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Hypogonadism

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Hypogonadism, characterized by deficient production of sex hormones (testosterone in males, estrogen and progesterone in females), impacts reproductive, metabolic, skeletal, and psychosocial health significantly. It is influenced by factors such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and anabolic-androgenic steroid use 1.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Symptoms: Assess for symptoms including decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, and decreased muscle mass.
  • Biochemical Testing: Measure serum testosterone levels, ideally in the morning; consider free testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels for a comprehensive assessment 533.
  • Grading: Utilize criteria such as the European Male Aging Study (EMAS) for grading severity 15.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatment:
    • - Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT): Administer via gels, injections, patches, or pellets based on patient preference and efficacy 11718.
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
    • - Lifestyle Modifications: Encourage weight loss, exercise, and dietary changes to improve metabolic parameters 1. - Pharmacological Support: Address comorbidities such as diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors with appropriate medications 727.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Pubertal induction with GnRH analogs and sex hormone replacement tailored to individual needs 844.
  • Elderly: Consider age-related decline in testosterone and individualized treatment plans focusing on symptom relief and quality of life 2232.
  • Comorbidities: Carefully evaluate cardiovascular risk before initiating TRT; monitor for thromboembolic events 3727.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Biochemical Confirmation: Use standardized assays for testosterone measurement to ensure accurate diagnosis 5 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Individualized Treatment: Tailor TRT based on patient symptoms, biochemical parameters, and lifestyle factors 117 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Cardiovascular Monitoring: Assess and manage cardiovascular risk factors before and during TRT due to potential thromboembolic risks 37 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Comprehensive Assessment: Include assessment of metabolic syndrome and obesity as they influence hypogonadism management 1 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Specialized Care: For pediatric cases, involve endocrinologists experienced in pubertal hormone replacement 8 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

    • References

    1 Hohl A, Lopes L, Ronsoni MF, Miranda EP, Fighera TM, Facio FN et al.. Care of Patients with Male Hypogonadism: A Joint Position Statement from the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM), the Brazilian Society of Urology (SBU), and the Brazilian Association for Sexual Medicine and Health (ABEMSS). International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology 2026. link 2 Abou Chawareb E, Campos L, Savio L, Hartman-Kenzler J, Mahdi M, Hammad MAM et al.. Dermatological adverse effects of testosterone replacement therapy: a scoping review of the literature. Sexual medicine reviews 2026. link 3 Cannarella R, Gusmano C, Leanza C, Garofalo V, Crafa A, Barbagallo F et al.. Testosterone replacement therapy and vascular thromboembolic events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian journal of andrology 2024. link 4 Jayasena CN, Devine K, Barber K, Comninos AN, Conway GS, Crown A et al.. Society for endocrinology guideline for understanding, diagnosing and treating female hypogonadism. Clinical endocrinology 2024. link 5 Jayasena CN, de Silva NL, O'Reilly MW, MacKenzie F, Marrington R, Jones H et al.. Standardising the biochemical confirmation of adult male hypogonadism: A joint position statement by the Society for Endocrinology and Association of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Clinical endocrinology 2024. link 6 Mahmoud RH, Cardoso O, Colombo A, Constantinescu D, Deebel NA. Research trends in testosterone deficiency and management: A bibliometric analysis approach to quality improvement in urology resident education. Urologia 2024. link 7 Jhawar N, Chirila R. A review of testosterone supplementation and cardiovascular risk. Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne 2023. link 8 Nordenström A, Ahmed SF, van den Akker E, Blair J, Bonomi M, Brachet C et al.. Pubertal induction and transition to adult sex hormone replacement in patients with congenital pituitary or gonadal reproductive hormone deficiency: an Endo-ERN clinical practice guideline. European journal of endocrinology 2022. link 9 Jayasena CN, Anderson RA, Llahana S, Barth JH, MacKenzie F, Wilkes S et al.. Society for Endocrinology guidelines for testosterone replacement therapy in male hypogonadism. Clinical endocrinology 2022. link 10 Luberti FR, Reside TL, Bonin PL, Carré JM. Development of a single-dose intranasal testosterone administration paradigm for use in men and women. Hormones and behavior 2021. link 11 Dural Ö, Poyrazoğlu Ş. Hormone Replacement Therapy in a Patient with Hypogonadism and Coexisting Medical Conditions. Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology 2020. link 12 Wrzosek M, Woźniak J, Włodarek D. The causes of adverse changes of testosterone levels in men. Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism 2020. link 13 Pelzman DL, Hwang K. Testosterone therapy: where do the latest guidelines agree and differ?. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity 2020. link 14 Giagulli VA, Castellana M, Lisco G, Triggiani V. Critical evaluation of different available guidelines for late-onset hypogonadism. Andrology 2020. link 15 Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S. ENDOCRINE HISTORY: The history of discovery, synthesis and development of testosterone for clinical use. European journal of endocrinology 2019. link 16 Khandwala YS, Raheem OA, Ali MA, Hsieh TC. Variation in Practice Pattern of Male Hypogonadism: A Comparative Analysis of Primary Care, Urology, Endocrinology, and HIV Specialists. American journal of men's health 2018. link 17 Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Hodis HN, Matsumoto AM et al.. Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2018. link 18 Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, Kurtz EG, Redmon JB, Chiles KA et al.. Evaluation and Management of Testosterone Deficiency: AUA Guideline. The Journal of urology 2018. link 19 Baas WR, Butcher MJ, Lwin A, Holland B, Herberts M, Clemons J et al.. A Review of the FAERS Data on 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Implications for Postfinasteride Syndrome. Urology 2018. link 20 Yafi FA, Haney NM, Anaissie J, DeLay KJ, Trost L, Khera M et al.. Practice Patterns in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypogonadism: A Survey of Sexual Medicine Society of North America Members. Urology 2017. link 21 Nahata L, Ziniel SI, Garvey KC, Yu RN, Cohen LE. Fertility and sexual function: a gap in training in pediatric endocrinology. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2017. link 22 Mirone V, Debruyne F, Dohle G, Salonia A, Sofikitis N, Verze P et al.. European Association of Urology Position Statement on the Role of the Urologist in the Management of Male Hypogonadism and Testosterone Therapy. European urology 2017. link 23 Rao PK, Boulet SL, Mehta A, Hotaling J, Eisenberg ML, Honig SC et al.. Trends in Testosterone Replacement Therapy Use from 2003 to 2013 among Reproductive-Age Men in the United States. The Journal of urology 2017. link 24 Yeap BB, Grossmann M, McLachlan RI, Handelsman DJ, Wittert GA, Conway AJ et al.. Endocrine Society of Australia position statement on male hypogonadism (part 1): assessment and indications for testosterone therapy. The Medical journal of Australia 2016. link 25 Oberlin DT, Masson P, Brannigan RE. Testosterone replacement therapy and the internet: an assessment of providers' health-related web site information content. Urology 2015. link 26 Grossmann M, Anawalt BD, Wu FC. Clinical practice patterns in the assessment and management of low testosterone in men: an international survey of endocrinologists. Clinical endocrinology 2015. link 27 Goodman N, Guay A, Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Faiman C, Cunningham GR. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY POSITION STATEMENT ON THE ASSOCIATION OF TESTOSTERONE AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists 2015. link 28 Isidori AM, Balercia G, Calogero AE, Corona G, Ferlin A, Francavilla S et al.. Outcomes of androgen replacement therapy in adult male hypogonadism: recommendations from the Italian society of endocrinology. Journal of endocrinological investigation 2015. link 29 Muram D, Melby T, Alles Kingshill E. Skin reactions in a phase 3 study of a testosterone topical solution applied to the axilla in hypogonadal men. Current medical research and opinion 2012. link 30 Belchetz PE, Barth JH, Kaufman JM. Biochemical endocrinology of the hypogonadal male. Annals of clinical biochemistry 2010. link 31 Gooren LJ, Behre HM. Testosterone treatment of hypogonadal men participating in competitive sports. Andrologia 2008. link 32 Yavuz BB, Ozkayar N, Halil M, Cankurtaran M, Ulger Z, Tezcan E et al.. Free testosterone levels and implications on clinical outcomes in elderly men. Aging clinical and experimental research 2008. link 33 Rosner W, Auchus RJ, Azziz R, Sluss PM, Raff H. Position statement: Utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2007. link 34 Drobac S, Rubin K, Rogol AD, Rosenfield RL. A workshop on pubertal hormone replacement options in the United States. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2006. link 35 Thompson EL, Murphy KG, Patterson M, Bewick GA, Stamp GW, Curtis AE et al.. Chronic subcutaneous administration of kisspeptin-54 causes testicular degeneration in adult male rats. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 2006. link 36 Rubin K. Hypogonadism in adolescent females: new insights and rationale supporting the use of physiologic regimens to induce puberty. Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER 2005. link 37 Volpi R, Coiro V, Chiodera P, Saccani-Jotti G, Delsignore R. Extraprostatic complications of testosterone replacement therapy. Journal of endocrinological investigation 2005. link 38 Chen H, Liu J, Luo L, Baig MU, Kim JM, Zirkin BR. Vitamin E, aging and Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Experimental gerontology 2005. link 39 Oettel M. The endocrine pharmacology of testosterone therapy in men. Die Naturwissenschaften 2004. link 40 Basaria S, Dobs AS. Safety and adverse effects of androgens: how to counsel patients. Mayo Clinic proceedings 2004. link 41 Parisi MA, Kletter GB, Grady R, Mitchell M, Ramsdell LA, Pagon RA. Micropenis with testicular regression, low LH levels, and poor androgen and HCG responses: a distinct syndrome?. American journal of medical genetics 2002. link 42 Freeman ER, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ. A brief history of testosterone. The Journal of urology 2001. link 43 Torres-Calleja J, González-Unzaga M, DeCelis-Carrillo R, Calzada-Sánchez L, Pedrón N. Effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on sperm quality and serum hormone levels in adult male bodybuilders. Life sciences 2001. link00972-9) 44 Anawalt BD, Herbst KL, Matsumoto AM, Mulders TM, Coelingh-Bennink HJ, Bremner WJ. Desogestrel plus testosterone effectively suppresses spermatogenesis but also causes modest weight gain and high-density lipoprotein suppression. Fertility and sterility 2000. link01490-4) 45 Bagatell CJ, Heiman JR, Matsumoto AM, Rivier JE, Bremner WJ. Metabolic and behavioral effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1994. link 46 Robert P, Troalen F, Bellet D, Bousfield GR, Bidart JM. Immunochemical mapping of human lutropin: I. Delineation of a conformational antigenic determinant. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 1994. link90214-3) 47 Rassaie MJ, Kumari LG, Pandey PK, Gupta N, Kochupillai N, Grover PK. A highly specific heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring testosterone in plasma using antibody-coated immunoassay plates or polypropylene tubes. Steroids 1992. link90062-e) 48 Néri C, Ban E, Taragnat C, Caldani M, Haour F, Calas B et al.. GnRH complementary peptide antibodies: outcome in GnRH receptor immunoanalysis. Peptide research 1991. link 49 Culler MD, Negro-Vilar A. Destruction of testicular Leydig cells reveals a role of endogenous inhibin in regulating follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the adult male rat. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 1990. link90062-d) 50 Matteri RL, Dierschke DJ, Bridson WE, Rhutasel NS, Robinson JA. Regulation of the biopotency of primate luteinizing hormone by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in vitro and in vivo. Biology of reproduction 1990. link 51 Pavlou SN, Dahl KD, Wakefield G, Rivier J, Vale W, Hsueh AJ et al.. Maintenance of the ratio of bioactive to immunoreactive follicle-stimulating hormone in normal men during chronic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist administration. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 1988. link 52 Silverman AJ, Zimmerman EA, Kokoris GJ, Gibson MJ. Ultrastructure of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal structures derived from normal fetal preoptic area and transplanted into hypogonadal mutant (hpg) mice. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 1986. link 53 van Leeuwen FW, Caffe AR, De Vries GJ. Vasopressin cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat: sex differences and the influence of androgens. Brain research 1985. link90348-8) 54 White A, Gray C, Corrie JE. Monoclonal antibodies to testosterone: the effect of immunogen structure on specificity. Journal of steroid biochemistry 1985. link90109-8) 55 Keefer DA. Quantification of in vivo 3H-estrogen uptake by individual anterior pituitary cell types of male rat: a combined autoradiographic-immunocytochemical technique. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 1981. link 56 Allen TD. Microphallus: clinical and endocrinological characteristics. Transactions of the American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons 1978. link

    Original source

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      Care of Patients with Male Hypogonadism: A Joint Position Statement from the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM), the Brazilian Society of Urology (SBU), and the Brazilian Association for Sexual Medicine and Health (ABEMSS). — Hohl A, Lopes L, Ronsoni MF, Miranda EP, Fighera TM, Facio FN et al. International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology (2026)
    2. [2]
      Dermatological adverse effects of testosterone replacement therapy: a scoping review of the literature. — Abou Chawareb E, Campos L, Savio L, Hartman-Kenzler J, Mahdi M, Hammad MAM et al. Sexual medicine reviews (2026)
    3. [3]
      Testosterone replacement therapy and vascular thromboembolic events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — Cannarella R, Gusmano C, Leanza C, Garofalo V, Crafa A, Barbagallo F et al. Asian journal of andrology (2024)
    4. [4]
      Society for endocrinology guideline for understanding, diagnosing and treating female hypogonadism. — Jayasena CN, Devine K, Barber K, Comninos AN, Conway GS, Crown A et al. Clinical endocrinology (2024)
    5. [5]
      Standardising the biochemical confirmation of adult male hypogonadism: A joint position statement by the Society for Endocrinology and Association of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. — Jayasena CN, de Silva NL, O'Reilly MW, MacKenzie F, Marrington R, Jones H et al. Clinical endocrinology (2024)
    6. [6]
      Research trends in testosterone deficiency and management: A bibliometric analysis approach to quality improvement in urology resident education. — Mahmoud RH, Cardoso O, Colombo A, Constantinescu D, Deebel NA Urologia (2024)
    7. [7]
      A review of testosterone supplementation and cardiovascular risk. — Jhawar N, Chirila R Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne (2023)
    8. [8]
      Pubertal induction and transition to adult sex hormone replacement in patients with congenital pituitary or gonadal reproductive hormone deficiency: an Endo-ERN clinical practice guideline. — Nordenström A, Ahmed SF, van den Akker E, Blair J, Bonomi M, Brachet C et al. European journal of endocrinology (2022)
    9. [9]
      Society for Endocrinology guidelines for testosterone replacement therapy in male hypogonadism. — Jayasena CN, Anderson RA, Llahana S, Barth JH, MacKenzie F, Wilkes S et al. Clinical endocrinology (2022)
    10. [10]
      Development of a single-dose intranasal testosterone administration paradigm for use in men and women. — Luberti FR, Reside TL, Bonin PL, Carré JM Hormones and behavior (2021)
    11. [11]
      Hormone Replacement Therapy in a Patient with Hypogonadism and Coexisting Medical Conditions. — Dural Ö, Poyrazoğlu Ş Journal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology (2020)
    12. [12]
      The causes of adverse changes of testosterone levels in men. — Wrzosek M, Woźniak J, Włodarek D Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism (2020)
    13. [13]
      Testosterone therapy: where do the latest guidelines agree and differ? — Pelzman DL, Hwang K Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity (2020)
    14. [14]
      Critical evaluation of different available guidelines for late-onset hypogonadism. — Giagulli VA, Castellana M, Lisco G, Triggiani V Andrology (2020)
    15. [15]
      ENDOCRINE HISTORY: The history of discovery, synthesis and development of testosterone for clinical use. — Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S European journal of endocrinology (2019)
