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Critical Care324 papers

Necrotizing fasciitis

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly progressing, life-threatening soft tissue infection characterized by necrosis of subcutaneous tissue and fascia, often caused by a mix of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, with Group A Streptococcus being a common pathogen 32162233.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Rapid onset of severe pain, fever, and signs of systemic toxicity 42133.
  • Physical Examination: Presence of skin changes (erythema, swelling, crepitus), bullae formation, and necrosis 421.
  • Laboratory Tests: Elevated white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, and lactate levels 421.
  • Imaging: MRI or CT scans may show fascial thickening and gas formation 421.
  • Culture and Sensitivity: Essential for identifying causative organisms 31622.
  • Histopathology: Confirms fascial necrosis 21.

    • Management

  • Surgical Debridement: Early and repeated surgical intervention to remove necrotic tissue 24916212233.
  • Antibiotics: Broad-spectrum coverage initially, tailored based on culture results (e.g., penicillinase-resistant penicillins, clindamycin, aminoglycosides) 31622.
  • Supportive Care: Intensive care unit management, fluid resuscitation, inotropic support, mechanical ventilation if needed 921.
  • Advanced Therapies: Extracorporeal life support, hemoadsorption devices, continuous renal replacement therapy in severe cases 9.
  • Monitoring: Close monitoring for organ dysfunction and sepsis 2421.

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: NF can occur but is less common; management principles similar to adults 38.
  • Elderly: Higher risk of complications and mortality due to comorbidities 221.
  • Comorbidities: Diabetes, immunosuppression, and chronic diseases increase risk and severity 2272122.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Early Surgical Intervention: Initiate prompt surgical debridement upon diagnosis to prevent progression 24916212233 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Aggressive Antibiotic Therapy: Start broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately, narrowing spectrum based on culture results 31622 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Intensive Care Support: Utilize ICU resources for close monitoring and management of systemic complications 921 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Multidisciplinary Approach: Involve infectious disease specialists, surgeons, and critical care teams 33 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

    • References

    1 Tan VAK, Tan CC, Yeo NEM, Zhang M, Mehta KV, Tian RHH et al.. Consensus statements and guideline for the diagnosis and management of plantar fasciitis in Singapore. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 2024. link 2 Li G, Zhang Y, Sun T, Zhou L, Fan Z. Laparoscopic treatment of a patient with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome induced by necrotising fasciitis. Journal of wound care 2024. link 3 Li S, Zhang L. Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Group A Streptococcus. Clinical laboratory 2024. link 4 Becker DK, Röder M, Wagenhäuser J, Eichberger S, Herten M, Dudda M. Necrotizing fasciitis that led to unexpected and fulminant deterioration in less than 24 hours: a case report. The Journal of international medical research 2024. link 5 Sykes BA, Krause H, Lamparelli M, Austin D. (no title). BMJ case reports 2023. link 6 Baloch NU, Rehman A, Silverberg MJ. Necrotising Fasciitis of the Abdominal Wall: A Lethal Gastrostomy-associated Complication. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2022. link 7 Zhang M, Chen L, Chi K, Xu L, Li Y. Necrotizing fasciitis complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome after breast augmentation with fat from the waist and lower extremities: a case report. The Journal of international medical research 2020. link 8 Marella GL, De Dominicis E, Paliani GB, Santeusanio G, Marsella LT, Potenza S. Necrotizing fasciitis. Possible profiles of professional liability with reference to two cases. Annali italiani di chirurgia 2018. link 9 Eid M, Fouquet O, Darreau C, Pierrot M, Kouatchet A, Mercat A et al.. Successfully treated necrotizing fasciitis using extracorporeal life support combined with hemoadsorption device and continuous renal replacement therapy. The International journal of artificial organs 2018. link 10 Shang S, Zhang R, Hou Z. Necrotizing fasciitis-A catastrophic complication following routine tibia fracture surgery: A case report and literature review. Medicine 2017. link 11 Mammadli T, Kim BS, Rennekampff HO, Pallua N. Necrotizing fasciitis