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Critical Care798 papers

Heat stroke

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition characterized by a core body temperature >40°C, often accompanied by central nervous system dysfunction and multiorgan failure 1 58.

Diagnosis

Key Diagnostic Criteria: Core body temperature >40°C, altered mental status, and evidence of organ dysfunction 1 58.

Recommended Tests:

- Laboratory tests: Elevated white blood cell count, coagulation abnormalities (e.g., disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC]) 3 22. - Imaging: Brain MRI may reveal focal cortical lesions 44. - Electrocardiogram (ECG): ST elevation may be observed in severe cases 65.

Grading: Severity often assessed based on neurological status and organ involvement 12.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Rapid Cooling: Immediate cooling measures such as ice water immersion, evaporative cooling, or endovascular cooling 60 63. - Supportive Care: Fluid resuscitation, electrolyte management, and monitoring of vital signs 5 24.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Therapeutic Hypothermia: Noninvasive external cooling systems may be used 63. - Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT): For managing acute kidney injury and DIC 59. - Pharmacological Interventions: - Dexmedetomidine: Protects intestinal integrity and reduces multi-organ dysfunction 53. - Seraph-100™: Blood purification therapy to blunt cytokine storm 26. - Antimicrobial peptides: Such as cathelicidin LL-37, which preserves intestinal barrier function 27.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Rapid cooling remains critical; neurological outcomes require close monitoring 35.

Elderly: Increased susceptibility to multiorgan dysfunction; careful fluid management is essential 74.

Comorbidities: Presence of underlying conditions like cardiovascular disease may exacerbate organ failure; tailored supportive care is necessary 5 11.

Key Recommendations

Initiate rapid cooling measures immediately upon diagnosis to reduce core body temperature 60 63 (Evidence: Strong).

Monitor and manage coagulation abnormalities, particularly DIC, through appropriate laboratory monitoring and interventions 3 22 (Evidence: Moderate).

Provide comprehensive supportive care including fluid resuscitation and electrolyte management 5 24 (Evidence: Strong).

Consider therapeutic hypothermia in severe cases to mitigate neurological damage 63 (Evidence: Moderate).

Utilize CRRT for managing acute kidney injury and DIC in patients with severe heat stroke 59 (Evidence: Moderate).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 174 indexed papers.

