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Cardiology428 papers

Idioventricular rhythm

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Idioventricular rhythm, also known as ventricular escape rhythm, occurs when the ventricles generate impulses independently due to the absence of normal sinus node or atrioventricular (AV) conduction. It typically manifests as a slow heart rate (usually 20-40 bpm) with a wide QRS complex, reflecting intrinsic ventricular depolarization 1 2 3 18.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Slow heart rate, often symptomatic with fatigue, dizziness, or syncope 1 3.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings: Wide QRS complex, absence of P waves, and regular rhythm 1 3 18.

Echocardiography: Useful to assess ventricular function and rule out structural heart disease 1 3.

Electrophysiological Studies: Rarely needed but can confirm absence of supraventricular impulse capture 1 3.

Management

Underlying Cause Correction: Address and treat any reversible causes such as electrolyte imbalances, drug toxicity, or ischemia 1 3.

Temporary Pacing: Indicated for symptomatic bradycardia or hemodynamic instability 1 3.

Permanent Pacing: Consider for persistent idioventricular rhythm with symptoms or risk of hemodynamic compromise 1 3 16 19.

Physiological Pacing Sites: Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) or His bundle pacing preferred to improve cardiac function and reduce dyssynchrony 3 15 16 21.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Limited data; pacing strategies should consider growth and development, with careful lead placement 22 46.

Elderly: Focus on minimizing complications and ensuring appropriate device programming to avoid oversensing and inappropriate shocks 44 45.

Comorbidities: Tailor management to coexisting conditions like heart failure or frailty, emphasizing physiological pacing to preserve cardiac function 34 49.

Key Recommendations

Identify and Correct Underlying Causes: Address reversible causes such as electrolyte disturbances or medication side effects (Evidence: Strong 1 3).

Temporary Pacing for Symptomatic Patients: Use temporary pacing in cases of hemodynamic instability or severe symptoms (Evidence: Moderate 1 3).

Consider Permanent Pacing for Persistent Symptoms: Implement permanent pacing in patients with persistent idioventricular rhythm and significant symptoms or hemodynamic risk (Evidence: Moderate 1 3 16).

Prefer Physiological Pacing Sites: Opt for LBBAP or His bundle pacing to enhance cardiac efficiency and reduce dyssynchrony (Evidence: Moderate 3 15 16 21).

Monitor and Manage Comorbidities: Tailor pacing strategy to coexisting conditions like heart failure or frailty to optimize outcomes (Evidence: Expert opinion 34 49).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 223 indexed papers.

