sakai K, Kawashima Y. Left ventricular function and coronary morphology with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. The Journal of cardiovascular surgery 1987. link 75 Menahem S, Venables AW. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: a 15 year sample. British heart journal 1987. link 76 Bunton R, Jonas RA, Lang P, Rein AJ, Castaneda AR. Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Ligation versus establishment of a two coronary artery system. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1987. link 77 Kerwin RW, Westaby S, Davies GJ, Blackwood RA. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery presenting with infective endocarditis in an adult. European heart journal 1985. link 78 Robinson PJ, Sullivan ID, Kumpeng V, Anderson RH, Macartney FJ. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. Potential for false negative diagnosis with cross sectional echocardiography. British heart journal 1984. link 79 Midgley FM, Watson DC, Scott LP, Kuehl KS, Perry LW, Galioto FM et al.. Repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery in the infant and small child. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1984. link80142-4) 80 Terai M, Nagai Y, Toba T. Cross-sectional echocardiographic findings of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. British heart journal 1983. link 81 Househam KC, Human DG, Fraser CB, Joffe HS. Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery - a therapeutic dilemma. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde 1983. link 82 AufderHeide JF, Gutierrez FR, Hartmann AF, Weldon CS, Biello DR. Improvement of left ventricular function after ligation of the anomalous left coronary artery during infancy. Pediatric cardiology 1982. link 83 Björk VO, Ivert T, Landou C, Szamosi A. Reconstruction of the anomalous left coronary artery within the main pulmonary artery. Scandinavian journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1982. link 84 Stephenson LW, Edmunds LH, Friedman S, Meijboom E, Gewitz M, Weinberg P. Subclavian--left coronary artery anastomosis (Meyer operation) for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Circulation 1981. link 85 Fisher EA, Sepehri B, Lendrum B, Luken J, Levitsky S. Two-dimensional echocardiographic visualization of the left coronary artery in anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Pre- and postoperative studies. Circulation 1981. link 86 Moodie DS, Cook SA, Gill CC, Napoli CA. Thallium-20 1 myocardial imaging in young adults with anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 1980. link 87 Levitsky S, van der Horst RL, Hastreiter AR, Fisher EA. Anomalous left coronary artery in the infant: recovery of ventricular function following early direct aortic implantation. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1980. link 88 Iwa T, Watanabe Y, Misaki T, Yoshida H. Simultaneous repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and mitral regurgitation. The Annals of thoracic surgery 1980. link61707-9) 89 Hamilton DI, Ghosh PK, Donnelly RJ. An operation for anomalous origin of left coronary artery. British heart journal 1979. link 90 Wilson CL, Dlabal PW, McGuire SA. Surgical treatment of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery: follow-up in teenagers and adults. American heart journal 1979. link90248-5) 91 Richardson JV, Doty DB. Correction of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1979. link 92 Finley JP, Howman-Giles R, Gilday DL, Olley PM, Rowe RD. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. Applications before and after medical and surgical treatment. The American journal of cardiology 1978. link90640-9) 93 Suzuki Y, Horiuchi T, Ishizawa E, Sato T, Fukuda M, Kakihata H. Subclavian--coronary artery anastomosis in infancy for the Bland-White-Garland syndrome: a two-year angiographic follow-up. The Annals of thoracic surgery 1978. link63562-x) 94 Shrivastava S, Casteneda AR, Moller JH. Anomalous left coronary arter from pulmonary trunk. Long-term follow-up after ligation. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1978. link 95 Grace RR, Angelini P, Cooley DA. Aortic implantation of anomalous left coronary artery arising from pulmonary artery. The American journal of cardiology 1977. link 96 Wilson CL, Dlabal PW, Holeyfield RW, Akins CW, Knauf DG. Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Case report and review of literature concerning teen-agers and adults. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1977. link 97 Hawker RE, Bowdler JD, Celermajer JM, Johnson DC, Cartmill TB. Angiographic assessment of anomalous origin of the left coronary from the pulmonary artery in infancy and childhood. Pediatric radiology 1976. link 98 Senderoff E, Slovis AJ, Moallem A, Kahn RE. Subclavian-coronary artery anastomosis. A technique for definitive correction of anomalous origin of left coronary artery. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 1976. link 99 Horiuchi T, Suzuki Y, Ishizawa E, Sato T, Yokoyama A. Successful subclavian-left coronary artery anastomosis for anomalous origin of left coronary artery in infancy. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 1975. link 100 Askenazi J, Nadas AS. Anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery. Report on 15 cases. Circulation 1975. link

Original source

[1]
Long-Term Systolic and Diastolic Function in Patients with Repaired Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery. — McGeoghegan PB, Borgelt L, Lipsitz S, Sleeper LA, Kobayashi R, Feins E et al. Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[2]
