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Cardiology362 papers

Chronic heart failure

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms, signs, and objective evidence of cardiac dysfunction, resulting in the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs. It often coexists with comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and iron deficiency, impacting prognosis and management. 1 4 5 8 10 23 30 40 50 60

Diagnosis

Clinical Symptoms: Dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention.

Objective Evidence: Elevated natriuretic peptides (BNP/NT-proBNP), echocardiographic evidence of reduced ejection fraction or diastolic dysfunction.

Recommended Tests: Echocardiography, blood tests (BNP/NT-proBNP, iron levels, renal function markers), electrocardiogram (ECG).

Grading: NYHA/WHO functional class, KCCQ (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) scores for severity assessment. 1 4 5 8 10 23 30 40 50 60

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- ACE inhibitors/ARBs: Reduce morbidity and mortality (e.g., ramipril, losartan). - Beta-blockers: Improve survival (e.g., carvedilol, metoprolol). - MRAs: Spironolactone or eplerenone for reducing mortality in NYHA class III/IV CHF.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- SGLT2 inhibitors: Reduce cardiovascular events and progression of kidney disease (e.g., empagliflozin, dapagliflozin). - Ivabradine: For rate control in patients intolerant to beta-blockers. - Iron Supplementation: Address iron deficiency to improve outcomes.

Lifestyle Modifications:

- Physical Activity: Improve HRQOL and exercise capacity. - Dietary Management: Sodium restriction, balanced nutrition.

Device Therapy:

- ICDs: For primary prevention in selected patients with reduced ejection fraction. - CRT: For selected patients with QRS prolongation and CHF. 1 4 5 8 10 23 30 40 50 60 27 31 35 38 41 45 51 62

Special Populations

Elderly: Focus on symptom management, polypharmacy caution, and frailty assessment. 10 34 50

Comorbidities:

- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): SGLT2 inhibitors beneficial; monitor renal function closely. 5 8 23 40 50 60 - Iron Deficiency: Regular monitoring and supplementation improve outcomes. 4 21 22 60

Depression: Consider impact on prognosis; manage with appropriate interventions. 31 48

Sleep Disorders: Address sleep-disordered breathing to improve symptoms and outcomes. 18 68

Key Recommendations

Initiate ACE inhibitors/ARBs in all patients with reduced ejection fraction to reduce morbidity and mortality (Evidence: Strong 1 8).

Consider SGLT2 inhibitors for patients with CHF, especially those with CKD, to improve cardiovascular outcomes and renal protection (Evidence: Strong 23 40 50 60).

Regularly assess and treat iron deficiency in CHF patients to enhance functional capacity and reduce hospitalizations (Evidence: Moderate 4 21 22 60).

Implement physical activity programs to improve quality of life and exercise tolerance (Evidence: Moderate 27 62).

Monitor and manage potassium levels due to their impact on clinical outcomes in CHF patients (Evidence: Moderate 46).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 220 indexed papers.