1 Qiu Z, Wu X, Hu W, Tang Y, Xu Z, Ou Z et al.. Interatrial Synchronized Pacing at the Posterosuperior Bundle: Feasibility, Mechanism, and Mid-Term Outcomes. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2026. link 2 Yang S, Zhang H, Sheng G, Chen Y, Yu X, Gong C et al.. Efficacy Comparison Between Conventional and Probe Methods for Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2026. link 3 Glikson M, Burri H, Abdin A, Cano O, Curila K, De Pooter J et al.. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) clinical consensus statement on indications for conduction system pacing, with special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association of the ESC and endorsed by the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society, the Heart Rhythm Society, and the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2025. link 4 Korf HW. Photoneuroendocrine, circadian and seasonal systems: from photoneuroendocrinology to circadian biology and medicine. Cell and tissue research 2025. link 5 Ferns SJ, Vaseghi M, Singleton MJ, Nguyen DT, Narayan SM, Bilchick KC. Factors of engagement in research after graduation from EP fellowship: An HRS survey. Heart rhythm 2025. link 6 Jiménez-López J, González-Matos CE, Rodriguez-Queraltó O, Francisco-Pascual J, Lal-Trehan Estrada N, Martín-Sánchez G et al.. Pacing system analyzers to guide conduction system pacing implantation procedures: A comparison study of intracardiac and surface signals with an electrophysiology recording system. Heart rhythm 2025. link 7 Shen J, Jiang L, Wu H, Zhang L, Li H, Pan L. Electrophysiological characteristics of lead position-dependent electrogram uninterrupted transition during left bundle branch pacing. Heart rhythm 2025. link 8 Damera MC, Centanni R, Sherman A, Kline J, Follansbee CW, Chang PM et al.. Evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of reduced lead paediatric electrocardiograms. Cardiology in the young 2025. link 9 Parlavecchio A, Vetta G, Coluccia G, Pistelli L, Caminiti R, Crea P et al.. Success and complication rates of conduction system pacing: a meta-analytical observational comparison of left bundle branch area pacing and His bundle pacing. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2024. link 10 Weiss JP, Farb A. Early feasibility studies in the United States: Focus on electrophysiology. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2023. link 11 Pombo Jiménez M, Chimeno García J, Bertomeu González V, Cano Pérez Ó. Spanish pacemaker registry. 19th official report of the Heart Rhythm Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2021). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2022. link 12 Cornelissen G. Applications of cosinor rhythmometry in pharmacology. Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2021. link 13 Pombo Jiménez M, Chimeno García J, Bertomeu-González V, Cano Pérez Ó. Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 18th Official Report of the Cardiac Pacing Section of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2020). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2021. link 14 Auricchio A, Conte G, Demarchi A, Baldi E, Özkartal T, Regoli F et al.. Challenges in activation of remote monitoring in patients with cardiac rhythm devices during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. International journal of cardiology 2021. link 15 Zhang J, Wang Z, Zu L, Cheng L, Su R, Wang X et al.. Simplifying Physiological Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Using a New Nine-Partition Method. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2021. link 16 Bakelants E, Zweerink A, Burri H. Programming and follow-up of patients with His bundle pacing. Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie 2020. link 17 Albatat M, Bergsland J, Arevalo H, Odland HH, Bose P, Halvorsen PS et al.. Technological and Clinical Challenges in Lead Placement for Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices. Annals of biomedical engineering 2020. link 18 Su L, Xu T, Cai M, Xu L, Vijayaraman P, Sharma PS et al.. Electrophysiological characteristics and clinical values of left bundle branch current of injury in left bundle branch pacing. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2020. link 19 Cano Pérez Ó, Pombo Jiménez M, Lorente Carreño D, Chimeno García J. Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 16th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2018). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2019. link 20 Revishvili A, Babak A, Didenko M. Overview of the current electrophysiology (EP) state of affairs in Russia. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2019. link 21 Ezzeddine FM, Dandamudi G. Updates on His bundle pacing: The road more traveled lately. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2019. link 22 Bonelli F, Vezzosi T, Meylan M, Nocera I, Ferrulli V, Buralli C et al.. Comparison of smartphone-based and standard base-apex electrocardiography in healthy dairy cows. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 2019. link 23 Starr N, Dayal N, Domenichini G, Stettler C, Burri H. Electrical parameters with His-bundle pacing: Considerations for automated programming. Heart rhythm 2019. link 24 Burri H, Keene D, Whinnett Z, Zanon F, Vijayaraman P. Device Programming for His Bundle Pacing. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology 2019. link 25 Della Rocca DG, Gianni C, Di Biase L, Natale A, Al-Ahmad A. Leadless Pacemakers: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Cardiac electrophysiology clinics 2018. link 26 Lee JZ, Mulpuru SK, Shen WK. Leadless pacemaker: Performance and complications. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2018. link 27 Zucchelli G, Barletta V, Bongiorni MG. Leadless technology: a new paradigm for cardiac pacing?. Minerva cardioangiologica 2018. link 28 Yoshinaga M, Iwamoto M, Horigome H, Sumitomo N, Ushinohama H, Izumida N et al.. Standard Values and Characteristics of Electrocardiographic Findings in Children and Adolescents. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2018. link 29 Mlynarska A, Mlynarski R, Golba KS. Anxiety, age, education and activities of daily living as predictive factors of the occurrence of frailty syndrome in patients with heart rhythm disorders. Aging & mental health 2018. link 30 Bhatt AG, Musat DL, Milstein N, Pimienta J, Flynn L, Sichrovsky T et al.. The Efficacy of His Bundle Pacing: Lessons Learned From Implementation for the First Time at an Experienced Electrophysiology Center. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology 2018. link 31 Cano Pérez Ó, Pombo Jiménez M, Fidalgo Andrés ML, Lorente Carreño D, Coma Samartín R. Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 14th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2016). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2017. link 32 Rakhshan M, Ansari L, Molazem Z, Zare N. Complications of Heart Rhythm Management Devices After Cardiac Rehabilitation Program. Clinical nurse specialist CNS 2017. link 33 Groeneveld PW, Dixit S. Cardiac Pacing and Defibrillation Devices: Cost and Effectiveness. Annual review of medicine 2017. link 34 Mlynarska A, Mlynarski R, Golba KS. Frailty syndrome in patients with heart rhythm disorders. Geriatrics & gerontology international 2017. link 35 Fauchier L, Alonso C, Anselme F, Blangy H, Bordachar P, Boveda S et al.. Position paper for management of elderly patients with pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators: Groupe de Rythmologie et Stimulation Cardiaque de la Société Française de Cardiologie and Société Française de Gériatrie et Gérontologie. Archives of cardiovascular diseases 2016. link 36 Cohen M, Sanatani S, Stephenson E, Skinner J, Drago F, Davis A et al.. Pediatric & Congenital Electrophysiology Society: building an international paediatric electrophysiology organisation. Heart rhythm 2016. link 37 Austin C, Kusumoto F. Innovative pacing: Recent advances, emerging technologies, and future directions in cardiac pacing. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2016. link 38 Lau DH, Volders PG, Kohl P, Prinzen FW, Zaza A, Kääb S et al.. Opportunities and challenges of current electrophysiology research: a plea to establish 'translational electrophysiology' curricula. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2015. link 39 Cano Pérez Ó, Pombo Jiménez M, Coma Samartín R. Spanish Pacemaker Registry. Twelfth Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2014). Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2015. link 40 Shah AJ, Lim HS, Yamashita S, Zellerhoff S, Berte B, Mahida S et al.. Noninvasive mapping of ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiac electrophysiology clinics 2015. link 41 Pang BJ, Kumar S, Tacey MA, Mond HG. Capturing the His-Purkinje system is not possible from conventional right ventricular apical and nonapical pacing sites. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2014. link 42 Janoušek J, Kubuš P. What's new in cardiac pacing in children?. Current opinion in cardiology 2014. link 43 Chen KP, Xu G, Wu S, Tang B, Wang L, Zhang S. Clinical evaluation of pacemaker automatic capture management and atrioventricular interval extension algorithm. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2013. link 44 Chiladakis JA, Kalogeropoulos A, Zagkli F, Koutsogiannis N, Chouchoulis K, Alexopoulos D. Facilitating assessment of QT interval duration during ventricular pacing. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2013. link 45 Deo R, Nalls MA, Avery CL, Smith JG, Evans DS, Keller MF et al.. Common genetic variation near the connexin-43 gene is associated with resting heart rate in African Americans: a genome-wide association study of 13,372 participants. Heart rhythm 2013. link 46 Czosek RJ, Meganathan K, Anderson JB, Knilans TK, Marino BS, Heaton PC. Cardiac rhythm devices in the pediatric population: utilization and complications. Heart rhythm 2012. link 47 Khaja A, Govindarajan G, McDaniel W, Flaker G. Cardiac safety of conducted electrical devices in pigs and their effect on pacemaker function. The American journal of emergency medicine 2011. link 48 Harding ME, Palma EC. Transvenous dual site left ventricular pacing to lower elevated pacing thresholds. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2011. link 49 Sabelli H, Messer J, Kovacevic L, Walthall K. The biotic pattern of heartbeat intervals. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 50 Lau CP, Siu CW. Pacing technology: advances in pacing threshold management. Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B 2010. link 51 Schnorr B, Kelsch B, Cremers B, Clever YP, Speck U, Scheller B. Contemporary issues in cardiac pacing. Minerva cardioangiologica 2010. link 52 Proclemer A, Ghidina M, Gregori D, Facchin D, Rebellato L, Zakja E et al.. Trend of the main clinical characteristics and pacing modality in patients treated by pacemaker: data from the Italian Pacemaker Registry for the quinquennium 2003-07. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2010. link 53 Erdogan O, Hunuk B. Right ventricular outflow tract pacing: an alternative, safe, and effective pacing site. Journal of long-term effects of medical implants 2010. link 54 Stampfer HG, Hood SD. Circadian rhythms: keeping pace with developments. The Medical journal of Australia 2009. link 55 Carvajal A, Macías D, Salado I, Sáinz M, Ortega S, Campo C et al.. Heart rhythm disturbances associated with rupatadine: a case series from the Spanish and Portuguese pharmacovigilance systems. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 2009. link 56 Priori SG, Auricchio A, Nisam S, Yong P. To replace or not to replace: a systematic approach to respond to device advisories. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2009. link 57 Lian J, Müssig D. Heart rhythm and cardiac pacing: an integrated dual-chamber heart and pacer model. Annals of biomedical engineering 2009. link 58 Hill CM, Mostafa P, Stuart AG, Thomas DW, Walker RV. ECG variations in patients pre- and post-local anaesthesia and analgesia. British dental journal 2009. link 59 Chen Z, Brown EN, Barbieri R. Characterizing nonlinear heartbeat dynamics within a point process framework. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2008. link 60 Silvetti MS. Pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation in pediatric patients. Minerva cardioangiologica 2007. link 61 Veerareddy S, Arora N, Caldito G, Reddy PC. Gender differences in selection of pacemakers: a single-center study. Gender medicine 2007. link80066-0) 62 Boink GJ, Seppen J, de Bakker JM, Tan HL. Gene therapy to create biological pacemakers. Medical & biological engineering & computing 2007. link 63 Rosen MR, Brink PR, Cohen IS, Robinson RB. Biological pacemakers based on I(f). Medical & biological engineering & computing 2007. link 64 . Self-test: ECG examination. Nursing 2006. link 65 Criley JM, Nelson WP. Virtual tools for teaching electrocardiographic rhythm analysis. Journal of electrocardiology 2006. link 66 Da Costa A, Gulian JL, Romeyer-Bouchard C, Messier M, Zarqane N, Samuel B et al.. Clinical predictors of cardiac events in patients with isolated syncope and negative electrophysiologic study. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 67 Padeletti L, Lieberman R, Valsecchi S, Hettrick DA. Physiologic pacing: new modalities and pacing sites. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2006. link 68 Saksena S. Achieving global access to heart rhythm therapies in the next decade: a tangible goal. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2006. link 69 Tu C, Zeng Y, Yang X. A new approach to detect QRS complexes based on a histogram and genetic algorithm. Journal of medical engineering & technology 2005. link 70 Yee R, Klein GJ, Krahn AC, Skanes AC. Selective site pacing: tools and training. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2004. link 71 Soylu M, Ozdemir O, Geyik B, Ozbakir C, Demir AD, Duru E et al.. Evaluation of the early hemodynamic changes in carotid arteries during ventricular and dual chamber pacing. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2004. link 72 Cooper HE, Clutton-Brock TH, Parkes MJ. Contribution of the respiratory rhythm to sinus arrhythmia in normal unanesthetized subjects during positive-pressure mechanical hyperventilation. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2004. link 73 McCoy F. More than a device: today's medical technology companies provide value through service. Cardiac electrophysiology review 2003. link 74 Lüderitz B. History of cardiac rhythm disorders. Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie 2002. link 75 Sun Y, Chan K, Krishnan SM. ECG signal conditioning by morphological filtering. Computers in biology and medicine 2002. link00034-3) 76 Krupa W, Kozłowski D, Derejko P, Swiatecka G. Permanent cardiac pacing and its influence on tricuspid valve function. Folia morphologica 2001. link 77 Folarin VA, Fitzsimmons PJ, Kruyer WB. Holter monitor findings in asymptomatic male military aviators without structural heart disease. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine 2001. link 78 Boudet G, Chamoux A. Heart rate monitors and abnormal heart rhythm detection. Archives of physiology and biochemistry 2000. link 79 Duru F, Bauersfeld U, Schüller H, Candinas R. Threshold tracking pacing based on beat by beat evoked response detection: clinical benefits and potential problems. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2000. link 80 Zigel Y, Cohen A, Katz A. ECG signal compression using analysis by synthesis coding. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 2000. link 81 Laguna P, Sörnmo L. Sampling rate and the estimation of ensemble variability for repetitive signals. Medical & biological engineering & computing 2000. link 82 Werner J, Hexamer M, Meine M, Lemke B. Restoration of cardio-circulatory regulation by rate-adaptive pacemaker systems: the bioengineering view of a clinical problem. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 1999. link 83 Belott P. Bioimpedance in the pacemaker clinic. AACN clinical issues 1999. link 84 Dubin AM, Van Hare GF. Advances in the treatment of cardiac rhythm disturbances. Current opinion in pediatrics 1999. link 85 Woodrow P. An introduction to the reading of electrocardiograms. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing) 1998. link 86 Julen N, Siregar P, Sinteff JP, Le Beux P. A qualitative model for computer-assisted instruction in cardiology. Proceedings. AMIA Symposium 1998. link 87 Mitov IP. A method for assessment and processing of biomedical signals containing trend and periodic components. Medical engineering & physics 1998. link00077-0) 88 Paniagua D, Aldrich HR, Lieberman EH, Lamas GA, Agatston AS. Increased prevalence of significant tricuspid regurgitation in patients with transvenous pacemakers leads. The American journal of cardiology 1998. link00567-0) 89 Sörnmo L. Vectorcardiographic loop alignment and morphologic beat-to-beat variability. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 1998. link 90 Langenfeld H, Krein A, Kirstein M, Binner L. Peak endocardial acceleration-based clinical testing of the "BEST" DDDR pacemaker. European PEA Clinical Investigation Group. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998. link 91 Leung SK, Lau CP, Tang MO, Leung Z, Yakimow K. An integrated dual sensor system automatically optimized by target rate histogram. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998. link 92 Ramza BM, Rosenthal L, Hui R, Nsah E, Savader S, Lawrence JH et al.. Safety and effectiveness of placement of pacemaker and defibrillator leads in the axillary vein guided by contrast venography. The American journal of cardiology 1997. link00542-0) 93 Daubert C, Leclercq C, Le Breton H, Gras D, Pavin D, Pouvreau Y et al.. Permanent left atrial pacing with a specifically designed coronary sinus lead. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1997. link 94 Barold SS, Barold HS. Contemporary issues in rate-adaptive pacing. Clinical cardiology 1997. link 95 Chevalier S, Basta M, Leitch JW. The importance of the left atrioventricular interval during atrioventricular sequential pacing. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1997. link 96 Hyde C, Izard CE. Cardiac rhythmicities and attention in young children. Psychophysiology 1997. link 97 Machado C, Johnson D, Thacker JR, Duncan JL. Pacemaker patient-triggered event recording: accuracy, utility, and cost for the pacemaker follow-up clinic. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1996. link 98 Dimitriu AG, Iordache C, Nicolau I, Anton-Goţia G, Frasin M, Nistor N et al.. Clinical and evolutive aspects in ventricular preexcitation syndromes in child. Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi 1996. link 99 Sermasi S, Marconi M, Libero L, Moracchini PV, Rusconi L, Mininno A et al.. Italian experience with AutoCapture in conjunction with a membrane lead. 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Original source