1 Sharma A, Kumar A, Sharma A, Chouhan R. Emergency department perspective of patients with heat stroke in a tertiary care centre of western Rajasthan: An observational study. Tropical doctor 2026. link 2 Jaswal P, Rana D, Chaudhary R, Basu J, Bansal N, Gupta S et al.. Heat waves and health crises: The unseen threat of heat stress on multiple organ systems. Journal of thermal biology 2026. link 3 Li F, Li J, Shi J, Yang X, Zhang T, Liu H et al.. Heat stress activates the coagulation cascade through Z-DNA-binding protein 1-dependent necroptosis. Blood 2026. link 4 Law HF, Chan YH, Chong SN, Ho JY, Chau PH, Yeung HY et al.. Assessing health risks of extremely hot weather and the need for enhanced heat alerts in a City with a subtropical climate. International journal of biometeorology 2026. link 5 Barletta JF, Palmieri TL, Toomey SA, AlShamsi F, Stearns RL, Patanwala AE et al.. Society of Critical Care Medicine Guidelines for the Treatment of Heat Stroke. Critical care medicine 2025. link 6 Fitchett MP, Fitchett JM. The risk of heat stress to South African emergency medicine registrars rotating through hospitals in warmer climate zones during summer months. International journal of biometeorology 2025. link 7 Janoš T, Quijal-Zamorano M, Shartova N, Gallo E, Méndez Turrubiates RF, Denisse Beltrán Barrón N et al.. Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2024 and health emergency forecasting to reduce preventable deaths. Nature medicine 2025. link 8 Hermawati S, Hickson J, Lawson G. Tangible visualisation for risk communication and planning in heat emergency events: a case study in Nottingham City, UK. Public health 2025. link 9 Czerniewska A, Brimicombe C, Saez Reale A, Shumake-Guillemot J, Sharkey A, Portela A. How is maternal, newborn, and child health addressed in Heat Health Action Plans? A scoping review and content analysis. Journal of global health 2025. link 10 Rivière C, Vimeux S, Laurens S, Deluche L, Juvin PY, Sanson A et al.. Case report - Hyperthermia and nuclear hypersegmentation of blood cells. Laboratory medicine 2025. link 11 Wei S, Sun L. Heat stroke with sepsis: A case report and review of the literature. The Journal of international medical research 2025. link 12 Zhou F, Zhu X, Duan H, Xiang Y, Yang S, Que W et al.. Age-leukocyte-international normalized ratio score (ALIS): A bedside triparametric tool for neurological prognostication in heat stroke emergencies. The American journal of emergency medicine 2025. link 13 Ke HY, Chen MH, Tsao CM, Hii HP, Kuo CW, Ka SM et al.. Therapeutic potential of butyrate against heat Stress-Induced intestinal damage, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ Dysfunction: Insights from in vitro and in vivo experiments. European journal of pharmacology 2025. link 14 Jaswal P, Bansal S, Chaudhary R, Basu J, Bansal N, Kumar S. Nitric oxide: Potential therapeutic target in Heat Stress-induced Multiple Organ Dysfunction. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 2025. link 15 McIver WJ, Zia M. Severe heat stroke with multiorgan failure following collapse in a sauna. BMJ case reports 2025. link 16 Eifling KP, Gaudio FG, Dumke C, Lipman GS, Otten EM, Martin AD et al.. Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Heat Illness: 2024 Update. Wilderness & environmental medicine 2024. link 17 Anyiam AF, Arinze-Anyiam OC, Oyindamola AM, Obeagu EI. Impact of occupational heat exposure on selected haematological parameters of bakery workers: A comprehensive study in Ilorin, Kwara State. Medicine 2024. link 18 Jimoh OA, Oyeyemi BF, Oyeyemi WA, Ayodele SO, Okin-Aminu HO, Ayodele AD et al.. Herbal inclusions ameliorate effect of heat stress on haematology, proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines and oxidative stress of weaned rabbit does in humid tropics. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition 2024. link 19 Tetzlaff EJ, Cassan C, Goulet N, Gorman M, Hogya B, Kenny GP. "Breaking down in tears, soaked in sweat, and sick from the heat": Media-based composite narratives of first responders working during the 2021 Heat Dome. American journal of industrial medicine 2024. link 20 Kerr ZY, Diana JC, Adams WM, Register-Mihalik JK, Nedimyer AK. The initial visibility of updated recommendations on preseason heat safety in high school athletics among United States athletic trainers. PloS one 2024. link 21 Wang Z, Zhu J, Zhang D, Lv J, Wu L, Liu Z. The significant mechanism and treatments of cell death in heatstroke. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 2024. link 22 Lin QW, Zhong LC, He LP, Zeng QB, Zhang W, Song Q et al.. A newly proposed heatstroke-induced coagulopathy score in patients with heat illness: A multicenter retrospective study in China. Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi 2024. link 23 Hassan S, Habashy W, Ghoname M, Elnaggar A. Blood hematology and biochemical of four laying hen strains exposed to acute heat stress. International journal of biometeorology 2023. link 24 Khan NU, Khan UR, Ahmed N, Ali A, Raheem A, Soomar SM et al.. Improvement in the diagnosis and practices of emergency healthcare providers for heat emergencies after HEAT (heat emergency awareness & treatment) an educational intervention: a multicenter quasi-experimental study. BMC emergency medicine 2023. link 25 Liu Y, Li Y, Deng Z, Zhao Y, Yuan R, Yang M et al.. Protective and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on multiorgan injury in male rats with heatstroke. Journal of thermal biology 2023. link 26 Miller MK, Spiller RE, Mount CA, Colombo C, Khayat MI. Novel Use of Seraph-100™ Blood Purification Therapy in Heat Stroke. Military medicine 2023. link 27 Shih CC, Liao WC, Ke HY, Kuo CW, Tsao CM, Tsai WC et al.. Antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37 preserves intestinal barrier and organ function in rats with heat stroke. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2023. link 28 Ireland A, Johnston D, Knott R. Heat and worker health. Journal of health economics 2023. link 29 Hawkins D, Ibrahim M. Characteristics of Occupational Environmental Heat Injuries/Illnesses: Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 2011 to 2019. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine 2023. link 30 Morrissey MC, Kerr ZY, Brewer GJ, Tishukaj F, Casa DJ, Stearns RL. Analysis of Exertion-Related Injuries and Fatalities in Laborers in the United States. International journal of environmental research and public health 2023. link 31 Gamboa L, Lafuente AS, Morera-Herreras T, Garcia M, Aguirre C, Lertxundi U. Analysis of heat stroke and heat exhaustion cases in EudraVigilance pharmacovigilance database. European journal of clinical pharmacology 2023. link 32 Huebner GM. The role of parenthood in worry about overheating in homes in the UK and the US and implications for energy use: An online survey study. PloS one 2022. link 33 Wang F, Zhang Y, Li J, Xia H, Zhang D, Yao S. The pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of heat stroke-induced liver injury. Critical care (London, England) 2022. link 34 Hii HP, Lo WZ, Fu YH, Chen MH, Shih CC, Tsao CM et al.. Improvement in heat stress-induced multiple organ dysfunction and intestinal damage through protection of intestinal goblet cells from prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol. Life sciences 2022. link 35 Cohen-Ronen N, Rimon A, Cohen N, Capua T. Heat stroke: knowledge and practices of medical professionals in pediatric emergency medicine departments - a survey study. Israel journal of health policy research 2021. link 36 Khan UR, Ahmed N, Naeem R, Khudadad U, Masud S, Khan NU et al.. Heat Emergencies: Perceptions and Practices of Community Members and Emergency Department Healthcare Providers in Karachi, Pakistan: A Qualitative Study. International journal of environmental research and public health 2021. link 37 Gonsalves MS, O'Brien B, Twomey DM. Sport and leisure activities in the heat: What safety resources exist?. Journal of science and medicine in sport 2021. link 38 Samimi AS, Aghamiri SM, Nazifi S, Asadi Z. Changes in ghrelin, microminerals, antioxidants and vitamins A, E and C levels during different physiological status in high yielding Saanen goats subjected to heat stress. Journal of thermal biology 2021. link 39 Morris NB, Piil JF, Morabito M, Messeri A, Levi M, Ioannou LG et al.. The HEAT-SHIELD project - Perspectives from an inter-sectoral approach to occupational heat stress. Journal of science and medicine in sport 2021. link 40 Chicas R, Xiuhtecutli N, Elon L, Scammell MK, Steenland K, Hertzberg V et al.. Cooling Interventions Among Agricultural Workers: A Pilot Study. Workplace health & safety 2021. link 41 Atif S, Hussain E, Khan JA. Surface urban heat islands in the mega city of Karachi, their spatial distribution and health emergency response infrastructure. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2020. link 42 Vanos JK, Grundstein AJ. Variations in Athlete Heat-Loss Potential Between Hot-Dry and Warm-Humid Environments at Equivalent Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature Thresholds. Journal of athletic training 2020. link 43 Morris NB, Jay O, Flouris AD, Casanueva A, Gao C, Foster J et al.. Sustainable solutions to mitigate occupational heat strain - an umbrella review of physiological effects and global health perspectives. Environmental health : a global access science source 2020. link 44 Shimada T, Miyamoto N, Shimada Y, Watanabe M, Shimura H, Ueno Y et al.. Analysis of Clinical Symptoms and Brain MRI of Heat Stroke: 2 Case Reports and a Literature Review. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2020. link 45 O'Connor FG. Sports Medicine: Exertional Heat Illness. FP essentials 2019. link 46 Liu ZF, Ji JJ, Zheng D, Su L, Peng T. Calpain-2 protects against heat stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and heart dysfunction by blocking p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Journal of cellular physiology 2019. link 47 Lawton EM, Pearce H, Gabb GM. Review article: Environmental heatstroke and long-term clinical neurological outcomes: A literature review of case reports and case series 2000-2016. Emergency medicine Australasia : EMA 2019. link 48 Tsai CC, Wu HH, Chang CP, Lin CH, Yang HH. Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside reduces myocardial injury in heat stroke rats. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2019. link 49 Egbuniwe IC, Ayo JO, Kawu MU, Mohammed A. Behavioral and hematological responses of broiler chickens administered with betaine and ascorbic acid during hot-dry season. Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS 2018. link 50 LaMattina JC, Akbar H, Sultan S, Hanish SI, Bruno DA, Hutson WR et al.. Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System Support Followed by Liver Transplantation for Multiorgan Failure From Heatstroke. Transplantation proceedings 2018. link 51 Lucas RAI, Wilson LC, Ainslie PN, Fan JL, Thomas KN, Cotter JD. Independent and interactive effects of incremental heat strain, orthostatic stress, and mild hypohydration on cerebral perfusion. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 2018. link 52 Mathes RW, Ito K, Lane K, Matte TD. Real-time surveillance of heat-related morbidity: Relation to excess mortality associated with extreme heat. PloS one 2017. link 53 Xia ZN, Zong Y, Zhang ZT, Chen JK, Ma XJ, Liu YG et al.. Dexmedetomidine Protects Against Multi-Organ Dysfunction Induced by Heatstroke via Sustaining The Intestinal Integrity. Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 2017. link 54 Mozzini C, Xotta G, Garbin U, Fratta Pasini AM, Cominacini L. Non-Exertional Heatstroke: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. The American journal of case reports 2017. link 55 Inoue N, Sato A, Ikawa Y, Shimizu M, Okajima M, Taniguchi T et al.. Successful treatment of exertional heat stroke using continuous plasma diafiltration. Journal of clinical apheresis 2016. link 56 Racinais S, Alonso JM, Coutts AJ, Flouris AD, Girard O, González-Alonso J et al.. Consensus Recommendations on Training and Competing in the Heat. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2015. link 57 Racinais S, Alonso JM, Coutts AJ, Flouris AD, Girard O, González-Alonso J et al.. Consensus recommendations on training and competing in the heat. British journal of sports medicine 2015. link 58 Leon LR, Bouchama A. Heat stroke. Comprehensive Physiology 2015. link 59 Chen GM, Chen YH, Zhang W, Yu Y, Chen JH, Chen J. Therapy of Severe Heatshock in Combination With Multiple Organ Dysfunction With Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: A Clinical Study. Medicine 2015. link 60 Hamaya H, Hifumi T, Kawakita K, Okazaki T, Kiridume K, Shinohara N et al.. Successful management of heat stroke associated with multiple-organ dysfunction by active intravascular cooling. The American journal of emergency medicine 2015. link 61 Brearley M, Harrington P, Lee D, Taylor R. Working in hot conditions--a study of electrical utility workers in the northern territory of Australia. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene 2015. link 62 Bergeron MF. Hydration and thermal strain during tennis in the heat. British journal of sports medicine 2014. link 63 Huber FM, Neuray H. Case report: exertional heat stroke after moderate effort as a neurological emergency. Bulletin de la Societe des sciences medicales du Grand-Duche de Luxembourg 2014. link 64 Heneghan HM, Nazirawan F, Dorcaratto D, Fiore B, Boylan JF, Maguire D et al.. Extreme heatstroke causing fulminant hepatic failure requiring liver transplantation: a case report. Transplantation proceedings 2014. link 65 Lassnig E, Dinkhauser P, Maurer E, Eber B. Life-threatening heat stroke presenting with ST elevations: a report of consecutive cases during the heat wave in Austria in July 2013. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2014. link 66 Bergeron MF. Reducing sports heat illness risk. Pediatrics in review 2013. link 67 Fuse A, Yamashiro K, Oji Y, Furuya T, Noda K, Hattori N et al.. Reversible focal cerebral cortical lesions in a patient with heat stroke. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2013. link 68 Tian YF, Lin CH, Hsu SF, Lin MT. Melatonin improves outcomes of heatstroke in mice by reducing brain inflammation and oxidative damage and multiple organ dysfunction. Mediators of inflammation 2013. link 69 Mastrorilli C, Welles EG, Hux B, Christopherson PW. Botryoid nuclei in the peripheral blood of a dog with heatstroke. Veterinary clinical pathology 2013. link 70 Lee KL, Niu KC, Lin MT, Niu CS. Attenuating brain inflammation, ischemia, and oxidative damage by hyperbaric oxygen in diabetic rats after heat stroke. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2013. link 71 Casa DJ, Armstrong LE, Kenny GP, O'Connor FG, Huggins RA. Exertional heat stroke: new concepts regarding cause and care. Current sports medicine reports 2012. link 72 Sonkar SK, Soni D, Sonkar GK. Heat stroke presented with disseminated intravascular coagulation and bilateral intracerebral bleed. BMJ case reports 2012. link 73 Hong JY, Lai YC, Chang CY, Chang SC, Tang GJ. Successful treatment of severe heatstroke with therapeutic hypothermia by a noninvasive external cooling system. Annals of emergency medicine 2012. link 74 Sommet A, Durrieu G, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Montastruc JL. A comparative study of adverse drug reactions during two heat waves that occurred in France in 2003 and 2006. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 2012. link 75 Chen WT, Lin CH, Hsieh MH, Huang CY, Yeh JS. Stress-induced cardiomyopathy caused by heat stroke. Annals of emergency medicine 2012. link 76 Sadler C. When the heat is on. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2011. link 77 Epstein Y, Roberts WO. The pathopysiology of heat stroke: an integrative view of the final common pathway. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2011. link 78 Hsieh YC, Chen RF, Yeh YS, Lin MT, Hsieh JH, Chen SH. Kynurenic acid attenuates multiorgan dysfunction in rats after heatstroke. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2011. link 79 Lin XJ, Mei GP, Liu J, Li YL, Zuo D, Liu SJ et al.. Therapeutic effects of melatonin on heatstroke-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in rats. Journal of pineal research 2011. link 80 Dhull P, Upreti V, Sahni H, Tewari A. Association of protein C deficiency with heat stroke in cool environment. Indian journal of medical sciences 2010. link 81 Lee CW, Perng CL, Huang YS, Luo JC, Hung CL, Lin HC. Multiple organ failure caused by non-exertional heat stroke after bathing in a hot spring. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA 2010. link70044-7) 82 Leon LR, Helwig BG. Heat stroke: role of the systemic inflammatory response. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2010. link 83 Lin CY, Lin MT, Cheng RT, Chen SH. Testosterone depletion by castration may protect mice from heat-induced multiple organ damage and lethality. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology 2010. link 84 Zhao YQ, Gao JT, Liu SH, Wu Y, Lin MT, Fan M. Geranylgeranylacetone preconditioning may attenuate heat-induced inflammation and multiorgan dysfunction in rats. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology 2010. link 85 Yeh CH, Chen ZC, Hsu CC, Lin MT, Chen CC. Protection in rats with heatstroke: hyperbaric oxygen vs activated protein C therapy. European journal of pharmacology 2010. link 86 Bergeron MF. Youth sports in the heat: recovery and scheduling considerations for tournament play. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2009. link 87 Niu KC, Chang CK, Lin MT, Huang KF. A hyperbaric oxygen therapy approach to heat stroke with multiple organ dysfunction. The Chinese journal of physiology 2009. link 88 Trujillo MH, Bellorin-Font E, Fragachan CF, Perret-Gentil R. Multiple Organ Failure Following Near Fatal Exertional Heat Stroke. Journal of intensive care medicine 2009. link 89 Pease S, Bouadma L, Kermarrec N, Schortgen F, Régnier B, Wolff M. Early organ dysfunction course, cooling time and outcome in classic heatstroke. Intensive care medicine 2009. link 90 Hsu CC, Niu CS, Lin MT. Decrease of heatstroke-induced multiorgan dysfunction by whole body cooling in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The Chinese journal of physiology 2009. link 91 Liu CC, Cheng BC, Lin MT, Lin HJ. Small volume resuscitation in a rat model of heatstroke. The American journal of the medical sciences 2009. link 92 Inoue H, Ikeda N, Tsuji A, Kudo K, Hanagama M, Nata M. Pulmonary fat embolization as a diagnostic finding for heat exposure. Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2009. link 93 Hwang WS, Chen SH, Lin CH, Chang HK, Chen WC, Lin MT. Human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells can be used as a prophylactic agent for experimental heatstroke. Journal of pharmacological sciences 2008. link 94 Shen KH, Chang CK, Lin MT, Chang CP. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist restores homeostatic function and limits multiorgan damage in heatstroke. European journal of applied physiology 2008. link 95 Bouchama A, Kunzelmann C, Dehbi M, Kwaasi A, Eldali A, Zobairi F et al.. Recombinant activated protein C attenuates endothelial injury and inhibits procoagulant microparticles release in baboon heatstroke. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 2008. link 96 Linares C, Díaz J. Impact of high temperatures on hospital admissions: comparative analysis with previous studies about mortality (Madrid). European journal of public health 2008. link 97 Noakes TD. A modern classification of the exercise-related heat illnesses. Journal of science and medicine in sport 2008. link 98 Luke AC, Bergeron MF, Roberts WO. Heat injury prevention practices in high school football. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine 2007. link 99 Sein Anand J, Chodorowski Z, Korolkiewicz RP. Heat stroke complicated by liver failure and hyperbilirubinaemia--a case report. Przeglad lekarski 2007. link 100 Niu KC, Lin MT, Chang CP. Hyperbaric oxygen improves survival in heatstroke rats by reducing multiorgan dysfunction and brain oxidative stress. European journal of pharmacology 2007. link