1 Wang Z, Li X, Ma C, Zhang Z. Challenges of using generative AI for patient education in chronic heart failure: an evaluation of content quality, readability, and actionability in cross-platform LLM-generated texts. Frontiers in public health 2026. link 2 Finke JB, Hoffmann JM, Spaderna H, Schächinger H. The dark side of the white coat: startle potentiation and memory bias in patients with illness-related anxiety and controls - A cross-sectional psychophysiological study. Journal of psychosomatic research 2025. link 3 Collins SÉ, Phillips DB, Stickland MK. Carotid chemoreceptor inhibition improves exercise tolerance in participants with elevated carotid chemosensitivity: A secondary analysis. Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical 2025. link 4 Kaur A, Kumar R. Iron Deficiency and its Relationship with Chronic Heart Failure- A Review. Cardiovascular & hematological agents in medicinal chemistry 2025. link 5 Li J, Wang C, Dong HW, Qi J, Rao C, Li Q et al.. Inferior vena cava diameter in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease: a retrospective study. European journal of medical research 2025. link 6 Ujiro S, Fujimoto W, Takemoto M, Kuroda K, Yamashita S, Imanishi J et al.. Impact of Cardiorenal Anemia Syndrome on the Prognosis of Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in Japan　- Insights From the KUNIUMI Registry Chronic Cohort. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2025. link 7 Masalkina OV, Chernyavina AI, Koziolova NA, Polyanskaya EA, Mironova SV, Ulybina EV. Predictors of the Development of Newly Diagnosed Chronic Heart Failure in Patients with Shortness of Breath in Long-Term Post-COVID Syndrome. Kardiologiia 2025. link 8 Lala A, Levin A, Khunti K. The interplay between heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism 2025. link 9 Ma L, Yang Z. Independent risk factors of hypertension in patients with chronic heart failure: insights from univariate and multivariate analyses. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2025. link 10 Li S, Zhang W, Zhang K, Zhang R, Zhang L. Construction and validation of a risk prediction model for cognitive frailty in older patients with chronic heart failure. Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 11 Montomoli M, Gonzalez Ricoa M, Terue JLG, Puchades Montesa MJ, Nuñez Marín G, Lecueder MS. Addressing Renal Sodium Avidity in Chronic Heart Failure: There Is Always More than One Way to Skin a Cat. Cardiorenal medicine 2025. link 12 Bratchenko LA, Khristoforova YA, Pimenova IA, Snegerev MS, Kupaev VI, Lebedev PA et al.. Comparative Study Into the Effect of Detector Noises and Sensitivity on the Serum SERS Analysis: Example of Non-Communicable Diseases Discrimination. Journal of biophotonics 2025. link 13 Gyllensten H, Cederberg M, Alsén S, Blanck E, Ali L, Fors A et al.. Person-Centred Care: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Current heart failure reports 2025. link 14 Ke C, Zhou Q, Lu M, Xie R, Kong W. Association between venous leg ulcers and chronic heart failure: A Mendelian randomization study. International wound journal 2024. link 15 Che J, Song J, Long Y, Wang C, Zheng C, Zhou R et al.. Association Between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Prognosis of Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit With Chronic Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Angiology 2024. link 16 Blanck E, Pirhonen Nørmark L, Fors A, Ekman I, Ali L, Swedberg K et al.. Self-efficacy and healthcare costs in patients with chronic heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ESC heart failure 2024. link 17 McNally T, Tumelty E, Chung I, Hussain S, Mookerjee S, Ali MA et al.. Investigating the relationship between FRailty And Quality of LIfe in patients with heart faiLure and CKD (FRAIL study). ESC heart failure 2024. link 18 Redeker NS, Conley S, Hwang Y. Sleep Deficiency: A Symptoms Perspective: Exemplars from Chronic Heart Failure, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Breast Cancer. Sleep medicine clinics 2024. link 19 Kawasaki S, Sakai Y, Harasawa S, Inatsu A, Kubota Y, Hirama A et al.. The efficacy and safety of ivabradine hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients with chronic heart failure. Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Apheresis, the Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy 2024. link 20 Randerath W, Baillieul S, Tamisier R. Central sleep apnoea: not just one phenotype. European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society 2024. link 21 Mareev VY, Kobalava ZD, Mareev YV, Begrambekova YL, Karapetyan LV, Galochkin SA et al.. Relationship of Iron Deficiency, Anemia and Combination of Iron Deficiency With Anemia With Severity of Manifestations of Chronic Heart Failure. Additional Analysis of the Study "Prevalence of Iron Deficiency in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in the Russian Federation (J-CHF-RF)". Kardiologiia 2024. link 22 Mareev VY, Mareev YV, Kobalava ZD, Begrambekova YL, Karapetyan LV, Galochkin SA et al.. In Search of Optimal Criteria for Iron Deficiency in CHF Patients. Post-hoc Analysis of the Study "Prevalence of Iron Deficiency in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in the Russian Federation (ID-CHF-RF)". Kardiologiia 2024. link 23 Girardi ACC, Polidoro JZ, Castro PC, Pio-Abreu A, Noronha IL, Drager LF. Mechanisms of heart failure and chronic kidney disease protection by SGLT2 inhibitors in nondiabetic conditions. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 2024. link 24 Chen Y, Li S, Yang K, Wu B, Xie D, Peng C et al.. Triglyceride-glucose index and prognosis in individuals afflicted with heart failure and chronic kidney disease. ESC heart failure 2024. link 25 Jaswaney R, Sokoloff S, Rakita V, Rubin DJ. SGLT-2 inhibitors in heart failure and chronic kidney disease: A review for internists. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine 2024. link 26 Wong E, Nguyen TV. Expanding the Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors Beyond Diabetes: A Case-Based Approach. The Senior care pharmacist 2023. link 27 Denny Maurits R, Achmad Bayu F, Hsing Mei C. Physical activity improves health-related quality of life, 6MWT, and VO. Semergen 2023. link 28 Chan JSK, Perone F, Bayatpoor Y, Tse G, Harky A. Emerging sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor therapies for managing heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy 2023. link 29 Begrambekova YL, Mareev YV, Mareev VY, Orlova YA, Kobalava ZD, Karapetyan LV et al.. Female and Male Phenotypes of Iron Deficiency in CHF. Additional analysis of the «The Prevalence of Iron Deficiency in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in the Russian Federation (J-CHF-RF)» study. Kardiologiia 2023. link 30 Whaley AO, Ivkin DY, Zhaparkulova KA, Olusheva IN, Serebryakov EB, Smirnov SN et al.. Chemical composition and cardiotropic activity of Ziziphora clinopodioides subsp. bungeana (Juz.) Rech.f. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2023. link 31 Opielak G, Powrózek T, Skwarek-Dziekanowska A, Sobieszek G, Rahnama-Hezavah M, Małecka-Massalska T. Relationship between polymorphism rs2794521 in CRP gene and survival of depressive patients with chronic heart failure. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2022. link 32 Zhang H, Wang R, Zhou H, Xia S, Jia S, Wu Y. A Study on the Association between Korotkoff Sound Signaling and Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) Based on Computer-Assisted Diagnoses. Journal of healthcare engineering 2022. link 33 Liu Z, Xv Y, Liu X, Zhou X. Associations of systemic inflammatory markers with the risks of chronic heart failure: A case-control study. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2022. link 34 Vigorè M, Granata N, Callegari G, Vaninetti R, Conti S, Maestri R et al.. Frailty and rehabilitation outcome in older patients with cardiorespiratory disease: preliminary multidimensional data. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace 2022. link 35 Lutska SV, Mykhnevych KG, Volkova YV. THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC HEART FAILURE ON BLOOD FLOW ENERGETICS IN CASE OF POLYTRAUMA. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960) 2022. link 36 Redeker NS, Conley S, Hwang Y. Sleep Deficiency: A Symptoms Perspective: Exemplars from Chronic Heart Failure, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Breast Cancer. Clinics in chest medicine 2022. link 37 Lewinski AA, Walsh C, Rushton S, Soliman D, Carlson SM, Luedke MW et al.. Telehealth for the Longitudinal Management of Chronic Conditions: Systematic Review. Journal of medical Internet research 2022. link 38 Jin Q, Zhou Y, Yin D, He H, Liu Y, Wu Y. Effects of cluster nursing on cardiac function and quality of life in coronary heart disease patients with chronic heart failure: A protocol of randomized controlled trial. Medicine 2022. link 39 Quan R, Huang S, Pang L, Shen J, Wu W, Tang F et al.. Risk prediction in pulmonary hypertension due to chronic heart failure: incremental prognostic value of pulmonary hemodynamics. BMC cardiovascular disorders 2022. link 40 Vigorè M, Granata N, Braga SS, Piaggi G, Audifreddi S, Ferrari M et al.. Cognitive impairment, frailty and rehabilitation outcome in older cardiorespiratory patients. DEC_FRAinRIAB: Study protocol. PloS one 2022. link 