[1]
Interatrial Synchronized Pacing at the Posterosuperior Bundle: Feasibility, Mechanism, and Mid-Term Outcomes. — Qiu Z, Wu X, Hu W, Tang Y, Xu Z, Ou Z et al. Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology (2026)
[2]
Efficacy Comparison Between Conventional and Probe Methods for Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing. — Yang S, Zhang H, Sheng G, Chen Y, Yu X, Gong C et al. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2026)
[3]
European Society of Cardiology (ESC) clinical consensus statement on indications for conduction system pacing, with special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association of the ESC and endorsed by the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society, the Heart Rhythm Society, and the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society. — Glikson M, Burri H, Abdin A, Cano O, Curila K, De Pooter J et al. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology (2025)
[4]
Photoneuroendocrine, circadian and seasonal systems: from photoneuroendocrinology to circadian biology and medicine. — Korf HW Cell and tissue research (2025)
[5]
Factors of engagement in research after graduation from EP fellowship: An HRS survey. — Ferns SJ, Vaseghi M, Singleton MJ, Nguyen DT, Narayan SM, Bilchick KC Heart rhythm (2025)
[6]
Pacing system analyzers to guide conduction system pacing implantation procedures: A comparison study of intracardiac and surface signals with an electrophysiology recording system. — Jiménez-López J, González-Matos CE, Rodriguez-Queraltó O, Francisco-Pascual J, Lal-Trehan Estrada N, Martín-Sánchez G et al. Heart rhythm (2025)
[7]
Electrophysiological characteristics of lead position-dependent electrogram uninterrupted transition during left bundle branch pacing. — Shen J, Jiang L, Wu H, Zhang L, Li H, Pan L Heart rhythm (2025)
[8]
Evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of reduced lead paediatric electrocardiograms. — Damera MC, Centanni R, Sherman A, Kline J, Follansbee CW, Chang PM et al. Cardiology in the young (2025)
[9]
Success and complication rates of conduction system pacing: a meta-analytical observational comparison of left bundle branch area pacing and His bundle pacing. — Parlavecchio A, Vetta G, Coluccia G, Pistelli L, Caminiti R, Crea P et al. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (2024)
[10]
Early feasibility studies in the United States: Focus on electrophysiology. — Weiss JP, Farb A Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2023)
[11]
Spanish pacemaker registry. 19th official report of the Heart Rhythm Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2021). — Pombo Jiménez M, Chimeno García J, Bertomeu González V, Cano Pérez Ó Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) (2022)
[12]
Applications of cosinor rhythmometry in pharmacology. — Cornelissen G Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (2021)
[13]
Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 18th Official Report of the Cardiac Pacing Section of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (2020). — Pombo Jiménez M, Chimeno García J, Bertomeu-González V, Cano Pérez Ó Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) (2021)
[14]
Challenges in activation of remote monitoring in patients with cardiac rhythm devices during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. — Auricchio A, Conte G, Demarchi A, Baldi E, Özkartal T, Regoli F et al. International journal of cardiology (2021)
[15]
Simplifying Physiological Left Bundle Branch Area Pacing Using a New Nine-Partition Method. — Zhang J, Wang Z, Zu L, Cheng L, Su R, Wang X et al. The Canadian journal of cardiology (2021)
[16]
Programming and follow-up of patients with His bundle pacing. — Bakelants E, Zweerink A, Burri H Herzschrittmachertherapie & Elektrophysiologie (2020)
[17]
Technological and Clinical Challenges in Lead Placement for Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices. — Albatat M, Bergsland J, Arevalo H, Odland HH, Bose P, Halvorsen PS et al. Annals of biomedical engineering (2020)