    16. [16]
      Variation in Practice Pattern of Male Hypogonadism: A Comparative Analysis of Primary Care, Urology, Endocrinology, and HIV Specialists. — Khandwala YS, Raheem OA, Ali MA, Hsieh TC American journal of men's health (2018)
    17. [17]
      Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. — Bhasin S, Brito JP, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Hodis HN, Matsumoto AM et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2018)
    18. [18]
      Evaluation and Management of Testosterone Deficiency: AUA Guideline. — Mulhall JP, Trost LW, Brannigan RE, Kurtz EG, Redmon JB, Chiles KA et al. The Journal of urology (2018)
    19. [19]
      A Review of the FAERS Data on 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors: Implications for Postfinasteride Syndrome. — Baas WR, Butcher MJ, Lwin A, Holland B, Herberts M, Clemons J et al. Urology (2018)
    20. [20]
      Practice Patterns in the Diagnosis and Management of Hypogonadism: A Survey of Sexual Medicine Society of North America Members. — Yafi FA, Haney NM, Anaissie J, DeLay KJ, Trost L, Khera M et al. Urology (2017)
    21. [21]
      Fertility and sexual function: a gap in training in pediatric endocrinology. — Nahata L, Ziniel SI, Garvey KC, Yu RN, Cohen LE Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (2017)
    22. [22]
      European Association of Urology Position Statement on the Role of the Urologist in the Management of Male Hypogonadism and Testosterone Therapy. — Mirone V, Debruyne F, Dohle G, Salonia A, Sofikitis N, Verze P et al. European urology (2017)
    23. [23]
      Trends in Testosterone Replacement Therapy Use from 2003 to 2013 among Reproductive-Age Men in the United States. — Rao PK, Boulet SL, Mehta A, Hotaling J, Eisenberg ML, Honig SC et al. The Journal of urology (2017)
    24. [24]
      Endocrine Society of Australia position statement on male hypogonadism (part 1): assessment and indications for testosterone therapy. — Yeap BB, Grossmann M, McLachlan RI, Handelsman DJ, Wittert GA, Conway AJ et al. The Medical journal of Australia (2016)
    25. [25]
      Testosterone replacement therapy and the internet: an assessment of providers' health-related web site information content. — Oberlin DT, Masson P, Brannigan RE Urology (2015)
    26. [26]
      Clinical practice patterns in the assessment and management of low testosterone in men: an international survey of endocrinologists. — Grossmann M, Anawalt BD, Wu FC Clinical endocrinology (2015)
    27. [27]
      AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY POSITION STATEMENT ON THE ASSOCIATION OF TESTOSTERONE AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK. — Goodman N, Guay A, Dandona P, Dhindsa S, Faiman C, Cunningham GR Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (2015)
    28. [28]
      Outcomes of androgen replacement therapy in adult male hypogonadism: recommendations from the Italian society of endocrinology. — Isidori AM, Balercia G, Calogero AE, Corona G, Ferlin A, Francavilla S et al. Journal of endocrinological investigation (2015)
    29. [29]
      Skin reactions in a phase 3 study of a testosterone topical solution applied to the axilla in hypogonadal men. — Muram D, Melby T, Alles Kingshill E Current medical research and opinion (2012)
    30. [30]
      Biochemical endocrinology of the hypogonadal male. — Belchetz PE, Barth JH, Kaufman JM Annals of clinical biochemistry (2010)
    31. [31]
      Testosterone treatment of hypogonadal men participating in competitive sports. — Gooren LJ, Behre HM Andrologia (2008)
    32. [32]
      Free testosterone levels and implications on clinical outcomes in elderly men. — Yavuz BB, Ozkayar N, Halil M, Cankurtaran M, Ulger Z, Tezcan E et al. Aging clinical and experimental research (2008)
    33. [33]
      Position statement: Utility, limitations, and pitfalls in measuring testosterone: an Endocrine Society position statement. — Rosner W, Auchus RJ, Azziz R, Sluss PM, Raff H The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2007)
    34. [34]
      A workshop on pubertal hormone replacement options in the United States. — Drobac S, Rubin K, Rogol AD, Rosenfield RL Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (2006)
    35. [35]
      Chronic subcutaneous administration of kisspeptin-54 causes testicular degeneration in adult male rats. — Thompson EL, Murphy KG, Patterson M, Bewick GA, Stamp GW, Curtis AE et al. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism (2006)
    36. [36]