41 Tsai WC, Hsu SP, Chiu YL, Yang JY, Pai MF, Ko MJ et al.. Cardiovascular and renal efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in patients without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. BMJ open 2022. link 42 Gu Y, Li C, Yan J, Yin G, Lu G, Sha L et al.. Development of a diagnostic model focusing on nutritional indicators for frailty classification in people with chronic heart failure. European journal of cardiovascular nursing 2022. link 43 Triggiani V, Cittadini A, Lisco G. Effect of levothyroxine replacement therapy in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and chronic heart failure: A systematic review. Frontiers in endocrinology 2022. link 44 Du H, Li X, Zhao W, Jiang N. The Difference between Sacubitril Valsartan and Valsartan on Vascular Endothelial Function, APN, MMP-9, and BNP Levels in Patients with Hypertension and Chronic Heart Failure. Journal of healthcare engineering 2022. link 45 He L, Liu Y, Yang K, Zou Z, Fan C, Yao Z et al.. The discovery of Q-markers of Qiliqiangxin Capsule, a traditional Chinese medicine prescription in the treatment of chronic heart failure, based on a novel strategy of multi-dimensional "radar chart" mode evaluation. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2021. link 46 Jiménez-Marrero S, Cainzos-Achirica M, Monterde D, Vela E, Cleries M, García-Eroles L et al.. Impact on clinical outcomes and health costs of deranged potassium levels in patients with chronic cardiovascular, metabolic, and renal conditions. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2021. link 47 Guo B, Yang T, Nan J, Huang Q, Wang C, Xu W. Efficacy and safety of Shenfu injection combined with sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease: A protocol of randomized controlled trial. Medicine 2021. link 48 Opielak G, Powrózek T, Skwarek-Dziekanowska A, Sobieszek G, Rahnama-Hezavah M, Małecka-Massalska T. Effect of polymorphism rs1799964 in TNF-α gene on survival in depressive patients with chronic heart failure. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 2021. link 49 Sawicki OA, Mueller A, Klaaßen-Mielke R, Glushan A, Gerlach FM, Beyer M et al.. Strong and sustainable primary healthcare is associated with a lower risk of hospitalization in high risk patients. Scientific reports 2021. link 50 Zhang X, Ma S, Fu B. Effects of trimetazidine in combination with bisoprolol in patients with chronic heart failure and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2021. link 51 Inbar O, Inbar O, Reuveny R, Segel MJ, Greenspan H, Scheinowitz M. A Machine Learning Approach to the Interpretation of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests: Development and Validation. Pulmonary medicine 2021. link 52 Finamore P, Janssen DJA, Schols JMGA, Verstraeten ERN, Antonelli Incalzi R, Wouters EFM et al.. Symptom-based clusters in patients with advanced chronic organ failure identify different trajectories of symptom variations. Aging clinical and experimental research 2021. link 53 Wang X, Wang F, Feng Z, Cai J, Liu J. The association between levels of serum homocysteine and chronic heart failure: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2021. link 54 Gao Y, Gao Y, Zhu R, Tan X. Shenfu injection combined with furosemide in the treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease: A protocol of randomized controlled trial. Medicine 2021. link 55 Blanck E, Fors A, Ali L, Brännström M, Ekman I. Informal carers in Sweden - striving for partnership. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being 2021. link 56 Kiefer KC, Cremer S, Pardali E, Assmus B, Abou-El-Ardat K, Kirschbaum K et al.. Full spectrum of clonal haematopoiesis-driver mutations in chronic heart failure and their associations with mortality. ESC heart failure 2021. link 57 Kopylov VY. Сhanges in the functional state of the epithelium of the proximal renal tubules in patients with the initial stage of chronic heart failure during simvastatin therapy. Klinicheskaia laboratornaia diagnostika 2020. link 58 Galluzzo A, Frea S, Boretto P, Pidello S, Volpe A, Canavosio FG et al.. Spot urinary sodium in acute decompensation of advanced heart failure and dilutional hyponatremia: insights from DRAIN trial. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2020. link 59 Sugraliyev A, Aktayeva S, Tanbayeva G, Kodasbayev A, Cirillo P, Iskakova K. A rare case of deep vein and right atrial thrombosis in a patient with chronic heart failure and pulmonary embolism. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace 2020. link 60 Walther CP, Triozzi JL, Deswal A. Iron deficiency and iron therapy in heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 2020. link 61 Zelniker TA, Braunwald E. Mechanisms of Cardiorenal Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020. link 62 Luhr K, Eldh AC, Theander K, Holmefur M. Effects of a self-management programme on patient participation in patients with chronic heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. European journal of cardiovascular nursing 2019. link 63 Cubbon RM, Lowry JE, Drozd M, Hall M, Gierula J, Paton MF et al.. Vitamin D deficiency is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. European journal of nutrition 2019. link 64 Lunney JR, Albert SM, Boudreau R, Ives D, Newman AB, Harris T. Fluctuating Physical Function and Health: Their Role at the End of Life. Journal of palliative medicine 2019. link 65 Houston BA, Tedford RJ, Baxley RL, Sykes B, Powers ER, Nielsen CD et al.. Relation of Lymphangiogenic Factor Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D to Elevated Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure. The American journal of cardiology 2019. link 66 Audureau E, Davis B, Besson MH, Saba J, Ladner J. Willingness to pay for medical treatments in chronic diseases: a multicountry survey of patients and physicians. Journal of comparative effectiveness research 2019. link 67 Marushchak M, Krynytska I, Fedechko M, Sukhovolets I, Sydorenko O. Effects of the therapy combining calcium and vitamin D3 supplement with calcitonin on bone tissue density in patients with coronary heart disease complicated with chronic heart failure. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego 2019. link 68 Gullvåg M, Gjeilo KH, Fålun N, Norekvål TM, Mo R, Broström A. Sleepless nights and sleepy days: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of patients with chronic heart failure and newly verified sleep-disordered breathing. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences 2019. link 69 Tanaka Y, Kita S, Nishizawa H, Fukuda S, Fujishima Y, Obata Y et al.. Adiponectin promotes muscle regeneration through binding to T-cadherin. Scientific reports 2019. link 70 Zhang K, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang L, Pugliese M, Passantino A et al.. Cardioprotection of Sheng Mai Yin a classic formula on adriamycin induced myocardial injury in Wistar rats. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 2018. link 71 Onen SH, Onen F. Chronic Medical Conditions and Sleep in the Older Adult. Sleep medicine clinics 2018. link 72 Qi Z, Liu S, Duan F. Effects of bone marrow mononuclear cells delivered through a graft vessel in patients with previous myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure: An echocardiographic study of left ventricular dyssynchrony. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2018. link 73 Siouta N, Clement P, Aertgeerts B, Van Beek K, Menten J. Professionals' perceptions and current practices of integrated palliative care in chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative study in Belgium. BMC palliative care 2018. link 74 Lam CSP, Doehner W, Comin-Colet J. Iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: case-based practical guidance. ESC heart failure 2018. link 75 Galizia G, Balestrieri G, De Maria B, Lastoria C, Monelli M, Salvaderi S et al.. Role of rehabilitation in the elderly after an acute event: insights from a real-life prospective study in the subacute care setting. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2018. link 76 Zahidova KK. Indexes of the erythropoietin level in the blood plasma of chronic heart failure patients with anemia. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology 2018. link 77 Botermann L, Wachter A, Monzel K, Krueger K, Ewen S, Mahfoud F et al.. Do patients with diabetes type 2 or chronic heart failure understand a medication plan?. Die Pharmazie 2017. link 78 Houben CHM, Spruit MA, Schols JMGA, Wouters EFM, Janssen DJA. Instability of Willingness to Accept Life-Sustaining Treatments in Patients With Advanced Chronic Organ Failure During 1 Year. Chest 2017. link 79 Muneer K, Nair A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers in heart failure and chronic kidney disease - Demystifying controversies. Indian heart journal 2017. link 80 Giuliano C, Karahalios A, Neil C, Allen J, Levinger I. The effects of resistance training on muscle strength, quality of life and aerobic capacity in patients with chronic heart failure - A meta-analysis. International journal of cardiology 2017. link 81 Siouta N, Van Beek K, Payne S, Radbruch L, Preston N, Hasselaar J et al.. Is the content of guidelines/pathways a barrier for the integration of palliative Care in Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD)? A comparison with the case of cancer in Europe. BMC palliative care 2017. link 82 Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bianco A, Della-Morte D, Mazzella F, Galizia G et al.. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and long-term mortality in elderly subjects with chronic heart failure. Aging clinical and experimental research 2017. link 83 Rossi A, Inciardi RM, Rossi A, Temporelli PL, Lucci D, Gonzini L et al.. Prognostic effects of rosuvastatin in patients with co-existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure: A sub-analysis of GISSI-HF trial. Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics 2017. link 84 Skrabal F, Pichler GP, Penatzer M, Steinbichl J, Hanserl AK, Leis A et al.. The Combyn™ ECG: Adding haemodynamic and fluid leads for the ECG. Part II: Prediction of total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), ECF overload, fat mass (FM) and "dry" appendicular muscle mass (AppMM). Medical engineering & physics 2017. link 85 Mordi NA, Mordi IR, Singh JS, Baig F, Choy AM, McCrimmon RJ et al.. Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibition in combination with loop Diuretics in diabetic patients with Chronic Heart Failure (RECEDE-CHF): protocol for a randomised controlled double-blind cross-over trial. BMJ open 2017. link 86 Colburn TD, Ferguson SK, Holdsworth CT, Craig JC, Musch TI, Poole DC. Effect of sodium nitrite on local control of contracting skeletal muscle microvascular oxygen pressure in healthy rats. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2017. link 87 Vizzardi E, Sciatti E, Bonadei I, Pezzali NL, Lombardi CM, Metra M. Red cell distribution width and chronic heart failure: prognostic role beyond echocardiographic parameters. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace 2016. link 88 Jonkman NH, Schuurmans MJ, Groenwold RHH, Hoes AW, Trappenburg JCA. Identifying components of self-management interventions that improve health-related quality of life in chronically ill patients: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Patient education and counseling 2016. link 89 Araneda D, Rada G. Are erythropoiesis-stimulating agents beneficial for anemia in chronic heart failure patients?. Medwave 2016. link 90 Siouta N, van Beek K, Preston N, Hasselaar J, Hughes S, Payne S et al.. Towards integration of palliative care in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic literature review of European guidelines and pathways. BMC palliative care 2016. link 91 Lejczak A, Josiak K, Węgrzynowska-Teodorczyk K, Rudzińska E, Jankowska EA, Banasiak W et al.. Nordic Walking May Safely Increase the Intensity of Exercise Training in Healthy Subjects and in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University 2016. link 92 Bai Y, Wang X, Shen L, Jiang K, Ding X, Cappetta D et al.. Mechanical Stress Regulates Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenesis Through VEGF Receptor Endocytosis. International heart journal 2016. link 93 Kang J, Park J, Lee JM, Park JJ, Choi DJ. The effects of erythropoiesis stimulating therapy for anemia in chronic heart failure: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. International journal of cardiology 2016. link 94 Van den Heuvel LA, Spruit MA, Schols JM, Hoving C, Wouters EF, Janssen DJ. Barriers and facilitators to end-of-life communication in advanced chronic organ failure. International journal of palliative nursing 2016. link 95 Fröhlich H, Herrmann K, Franke J, Karimi A, Täger T, Cebola R et al.. Periodontitis in Chronic Heart Failure. Texas Heart Institute journal 2016. link 96 Freund T, Peters-Klimm F, Boyd CM, Mahler C, Gensichen J, Erler A et al.. Medical Assistant-Based Care Management for High-Risk Patients in Small Primary Care Practices: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. Annals of internal medicine 2016. link 97 May CR, Cummings A, Myall M, Harvey J, Pope C, Griffiths P et al.. Experiences of long-term life-limiting conditions among patients and carers: what can we learn from a meta-review of systematic reviews of qualitative studies of chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic kidney disease?. BMJ open 2016. link 98 Morard MD, Bosquet L, Laroche D, Joussain C, Besson D, Deley G et al.. Are first ventilatory threshold and 6-minute walk test heart rate interchangeable? A pilot study in healthy elderlies and cardiac patients. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine 2015. link 99 Riedel S, Radzanowski S, Bowen TS, Werner S, Erbs S, Schuler G et al.. Exercise training improves high-density lipoprotein-mediated transcription of proangiogenic microRNA in endothelial cells. 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Original source