resulting in fatal lung aspergillosis: Uncommon pathogenesis. A case report. Journal de mycologie medicale 2017. link 12 Eltayeb AS, Ahmad AG, Elbeshir EI. A case of labio-facial necrotizing fasciitis complicating acne. BMC research notes 2016. link 13 Rasenberg N, Fuit L, Poppe E, Kruijsen-Terpstra AJ, Gorter KJ, Rathleff MS et al.. The STAP-study: The (cost) effectiveness of custom made orthotic insoles in the treatment for plantar fasciopathy in general practice and sports medicine: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2016. link 14 Chen SJ, Ji N, Chen YX, Zhao SJ, Xiao JR, Lin XM et al.. Management and maintenance of the airway in cervical necrotising fasciitis: a retrospective analysis of 15 cases. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery 2015. link 15 Walton EL. The surprising activities of APOBEC3B and 5-fluorouracil. Biomedical journal 2015. link 16 Meagher H, Corkery M, Concannon L, Kavanagh E. A VLU complicated by severe group a streptococcal infection resulting in necrotising fasciitis and septic shock: a case report. Journal of wound care 2014. link 17 Lin JN, Chang LL, Lai CH, Lin HH, Chen YH. Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis in the emergency department. The Journal of emergency medicine 2013. link 18 Antunes AA, Avelar RL, de Melo WM, Pereira-Santos D, Frota R. Extensive cervical necrotizing fasciitis of odontogenic origin. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2013. link 19 Ouazzani A, Bataille D, Raynal P, Vandueren E, Dubois E, Verhelst G. Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower limb after venous surgery: cases studies and a review of the literature. Acta chirurgica Belgica 2011. link 20 Salisu A, Adeosun AA, Emma-Nzekwue NH, Abubakar SB. Novel management of cervical necrotising fasciitis in a developing country: case report. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2011. link 21 Heinze S, Püschel K, Tsokos M. Necrotizing fasciitis with fatal outcome: a report of two cases. Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 2011. link 22 Stillaert FB, De Baerdemaeker L, De Waele JJ, Claeys G, Blondeel PN, Monstrey S. Necrotizing fasciitis complicated by fatal multiple organ dysfunction due to Pasteurella multocida infection: a case report. Acta clinica Belgica 2010. link 23 Park SY, Jeong WK, Kim MJ, Lee KM, Lee WS, Lee DH. Necrotising fasciitis in both calves caused by Aeromonas caviae following aesthetic liposuction. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS 2010. link 24 Koklu E, Sarici SU, Altun D, Erdeve O. Nicolau syndrome induced by intramuscular vitamin K in a premature newborn. European journal of pediatrics 2009. link 25 Netzer G, Fuchs BD. Necrotizing fasciitis in a plaster-casted limb: case report. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 2009. link 26 Akamine M, Miyagi K, Uchihara T, Azuma M, Yara S, Higa F et al.. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2008. link 27 Costanzo M, Caruso LA, Condorelli F, Cassaro V, Longo F, Forzisi G et al.. Necrotizing fasciitis. Case report. Annali italiani di chirurgia 2008. link 28 Cui H, Hao S, Arous E. A distinct cause of necrotizing fasciitis: Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria. Surgical infections 2007. link 29 Joshy S, Haidar SG, Iossifidis A. Necrotising fasciitis of the shoulder following muscular strain. International journal of clinical practice 2006. link 30 Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Rodríguez-Calzada H, Quesada L, Arguello A, Avila-Aguero ML. Is it acute omphalitis or necrotizing fasciitis? Report of three fatal cases. Pediatric emergency care 2005. link 31 Zilberstein B, de Cleva R, Testa RS, Sene U, Eshkenazy R, Gama-Rodrigues JJ. Cervical necrotizing fasciitis due to bacterial tonsillitis. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2005. link 32 Miyagawa T, Kawai K, Onozawa M, Hattori K, Shimazui T, Akaza H. Unusual presentation of necrotizing fasciitis in a patient who had achieved long-term remission after irradiation for testicular cancer. International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association 2005. link 33 Catena F, La Donna M, Ansaloni L, Agrusti S, Taffurelli M. Necrotizing fasciitis: a dramatic surgical emergency. European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine 2004. link 34 Hubmer MG, Koch H, Haas FM, Horn M, Sankin O, Scharnagl E. Necrotizing fasciitis after ambulatory phlebectomy performed with use of tumescent anesthesia. Journal of vascular surgery 2004. link 35 Cheng NC, Tsai JL, Kuo YS, Hsueh PR. Bacteremic necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O56 in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2004. link 36 Skitarelić N, Mladina R, Morović M, Skitarelić N. Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: sources and outcomes. Infection 2003. link 37 Speed CA, Nichols D, Wies J, Humphreys H, Richards C, Burnet S et al.. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for plantar fasciitis. A double blind randomised controlled trial. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 2003. link00048-2) 38 Newton CL, deLEMOS D, Abramo TJ, Murrey A, Noell C. Cervical necrotizing fasciitis caused by Serratia marcescens in a 2 year old. Pediatric emergency care 2002. link 39 Vannucci P, Gaeta P, Riccioni N. Association of Eosinophilic fasciitis and epileptic seizure. Clinical rheumatology 2001. link 40 Safak MA, Haberal I, Kiliç D, Göçmen H. Necrotizing fasciitis secondary to peritonsillar abscess: a new case and review of eight earlier cases. Ear, nose, & throat journal 2001. link 41 Skitarelić N, Mladina R, Matulić Z, Kovacić M. Necrotizing fasciitis after peritonsillar abscess in an immunocompetent patient. The Journal of laryngology and otology 1999. link 42 Anderson JF, Cunha BA. Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis of the psoas muscle. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 1999. link70062-2) 43 Helmy AS, Salah MA, Nawara HA, Khatab H, Khalaf HA, Abd el-Maguid N. Life-threatening cervical necrotizing fasciitis. Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 1997. link 44 Marshall DH, Jordan DR, Gilberg SM, Harvey J, Arthurs BP, Nerad JA. Periocular necrotizing fasciitis: a review of five cases. Ophthalmology 1997. link30016-5) 45 Kahn LH, Styrt BA. Necrotizing soft tissue infections reported with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 1997. link 46 Greinwald JH, Wilson JF, Haggerty PG. Peritonsillar abscess: an unlikely cause of necrotizing fasciitis. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 1995. link 47 Watts RA, Merry P. Familial eosinophilic fasciitis and breast cancer. British journal of rheumatology 1994. link 48 Scott PM, Dhillon RS, McDonald PJ. Cervical necrotizing fasciitis and tonsillitis. The Journal of laryngology and otology 1994. link 49 Stoykewych AA, Beecroft WA, Cogan AG. Fatal necrotizing fasciitis of dental origin. Journal (Canadian Dental Association) 1992. link 50 Lewis D, Gupta I, Torry JM, Issa BG, Swinson D. Eosinophilic fasciitis without peripheral eosinophilia presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin. British journal of rheumatology 1990. link 51 Richards RH, Evans G, Fitzgerald JA, Millward-Sadler GH. Proliferative fasciitis of a finger: a case report. Journal of hand surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) 1990. link90103-b) 52 Kenzora JE. The painful heel syndrome: an entrapment neuropathy. Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopaedic Institute 1987. link 53 Sartor O, Sander GE. Unusual variant of eosinophilic fasciitis. Southern medical journal 1985. link 54 Henricson AS, Westlin NE. Chronic calcaneal pain in athletes: entrapment of the calcaneal nerve?. The American journal of sports medicine 1984. link 55 Percival R, Hargreaves AW. Necrotizing fasciitis: an alternative approach. Postgraduate medical journal 1982. link 56 Furey JG. Plantar fasciitis. The painful heel syndrome. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume 1975. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Consensus statements and guideline for the diagnosis and management of plantar fasciitis in Singapore. — Tan VAK, Tan CC, Yeo NEM, Zhang M, Mehta KV, Tian RHH et al. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore (2024)
    2. [2]
      Laparoscopic treatment of a patient with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome induced by necrotising fasciitis. — Li G, Zhang Y, Sun T, Zhou L, Fan Z Journal of wound care (2024)
    3. [3]
      Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Group A Streptococcus. — Li S, Zhang L Clinical laboratory (2024)
    4. [4]
      Necrotizing fasciitis that led to unexpected and fulminant deterioration in less than 24 hours: a case report. — Becker DK, Röder M, Wagenhäuser J, Eichberger S, Herten M, Dudda M The Journal of international medical research (2024)
    5. [5]
      (no title) — Sykes BA, Krause H, Lamparelli M, Austin D BMJ case reports (2023)
    6. [6]
      Necrotising Fasciitis of the Abdominal Wall: A Lethal Gastrostomy-associated Complication. — Baloch NU, Rehman A, Silverberg MJ Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP (2022)
    7. [7]
      Necrotizing fasciitis complicated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome after breast augmentation with fat from the waist and lower extremities: a case report. — Zhang M, Chen L, Chi K, Xu L, Li Y The Journal of international medical research (2020)
    8. [8]