Electrocardiographic Changes at Presentation and Over Time in Children with Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery: A Multicenter Analysis. — Amula V, Radman M, Loomba RS, Kwiatkowski DM, Beshish A, Flores S et al. Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[3]
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery. — Stevens CG, Lipsitz S, Thiagarajan RR, Hames DL Pediatric cardiology (2026)
[4]
A Meta-Analysis of Mitral Surgery in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Anomalous Left Coronary Artery: When to Perform Repair? — Brancaccio G, Chinali M, Dionisi S, Trezzi M, Esposito C, Iacobelli R et al. Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[5]
Analysis of Perioperative and Long-Term Outcomes Among Presentations of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery Diagnosed Beyond Infancy Versus During Infancy. — Straka N, Gauvreau K, Huang Y, DeWitt E, Allan C, Thiagarajan R et al. Pediatric cardiology (2025)
[6]
Surgical Outcomes for Children with Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery. — Wang Z, Ding N, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Li Z, Li X Pediatric cardiology (2023)
[7]
A Rare Complication of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery Identified by Point-of-Care Ultrasound. — Gutowski JN, Donovan DJ, Firnberg MT, Constantinescu A, Kennedy TM Pediatric emergency care (2023)
[8]
Long-term Outcomes of Children Operated on for Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery. — Thomas AS, Chan A, Alsoufi B, Vinocur JM, Kochilas L The Annals of thoracic surgery (2022)
[9]
Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery repair outcomes: Preoperative mitral regurgitation persists in the follow-up. — Biçer M, Korun O, Yurdakök O, Çiçek M, Dedemoğlu M, Özdemir F et al. Journal of cardiac surgery (2021)
[10]
Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) in adults: Collateral circulation does not preclude direct reimplantation. — Cavalcanti LRP, Sá MPBO, Escorel Neto AC, Salerno PR, Lima RC Journal of cardiac surgery (2021)
[11]
Early Outcomes of Transconal Repair of Transseptal Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From Right Sinus. — Najm HK, Karamlou T, Ahmad M, Hassan S, Salam Y, Majdalany D et al. The Annals of thoracic surgery (2021)
[12]
Intermediate Outcomes After Repair of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery. — Radman M, Mastropietro CW, Costello JM, Amula V, Flores S, Caudill E et al. The Annals of thoracic surgery (2021)
[13]
Surgical outcomes for anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: Influence of late presentation. — Zhang W, Hu R, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Yu X, Sun Y et al. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2020)
[14]
A case of robotic assisted percutaneous coronary intervention of the left main coronary artery in a patient with very late baffle stenosis after surgical correction of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Hirai T, Jacob D, Main ML, Grantham JA Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions (2020)
[15]
Fluid Overload in Special Pediatric Cohorts With Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery Following Surgical Repair. — Wang J, Wang C, Wang Y, Gao Y, Tian Y, Wang S et al. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia (2020)
[16]
Mid-Term Outcome for Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery. — Zhang C, Zhang H, Yan J, Hua Z, Song Y, Sun H et al. Heart, lung & circulation (2020)
[17]
Transection and Relocation of Anomalous Left Coronary Artery After Aborted Sudden Cardiac Death. — Al Kindi HN, Yacoub MH The Annals of thoracic surgery (2019)
[18]
Surgical Treatment of an Anomalous Left Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery in a Sexagenarian Woman. — Abdallah H, Bouhout I, St-Onge S, Mongeon FP, Demers P The Canadian journal of cardiology (2016)
[19]
Reimplantation of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery in a 65-year-old. — Mitchell J, Lemaire A, Henaine R, Metton O, Ninet J Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals (2016)
[20]
Role of speckle tracking echocardiography in the assessment of post-repair left ventricular function in patients with late presentation of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Ajami G, Edraki MR, Moarref AR, Amirghofran AA, Borzouee M, Amoozgar H et al. Cardiology in the young (2015)
[21]
Repair of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in the modern era: preoperative predictors of immediate postoperative outcomes and long term cardiac follow-up. — Weigand J, Marshall CD, Bacha EA, Chen JM, Richmond ME Pediatric cardiology (2015)
[22]
Outcomes of coronary transfer for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Ma K, Wang L, Hua Z, Yang K, Hu S, Yan J et al. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery (2015)
[23]
Altered right ventricular function in the long-term follow-up evaluation of patients after delayed aortic reimplantation of the anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Schuck R, Abd El Rahman MY, Rentzsch A, Hui W, Weng Y, Alexi-Meskishvili V et al. Pediatric cardiology (2014)
[24]
Coronary CTA appearance of anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery with intramural aortic route. — Day K, Avery R, Oliva I, Jokerst C The international journal of cardiovascular imaging (2014)
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A case of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiovascular collapse. — Aliku TO, Lubega S, Lwabi P African health sciences (2014)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery with a large patent ductus arteriosus: aversion of a catastrophe. — Aggarwal S, Delius RE, Pettersen MD Congenital heart disease (2013)