      Hypogonadism in adolescent females: new insights and rationale supporting the use of physiologic regimens to induce puberty. — Rubin K Pediatric endocrinology reviews : PER (2005)
    37. [37]
      Extraprostatic complications of testosterone replacement therapy. — Volpi R, Coiro V, Chiodera P, Saccani-Jotti G, Delsignore R Journal of endocrinological investigation (2005)
    38. [38]
      Vitamin E, aging and Leydig cell steroidogenesis. — Chen H, Liu J, Luo L, Baig MU, Kim JM, Zirkin BR Experimental gerontology (2005)
    39. [39]
      The endocrine pharmacology of testosterone therapy in men. — Oettel M Die Naturwissenschaften (2004)
    40. [40]
      Safety and adverse effects of androgens: how to counsel patients. — Basaria S, Dobs AS Mayo Clinic proceedings (2004)
    41. [41]
      Micropenis with testicular regression, low LH levels, and poor androgen and HCG responses: a distinct syndrome? — Parisi MA, Kletter GB, Grady R, Mitchell M, Ramsdell LA, Pagon RA American journal of medical genetics (2002)
    42. [42]
      A brief history of testosterone. — Freeman ER, Bloom DA, McGuire EJ The Journal of urology (2001)
    43. [43]
      Effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on sperm quality and serum hormone levels in adult male bodybuilders. — Torres-Calleja J, González-Unzaga M, DeCelis-Carrillo R, Calzada-Sánchez L, Pedrón N Life sciences (2001)
    44. [44]
      Desogestrel plus testosterone effectively suppresses spermatogenesis but also causes modest weight gain and high-density lipoprotein suppression. — Anawalt BD, Herbst KL, Matsumoto AM, Mulders TM, Coelingh-Bennink HJ, Bremner WJ Fertility and sterility (2000)
    45. [45]
      Metabolic and behavioral effects of high-dose, exogenous testosterone in healthy men. — Bagatell CJ, Heiman JR, Matsumoto AM, Rivier JE, Bremner WJ The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (1994)
    46. [46]
      Immunochemical mapping of human lutropin: I. Delineation of a conformational antigenic determinant. — Robert P, Troalen F, Bellet D, Bousfield GR, Bidart JM Molecular and cellular endocrinology (1994)
    47. [47]
      A highly specific heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring testosterone in plasma using antibody-coated immunoassay plates or polypropylene tubes. — Rassaie MJ, Kumari LG, Pandey PK, Gupta N, Kochupillai N, Grover PK Steroids (1992)
    48. [48]
      GnRH complementary peptide antibodies: outcome in GnRH receptor immunoanalysis. — Néri C, Ban E, Taragnat C, Caldani M, Haour F, Calas B et al. Peptide research (1991)
    49. [49]
      Destruction of testicular Leydig cells reveals a role of endogenous inhibin in regulating follicle-stimulating hormone secretion in the adult male rat. — Culler MD, Negro-Vilar A Molecular and cellular endocrinology (1990)
    50. [50]
      Regulation of the biopotency of primate luteinizing hormone by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in vitro and in vivo. — Matteri RL, Dierschke DJ, Bridson WE, Rhutasel NS, Robinson JA Biology of reproduction (1990)
    51. [51]
      Maintenance of the ratio of bioactive to immunoreactive follicle-stimulating hormone in normal men during chronic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist administration. — Pavlou SN, Dahl KD, Wakefield G, Rivier J, Vale W, Hsueh AJ et al. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (1988)
    52. [52]
      Ultrastructure of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal structures derived from normal fetal preoptic area and transplanted into hypogonadal mutant (hpg) mice. — Silverman AJ, Zimmerman EA, Kokoris GJ, Gibson MJ The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience (1986)
    53. [53]
      Vasopressin cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the rat: sex differences and the influence of androgens. — van Leeuwen FW, Caffe AR, De Vries GJ Brain research (1985)
    54. [54]
      Monoclonal antibodies to testosterone: the effect of immunogen structure on specificity. — White A, Gray C, Corrie JE Journal of steroid biochemistry (1985)
    55. [55]
      Quantification of in vivo 3H-estrogen uptake by individual anterior pituitary cell types of male rat: a combined autoradiographic-immunocytochemical technique. — Keefer DA The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society (1981)
    56. [56]
      Microphallus: clinical and endocrinological characteristics. — Allen TD Transactions of the American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons (1978)
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