Original source

[1]
Emergency department perspective of patients with heat stroke in a tertiary care centre of western Rajasthan: An observational study. — Sharma A, Kumar A, Sharma A, Chouhan R Tropical doctor (2026)
[2]
Heat waves and health crises: The unseen threat of heat stress on multiple organ systems. — Jaswal P, Rana D, Chaudhary R, Basu J, Bansal N, Gupta S et al. Journal of thermal biology (2026)
[3]
Heat stress activates the coagulation cascade through Z-DNA-binding protein 1-dependent necroptosis. — Li F, Li J, Shi J, Yang X, Zhang T, Liu H et al. Blood (2026)
[4]
Assessing health risks of extremely hot weather and the need for enhanced heat alerts in a City with a subtropical climate. — Law HF, Chan YH, Chong SN, Ho JY, Chau PH, Yeung HY et al. International journal of biometeorology (2026)
[5]
Society of Critical Care Medicine Guidelines for the Treatment of Heat Stroke. — Barletta JF, Palmieri TL, Toomey SA, AlShamsi F, Stearns RL, Patanwala AE et al. Critical care medicine (2025)
[6]
The risk of heat stress to South African emergency medicine registrars rotating through hospitals in warmer climate zones during summer months. — Fitchett MP, Fitchett JM International journal of biometeorology (2025)
[7]
Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2024 and health emergency forecasting to reduce preventable deaths. — Janoš T, Quijal-Zamorano M, Shartova N, Gallo E, Méndez Turrubiates RF, Denisse Beltrán Barrón N et al. Nature medicine (2025)
[8]
Tangible visualisation for risk communication and planning in heat emergency events: a case study in Nottingham City, UK. — Hermawati S, Hickson J, Lawson G Public health (2025)
[9]
How is maternal, newborn, and child health addressed in Heat Health Action Plans? A scoping review and content analysis. — Czerniewska A, Brimicombe C, Saez Reale A, Shumake-Guillemot J, Sharkey A, Portela A Journal of global health (2025)
[10]
Case report - Hyperthermia and nuclear hypersegmentation of blood cells. — Rivière C, Vimeux S, Laurens S, Deluche L, Juvin PY, Sanson A et al. Laboratory medicine (2025)
[11]
Heat stroke with sepsis: A case report and review of the literature. — Wei S, Sun L The Journal of international medical research (2025)
[12]
Age-leukocyte-international normalized ratio score (ALIS): A bedside triparametric tool for neurological prognostication in heat stroke emergencies. — Zhou F, Zhu X, Duan H, Xiang Y, Yang S, Que W et al. The American journal of emergency medicine (2025)
[13]
Therapeutic potential of butyrate against heat Stress-Induced intestinal damage, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ Dysfunction: Insights from in vitro and in vivo experiments. — Ke HY, Chen MH, Tsao CM, Hii HP, Kuo CW, Ka SM et al. European journal of pharmacology (2025)
[14]
Nitric oxide: Potential therapeutic target in Heat Stress-induced Multiple Organ Dysfunction. — Jaswal P, Bansal S, Chaudhary R, Basu J, Bansal N, Kumar S Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology (2025)
[15]
Severe heat stroke with multiorgan failure following collapse in a sauna. — McIver WJ, Zia M BMJ case reports (2025)
[16]
Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Heat Illness: 2024 Update. — Eifling KP, Gaudio FG, Dumke C, Lipman GS, Otten EM, Martin AD et al. Wilderness & environmental medicine (2024)
[17]
Impact of occupational heat exposure on selected haematological parameters of bakery workers: A comprehensive study in Ilorin, Kwara State. — Anyiam AF, Arinze-Anyiam OC, Oyindamola AM, Obeagu EI Medicine (2024)
[18]
Herbal inclusions ameliorate effect of heat stress on haematology, proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines and oxidative stress of weaned rabbit does in humid tropics. — Jimoh OA, Oyeyemi BF, Oyeyemi WA, Ayodele SO, Okin-Aminu HO, Ayodele AD et al. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition (2024)
[19]
"Breaking down in tears, soaked in sweat, and sick from the heat": Media-based composite narratives of first responders working during the 2021 Heat Dome. — Tetzlaff EJ, Cassan C, Goulet N, Gorman M, Hogya B, Kenny GP American journal of industrial medicine (2024)
[20]