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Electrocardiogram of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in infants. — Hoffman JI Pediatric cardiology (2013)
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What other anomalies? Failure to wean post ventricular septal defect repair secondary to anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Callaghan MA, O'Hare B, Casey W Paediatric anaesthesia (2012)
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Transfer technique of an anomalous coronary artery from the anterior pulmonary artery. — El-Rassi I, Soueide A, Sweid O, Chabb B The Annals of thoracic surgery (2012)
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Anterior aortic reimplantation of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) originating from the nonfacing sinus in an adult. — Sfyridis PG, Lytrivi ID, Kirvassilis GV, Papagiannis JK, Michalis LK, Sarris GE Journal of cardiac surgery (2010)
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Sudden cardiac arrest in a patient with an anomalous left main coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery. — Aslanger E, Altun I, Umman B Acta cardiologica (2009)
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An unusual presentation of an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) in an adult: anterior papillary muscle rupture causing severe mitral regurgitation. — Hofmeyr L, Moolman J, Brice E, Weich H Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2009)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: intermediate results of coronary elongation. — Novick WM, Li XF, Anic D, Baskevitch A, Sandoval N, Gilbert CL et al. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery (2009)
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Coronary artery bypass grafting with bilateral internal thoracic arteries for Bland-White-Garland syndrome in an adult. — Iwahashi K, Omura A, Kawahira T, Okada M General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (2008)
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ALCAPA with the ectopic orifice at the non-facing sinus: successful anatomic repair by creation of an autologous extrapulmonary tunnel. — Sodian R, Rassoullian D, Beiras-Fernandez A, Loeff M, Schmitz C, Reichart B et al. Texas Heart Institute journal (2008)
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Successful percutaneous treatment of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. — Collins N, Colman J, Benson L, Hansen M, Merchant N, Horlick E International journal of cardiology (2007)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery: autogenous arterial tube for aortic implantation. — Maluf MA, Mangia CM, Diógenes MS, Carvalho AE, Buffolo E The Journal of cardiovascular surgery (2004)
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Bland-White-Garland syndrome in a 39-year-old mother. — Maeder M, Vogt PR, Ammann P, Rickli H The Annals of thoracic surgery (2004)
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Experience with an alternative technique for the management of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Barth MJ, Allen BS, Gulecyuz M, Chiemmongkoltip P, Cuneo B, Ilbawi MN The Annals of thoracic surgery (2003)
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Creation of a dual-coronary system for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery utilizing the trapdoor flap method. — Ando M, Mee RB, Duncan BW, Drummond-Webb JJ, Seshadri SG, Igor Mesia CI European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery (2002)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: creating an autogenous arterial conduit for aortic implantation. — Amanullah MM, Hamilton JR, Hasan A European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery (2001)
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An uncommon echocardiographic marker for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: visualization of intercoronary collaterals within the ventricular septum. — Hildreth B, Junkel P, Allada V, Sintek C, Sapin S Pediatric cardiology (2001)
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Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the left internal thoracic artery graft: a case report of a child operated on for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — De Caro E, Pongiglione G Pediatric cardiology (2001)
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Surgical repair of naturally palliated anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery. — Giardini A, Gargiulo G, Picchio FM Cardiology in the young (2001)
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Extended unroofing procedure for creation of a new ostium for anomalous left coronary artery. — Nakajima H, Yagihara T, Uemura H, Kawahira Y, Yoshikawa Y The Annals of thoracic surgery (2001)
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Definite improvement in left ventricular function at six years after the Takeuchi procedure. — Isomatsu Y, Imai Y, Seo K, Terada M, Aoki M, Shin'oka T The Japanese journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery : official publication of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery = Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai zasshi (2000)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: a simple method for aortic implantation with autogenous arterial tissue. — Katsumata T, Westaby S The Annals of thoracic surgery (1999)
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Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery: recovery of left ventricular function after dual coronary repair. — Schwartz ML, Jonas RA, Colan SD Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