[18]
Electrophysiological characteristics and clinical values of left bundle branch current of injury in left bundle branch pacing. — Su L, Xu T, Cai M, Xu L, Vijayaraman P, Sharma PS et al. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2020)
[19]
Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 16th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2018). — Cano Pérez Ó, Pombo Jiménez M, Lorente Carreño D, Chimeno García J Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) (2019)
[20]
Overview of the current electrophysiology (EP) state of affairs in Russia. — Revishvili A, Babak A, Didenko M Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (2019)
[21]
Updates on His bundle pacing: The road more traveled lately. — Ezzeddine FM, Dandamudi G Trends in cardiovascular medicine (2019)
[22]
Comparison of smartphone-based and standard base-apex electrocardiography in healthy dairy cows. — Bonelli F, Vezzosi T, Meylan M, Nocera I, Ferrulli V, Buralli C et al. Journal of veterinary internal medicine (2019)
[23]
Electrical parameters with His-bundle pacing: Considerations for automated programming. — Starr N, Dayal N, Domenichini G, Stettler C, Burri H Heart rhythm (2019)
[24]
Device Programming for His Bundle Pacing. — Burri H, Keene D, Whinnett Z, Zanon F, Vijayaraman P Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology (2019)
[25]
Leadless Pacemakers: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. — Della Rocca DG, Gianni C, Di Biase L, Natale A, Al-Ahmad A Cardiac electrophysiology clinics (2018)
[26]
Leadless pacemaker: Performance and complications. — Lee JZ, Mulpuru SK, Shen WK Trends in cardiovascular medicine (2018)
[27]
Leadless technology: a new paradigm for cardiac pacing? — Zucchelli G, Barletta V, Bongiorni MG Minerva cardioangiologica (2018)
[28]
Standard Values and Characteristics of Electrocardiographic Findings in Children and Adolescents. — Yoshinaga M, Iwamoto M, Horigome H, Sumitomo N, Ushinohama H, Izumida N et al. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society (2018)
[29]
Anxiety, age, education and activities of daily living as predictive factors of the occurrence of frailty syndrome in patients with heart rhythm disorders. — Mlynarska A, Mlynarski R, Golba KS Aging & mental health (2018)
[30]
The Efficacy of His Bundle Pacing: Lessons Learned From Implementation for the First Time at an Experienced Electrophysiology Center. — Bhatt AG, Musat DL, Milstein N, Pimienta J, Flynn L, Sichrovsky T et al. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology (2018)
[31]
Spanish Pacemaker Registry. 14th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiac Pacing (2016). — Cano Pérez Ó, Pombo Jiménez M, Fidalgo Andrés ML, Lorente Carreño D, Coma Samartín R Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) (2017)
[32]
Complications of Heart Rhythm Management Devices After Cardiac Rehabilitation Program. — Rakhshan M, Ansari L, Molazem Z, Zare N Clinical nurse specialist CNS (2017)
[33]
Cardiac Pacing and Defibrillation Devices: Cost and Effectiveness. — Groeneveld PW, Dixit S Annual review of medicine (2017)
[34]
Frailty syndrome in patients with heart rhythm disorders. — Mlynarska A, Mlynarski R, Golba KS Geriatrics & gerontology international (2017)
[35]
Position paper for management of elderly patients with pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators: Groupe de Rythmologie et Stimulation Cardiaque de la Société Française de Cardiologie and Société Française de Gériatrie et Gérontologie. — Fauchier L, Alonso C, Anselme F, Blangy H, Bordachar P, Boveda S et al. Archives of cardiovascular diseases (2016)
[36]
Pediatric & Congenital Electrophysiology Society: building an international paediatric electrophysiology organisation. — Cohen M, Sanatani S, Stephenson E, Skinner J, Drago F, Davis A et al. Heart rhythm (2016)
[37]
Innovative pacing: Recent advances, emerging technologies, and future directions in cardiac pacing. — Austin C, Kusumoto F Trends in cardiovascular medicine (2016)
[38]
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