The initial visibility of updated recommendations on preseason heat safety in high school athletics among United States athletic trainers. — Kerr ZY, Diana JC, Adams WM, Register-Mihalik JK, Nedimyer AK PloS one (2024)
[21]
The significant mechanism and treatments of cell death in heatstroke. — Wang Z, Zhu J, Zhang D, Lv J, Wu L, Liu Z Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death (2024)
[22]
A newly proposed heatstroke-induced coagulopathy score in patients with heat illness: A multicenter retrospective study in China. — Lin QW, Zhong LC, He LP, Zeng QB, Zhang W, Song Q et al. Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi (2024)
[23]
Blood hematology and biochemical of four laying hen strains exposed to acute heat stress. — Hassan S, Habashy W, Ghoname M, Elnaggar A International journal of biometeorology (2023)
[24]
Improvement in the diagnosis and practices of emergency healthcare providers for heat emergencies after HEAT (heat emergency awareness & treatment) an educational intervention: a multicenter quasi-experimental study. — Khan NU, Khan UR, Ahmed N, Ali A, Raheem A, Soomar SM et al. BMC emergency medicine (2023)
[25]
Protective and immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on multiorgan injury in male rats with heatstroke. — Liu Y, Li Y, Deng Z, Zhao Y, Yuan R, Yang M et al. Journal of thermal biology (2023)
[26]
Novel Use of Seraph-100™ Blood Purification Therapy in Heat Stroke. — Miller MK, Spiller RE, Mount CA, Colombo C, Khayat MI Military medicine (2023)
[27]
Antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37 preserves intestinal barrier and organ function in rats with heat stroke. — Shih CC, Liao WC, Ke HY, Kuo CW, Tsao CM, Tsai WC et al. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie (2023)
[28]
Heat and worker health. — Ireland A, Johnston D, Knott R Journal of health economics (2023)
[29]
Characteristics of Occupational Environmental Heat Injuries/Illnesses: Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, 2011 to 2019. — Hawkins D, Ibrahim M Journal of occupational and environmental medicine (2023)
[30]
Analysis of Exertion-Related Injuries and Fatalities in Laborers in the United States. — Morrissey MC, Kerr ZY, Brewer GJ, Tishukaj F, Casa DJ, Stearns RL International journal of environmental research and public health (2023)
[31]
Analysis of heat stroke and heat exhaustion cases in EudraVigilance pharmacovigilance database. — Gamboa L, Lafuente AS, Morera-Herreras T, Garcia M, Aguirre C, Lertxundi U European journal of clinical pharmacology (2023)
[32]
The role of parenthood in worry about overheating in homes in the UK and the US and implications for energy use: An online survey study. — Huebner GM PloS one (2022)
[33]
The pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of heat stroke-induced liver injury. — Wang F, Zhang Y, Li J, Xia H, Zhang D, Yao S Critical care (London, England) (2022)
[34]
Improvement in heat stress-induced multiple organ dysfunction and intestinal damage through protection of intestinal goblet cells from prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol. — Hii HP, Lo WZ, Fu YH, Chen MH, Shih CC, Tsao CM et al. Life sciences (2022)
[35]
Heat stroke: knowledge and practices of medical professionals in pediatric emergency medicine departments - a survey study. — Cohen-Ronen N, Rimon A, Cohen N, Capua T Israel journal of health policy research (2021)
[36]
Heat Emergencies: Perceptions and Practices of Community Members and Emergency Department Healthcare Providers in Karachi, Pakistan: A Qualitative Study. — Khan UR, Ahmed N, Naeem R, Khudadad U, Masud S, Khan NU et al. International journal of environmental research and public health (2021)
[37]
Sport and leisure activities in the heat: What safety resources exist? — Gonsalves MS, O'Brien B, Twomey DM Journal of science and medicine in sport (2021)
[38]
Changes in ghrelin, microminerals, antioxidants and vitamins A, E and C levels during different physiological status in high yielding Saanen goats subjected to heat stress. — Samimi AS, Aghamiri SM, Nazifi S, Asadi Z Journal of thermal biology (2021)
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