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Repair of anomalous connection of the left coronary artery to the pulmonary artery using native aortic and pulmonary tissue flaps. — van Son JA, Mohr FW European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery (1997)
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Aortic implantation is possible in all cases of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Turley K, Szarnicki RJ, Flachsbart KD, Richter RC, Popper RW, Tarnoff H The Annals of thoracic surgery (1995)
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Improvement in left ventricular dysfunction after aortic reimplantation in 11 consecutive paediatric patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Early results of a serial echocardiographic follow-up. — Jin Z, Berger F, Uhlemann F, Schröder C, Hetzer R, Alexi-Meskhishvili V et al. European heart journal (1994)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Significance of intercoronary collaterals. — Berdjis F, Takahashi M, Wells WJ, Stiles QR, Lindesmith GG The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1994)
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Pulmonary artery origin of the left coronary artery: diagnosis by transoesophageal echocardiography in infancy. — Kececioglu D, Kotthoff S, Konertz W, Scheld HH, Vogt J European heart journal (1993)
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An unusual coronary artery origin in a patient with anomalous left coronary artery. — Bensky AS, Meyer RA The Journal of pediatrics (1993)
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Intercoronary collateral flow detected by Doppler colour flow mapping is an additional diagnostic sign in children with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Salzer-Muhar U, Proll E, Kronik G British heart journal (1993)
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Left ventricular function assessed with echocardiography and myocardial perfusion assessed with scintigraphy under dipyridamole stress in pediatric patients after repair for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Stern H, Sauer U, Locher D, Bauer R, Meisner H, Sebening F et al. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1993)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: results of isolated aortic reimplantation. — Vouhé PR, Tamisier D, Sidi D, Vernant F, Mauriat P, Pouard P et al. The Annals of thoracic surgery (1992)
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Reliability of echocardiography in the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. — Jureidini SB, Nouri S, Crawford CJ, Chen SC, Pennington DG, Fiore A American heart journal (1991)
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Postoperative evaluation after end-to-end subclavian-left coronary artery anastomosis in anomalous left coronary artery. — Montigny M, Stanley P, Chartrand C, Selman E, Fournier A, Davignon A The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1990)
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Evolution of the management of anomalous left coronary artery: a new surgical approach. — Vigneswaran WT, Campbell DN, Pappas G, Wiggins JW, Wolfe RW, Clarke DR The Annals of thoracic surgery (1989)
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Clinical and hemodynamic course of infants and children with anomalous left coronary artery. — Hurwitz RA, Caldwell RL, Girod DA, Brown J, King H American heart journal (1989)
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The need for follow-up after surgical correction of anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. — Bogers AJ, Quaegebeur JM, Huysmans HA The Journal of cardiovascular surgery (1988)
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Anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery: a series of 27 infants undergoing operation in the first years of life. — Florent C, Vouhe PR, Khoury W, Leca F, Neveux JY, Barrier G Journal of cardiothoracic anesthesia (1988)
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Noninvasive Doppler color flow mapping for detection of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and for evaluation of surgical repair. — Swensson RE, Murillo-Olivas A, Elias W, Bender R, Daily PO, Sahn DJ Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1988)
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The use and diagnostic significance of thallium-201 SPECT imaging in a case of anomalous left coronary artery. — Petrozzo PJ, Woodard ML, Vitullo DA, Bekerman C, Blend MJ, Pinsky SM Clinical nuclear medicine (1988)
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Anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery in infancy: is early operation better? — Kakou Guikahue M, Sidi D, Kachaner J, Villain E, Cohen L, Piechaud JF et al. British heart journal (1988)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in infants. Which operation? When? — Vouhé PR, Baillot-Vernant F, Trinquet F, Sidi D, de Geeter B, Khoury W et al. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1987)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: effect of coronary anatomy on clinical course. — Tyrrell MJ, Duncan WJ, Hayton RC, Bharadwaj BB Angiology (1987)
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Left ventricular function and coronary morphology with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Kawachi K, Kitamura S, Oyama C, Sakai K, Kawashima Y The Journal of cardiovascular surgery (1987)
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Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Ligation versus establishment of a two coronary artery system. — Bunton R, Jonas RA, Lang P, Rein AJ, Castaneda AR The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1987)