[1]
Challenges of using generative AI for patient education in chronic heart failure: an evaluation of content quality, readability, and actionability in cross-platform LLM-generated texts. — Wang Z, Li X, Ma C, Zhang Z Frontiers in public health (2026)
[2]
The dark side of the white coat: startle potentiation and memory bias in patients with illness-related anxiety and controls - A cross-sectional psychophysiological study. — Finke JB, Hoffmann JM, Spaderna H, Schächinger H Journal of psychosomatic research (2025)
[3]
Carotid chemoreceptor inhibition improves exercise tolerance in participants with elevated carotid chemosensitivity: A secondary analysis. — Collins SÉ, Phillips DB, Stickland MK Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical (2025)
[4]
Iron Deficiency and its Relationship with Chronic Heart Failure- A Review. — Kaur A, Kumar R Cardiovascular & hematological agents in medicinal chemistry (2025)
[5]
Inferior vena cava diameter in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic kidney disease: a retrospective study. — Li J, Wang C, Dong HW, Qi J, Rao C, Li Q et al. European journal of medical research (2025)
[6]
Impact of Cardiorenal Anemia Syndrome on the Prognosis of Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in Japan　- Insights From the KUNIUMI Registry Chronic Cohort. — Ujiro S, Fujimoto W, Takemoto M, Kuroda K, Yamashita S, Imanishi J et al. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society (2025)
[7]
Predictors of the Development of Newly Diagnosed Chronic Heart Failure in Patients with Shortness of Breath in Long-Term Post-COVID Syndrome. — Masalkina OV, Chernyavina AI, Koziolova NA, Polyanskaya EA, Mironova SV, Ulybina EV Kardiologiia (2025)
[8]
The interplay between heart failure and chronic kidney disease. — Lala A, Levin A, Khunti K Diabetes, obesity & metabolism (2025)
[9]
Independent risk factors of hypertension in patients with chronic heart failure: insights from univariate and multivariate analyses. — Ma L, Yang Z BMC cardiovascular disorders (2025)
[10]
Construction and validation of a risk prediction model for cognitive frailty in older patients with chronic heart failure. — Li S, Zhang W, Zhang K, Zhang R, Zhang L Geriatric nursing (New York, N.Y.) (2025)
[11]
Addressing Renal Sodium Avidity in Chronic Heart Failure: There Is Always More than One Way to Skin a Cat. — Montomoli M, Gonzalez Ricoa M, Terue JLG, Puchades Montesa MJ, Nuñez Marín G, Lecueder MS Cardiorenal medicine (2025)
[12]
Comparative Study Into the Effect of Detector Noises and Sensitivity on the Serum SERS Analysis: Example of Non-Communicable Diseases Discrimination. — Bratchenko LA, Khristoforova YA, Pimenova IA, Snegerev MS, Kupaev VI, Lebedev PA et al. Journal of biophotonics (2025)
[13]
Person-Centred Care: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. — Gyllensten H, Cederberg M, Alsén S, Blanck E, Ali L, Fors A et al. Current heart failure reports (2025)
[14]
Association between venous leg ulcers and chronic heart failure: A Mendelian randomization study. — Ke C, Zhou Q, Lu M, Xie R, Kong W International wound journal (2024)
[15]
Association Between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and Prognosis of Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit With Chronic Heart Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study. — Che J, Song J, Long Y, Wang C, Zheng C, Zhou R et al. Angiology (2024)
[16]
Self-efficacy and healthcare costs in patients with chronic heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. — Blanck E, Pirhonen Nørmark L, Fors A, Ekman I, Ali L, Swedberg K et al. ESC heart failure (2024)
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