      Necrotizing fasciitis. Possible profiles of professional liability with reference to two cases. — Marella GL, De Dominicis E, Paliani GB, Santeusanio G, Marsella LT, Potenza S Annali italiani di chirurgia (2018)
    9. [9]
      Successfully treated necrotizing fasciitis using extracorporeal life support combined with hemoadsorption device and continuous renal replacement therapy. — Eid M, Fouquet O, Darreau C, Pierrot M, Kouatchet A, Mercat A et al. The International journal of artificial organs (2018)
    10. [10]
      Necrotizing fasciitis-A catastrophic complication following routine tibia fracture surgery: A case report and literature review. — Shang S, Zhang R, Hou Z Medicine (2017)
    11. [11]
      Necrotizing fasciitis resulting in fatal lung aspergillosis: Uncommon pathogenesis. A case report. — Mammadli T, Kim BS, Rennekampff HO, Pallua N Journal de mycologie medicale (2017)
    12. [12]
      A case of labio-facial necrotizing fasciitis complicating acne. — Eltayeb AS, Ahmad AG, Elbeshir EI BMC research notes (2016)
    13. [13]
      The STAP-study: The (cost) effectiveness of custom made orthotic insoles in the treatment for plantar fasciopathy in general practice and sports medicine: design of a randomized controlled trial. — Rasenberg N, Fuit L, Poppe E, Kruijsen-Terpstra AJ, Gorter KJ, Rathleff MS et al. BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2016)
    14. [14]
      Management and maintenance of the airway in cervical necrotising fasciitis: a retrospective analysis of 15 cases. — Chen SJ, Ji N, Chen YX, Zhao SJ, Xiao JR, Lin XM et al. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery (2015)
    15. [15]
      The surprising activities of APOBEC3B and 5-fluorouracil. — Walton EL Biomedical journal (2015)
    16. [16]
      A VLU complicated by severe group a streptococcal infection resulting in necrotising fasciitis and septic shock: a case report. — Meagher H, Corkery M, Concannon L, Kavanagh E Journal of wound care (2014)
    17. [17]
      Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis in the emergency department. — Lin JN, Chang LL, Lai CH, Lin HH, Chen YH The Journal of emergency medicine (2013)
    18. [18]
      Extensive cervical necrotizing fasciitis of odontogenic origin. — Antunes AA, Avelar RL, de Melo WM, Pereira-Santos D, Frota R The Journal of craniofacial surgery (2013)
    19. [19]
      Necrotizing fasciitis of the lower limb after venous surgery: cases studies and a review of the literature. — Ouazzani A, Bataille D, Raynal P, Vandueren E, Dubois E, Verhelst G Acta chirurgica Belgica (2011)
    20. [20]
      Novel management of cervical necrotising fasciitis in a developing country: case report. — Salisu A, Adeosun AA, Emma-Nzekwue NH, Abubakar SB The Journal of laryngology and otology (2011)
    21. [21]
      Necrotizing fasciitis with fatal outcome: a report of two cases. — Heinze S, Püschel K, Tsokos M Forensic science, medicine, and pathology (2011)
    22. [22]
      Necrotizing fasciitis complicated by fatal multiple organ dysfunction due to Pasteurella multocida infection: a case report. — Stillaert FB, De Baerdemaeker L, De Waele JJ, Claeys G, Blondeel PN, Monstrey S Acta clinica Belgica (2010)
    23. [23]
      Necrotising fasciitis in both calves caused by Aeromonas caviae following aesthetic liposuction. — Park SY, Jeong WK, Kim MJ, Lee KM, Lee WS, Lee DH Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS (2010)
    24. [24]
      Nicolau syndrome induced by intramuscular vitamin K in a premature newborn. — Koklu E, Sarici SU, Altun D, Erdeve O European journal of pediatrics (2009)
    25. [25]
      Necrotizing fasciitis in a plaster-casted limb: case report. — Netzer G, Fuchs BD American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (2009)
    26. [26]
      Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. — Akamine M, Miyagi K, Uchihara T, Azuma M, Yara S, Higa F et al. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2008)
    27. [27]
      Necrotizing fasciitis. Case report. — Costanzo M, Caruso LA, Condorelli F, Cassaro V, Longo F, Forzisi G et al. Annali italiani di chirurgia (2008)
    28. [28]
      A distinct cause of necrotizing fasciitis: Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria. — Cui H, Hao S, Arous E Surgical infections (2007)
    29. [29]
      Necrotising fasciitis of the shoulder following muscular strain. — Joshy S, Haidar SG, Iossifidis A International journal of clinical practice (2006)
    30. [30]
      Is it acute omphalitis or necrotizing fasciitis? Report of three fatal cases. — Ulloa-Gutierrez R, Rodríguez-Calzada H, Quesada L, Arguello A, Avila-Aguero ML Pediatric emergency care (2005)
    31. [31]