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Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery presenting with infective endocarditis in an adult. — Kerwin RW, Westaby S, Davies GJ, Blackwood RA European heart journal (1985)
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Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. Potential for false negative diagnosis with cross sectional echocardiography. — Robinson PJ, Sullivan ID, Kumpeng V, Anderson RH, Macartney FJ British heart journal (1984)
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Repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery in the infant and small child. — Midgley FM, Watson DC, Scott LP, Kuehl KS, Perry LW, Galioto FM et al. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1984)
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Cross-sectional echocardiographic findings of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. — Terai M, Nagai Y, Toba T British heart journal (1983)
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Improvement of left ventricular function after ligation of the anomalous left coronary artery during infancy. — AufderHeide JF, Gutierrez FR, Hartmann AF, Weldon CS, Biello DR Pediatric cardiology (1982)
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Reconstruction of the anomalous left coronary artery within the main pulmonary artery. — Björk VO, Ivert T, Landou C, Szamosi A Scandinavian journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1982)
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Subclavian--left coronary artery anastomosis (Meyer operation) for anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. — Stephenson LW, Edmunds LH, Friedman S, Meijboom E, Gewitz M, Weinberg P Circulation (1981)
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Two-dimensional echocardiographic visualization of the left coronary artery in anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Pre- and postoperative studies. — Fisher EA, Sepehri B, Lendrum B, Luken J, Levitsky S Circulation (1981)
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Thallium-20 1 myocardial imaging in young adults with anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. — Moodie DS, Cook SA, Gill CC, Napoli CA Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine (1980)
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Anomalous left coronary artery in the infant: recovery of ventricular function following early direct aortic implantation. — Levitsky S, van der Horst RL, Hastreiter AR, Fisher EA The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1980)
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Simultaneous repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery and mitral regurgitation. — Iwa T, Watanabe Y, Misaki T, Yoshida H The Annals of thoracic surgery (1980)
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An operation for anomalous origin of left coronary artery. — Hamilton DI, Ghosh PK, Donnelly RJ British heart journal (1979)
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Surgical treatment of anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery: follow-up in teenagers and adults. — Wilson CL, Dlabal PW, McGuire SA American heart journal (1979)
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Correction of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery. — Richardson JV, Doty DB The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1979)
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Thallium-201 myocardial imaging in anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery. Applications before and after medical and surgical treatment. — Finley JP, Howman-Giles R, Gilday DL, Olley PM, Rowe RD The American journal of cardiology (1978)
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Subclavian--coronary artery anastomosis in infancy for the Bland-White-Garland syndrome: a two-year angiographic follow-up. — Suzuki Y, Horiuchi T, Ishizawa E, Sato T, Fukuda M, Kakihata H The Annals of thoracic surgery (1978)
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Anomalous left coronary arter from pulmonary trunk. Long-term follow-up after ligation. — Shrivastava S, Casteneda AR, Moller JH The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1978)
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Aortic implantation of anomalous left coronary artery arising from pulmonary artery. — Grace RR, Angelini P, Cooley DA The American journal of cardiology (1977)
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Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Case report and review of literature concerning teen-agers and adults. — Wilson CL, Dlabal PW, Holeyfield RW, Akins CW, Knauf DG The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1977)
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Angiographic assessment of anomalous origin of the left coronary from the pulmonary artery in infancy and childhood. — Hawker RE, Bowdler JD, Celermajer JM, Johnson DC, Cartmill TB Pediatric radiology (1976)
[98]
Subclavian-coronary artery anastomosis. A technique for definitive correction of anomalous origin of left coronary artery. — Senderoff E, Slovis AJ, Moallem A, Kahn RE The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery (1976)
[99]
Successful subclavian-left coronary artery anastomosis for anomalous origin of left coronary artery in infancy. — Horiuchi T, Suzuki Y, Ishizawa E, Sato T, Yokoyama A The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine (1975)
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Anomalous left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery. Report on 15 cases. — Askenazi J, Nadas AS Circulation (1975)