      Cervical necrotizing fasciitis due to bacterial tonsillitis. — Zilberstein B, de Cleva R, Testa RS, Sene U, Eshkenazy R, Gama-Rodrigues JJ Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (2005)
    32. [32]
      Unusual presentation of necrotizing fasciitis in a patient who had achieved long-term remission after irradiation for testicular cancer. — Miyagawa T, Kawai K, Onozawa M, Hattori K, Shimazui T, Akaza H International journal of urology : official journal of the Japanese Urological Association (2005)
    33. [33]
      Necrotizing fasciitis: a dramatic surgical emergency. — Catena F, La Donna M, Ansaloni L, Agrusti S, Taffurelli M European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine (2004)
    34. [34]
      Necrotizing fasciitis after ambulatory phlebectomy performed with use of tumescent anesthesia. — Hubmer MG, Koch H, Haas FM, Horn M, Sankin O, Scharnagl E Journal of vascular surgery (2004)
    35. [35]
      Bacteremic necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O56 in a patient with liver cirrhosis. — Cheng NC, Tsai JL, Kuo YS, Hsueh PR Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi (2004)
    36. [36]
      Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: sources and outcomes. — Skitarelić N, Mladina R, Morović M, Skitarelić N Infection (2003)
    37. [37]
      Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for plantar fasciitis. A double blind randomised controlled trial. — Speed CA, Nichols D, Wies J, Humphreys H, Richards C, Burnet S et al. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society (2003)
    38. [38]
      Cervical necrotizing fasciitis caused by Serratia marcescens in a 2 year old. — Newton CL, deLEMOS D, Abramo TJ, Murrey A, Noell C Pediatric emergency care (2002)
    39. [39]
      Association of Eosinophilic fasciitis and epileptic seizure. — Vannucci P, Gaeta P, Riccioni N Clinical rheumatology (2001)
    40. [40]
      Necrotizing fasciitis secondary to peritonsillar abscess: a new case and review of eight earlier cases. — Safak MA, Haberal I, Kiliç D, Göçmen H Ear, nose, & throat journal (2001)
    41. [41]
      Necrotizing fasciitis after peritonsillar abscess in an immunocompetent patient. — Skitarelić N, Mladina R, Matulić Z, Kovacić M The Journal of laryngology and otology (1999)
    42. [42]
      Group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis of the psoas muscle. — Anderson JF, Cunha BA Heart & lung : the journal of critical care (1999)
    43. [43]
      Life-threatening cervical necrotizing fasciitis. — Helmy AS, Salah MA, Nawara HA, Khatab H, Khalaf HA, Abd el-Maguid N Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (1997)
    44. [44]
      Periocular necrotizing fasciitis: a review of five cases. — Marshall DH, Jordan DR, Gilberg SM, Harvey J, Arthurs BP, Nerad JA Ophthalmology (1997)
    45. [45]
      Necrotizing soft tissue infections reported with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. — Kahn LH, Styrt BA The Annals of pharmacotherapy (1997)
    46. [46]
      Peritonsillar abscess: an unlikely cause of necrotizing fasciitis. — Greinwald JH, Wilson JF, Haggerty PG The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology (1995)
    47. [47]
      Familial eosinophilic fasciitis and breast cancer. — Watts RA, Merry P British journal of rheumatology (1994)
    48. [48]
      Cervical necrotizing fasciitis and tonsillitis. — Scott PM, Dhillon RS, McDonald PJ The Journal of laryngology and otology (1994)
    49. [49]
      Fatal necrotizing fasciitis of dental origin. — Stoykewych AA, Beecroft WA, Cogan AG Journal (Canadian Dental Association) (1992)
    50. [50]
      Eosinophilic fasciitis without peripheral eosinophilia presenting as pyrexia of unknown origin. — Lewis D, Gupta I, Torry JM, Issa BG, Swinson D British journal of rheumatology (1990)
    51. [51]
      Proliferative fasciitis of a finger: a case report. — Richards RH, Evans G, Fitzgerald JA, Millward-Sadler GH Journal of hand surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) (1990)
    52. [52]
      The painful heel syndrome: an entrapment neuropathy. — Kenzora JE Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopaedic Institute (1987)
    53. [53]
      Unusual variant of eosinophilic fasciitis. — Sartor O, Sander GE Southern medical journal (1985)
    54. [54]
      Chronic calcaneal pain in athletes: entrapment of the calcaneal nerve? — Henricson AS, Westlin NE The American journal of sports medicine (1984)
    55. [55]
      Necrotizing fasciitis: an alternative approach. — Percival R, Hargreaves AW Postgraduate medical journal (1982)
    56. [56]
      Plantar fasciitis. The painful heel syndrome. — Furey JG The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume (1975)
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