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Cardiology230 papers

Primary idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Last edited: 4/22/2026

Overview

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) is a primary myocardial disorder characterized by left ventricular dilatation and impaired systolic function, often leading to heart failure symptoms 1 2.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, and exercise intolerance 1 2.

Electrocardiography (ECG): May show nonspecific changes like left ventricular hypertrophy or conduction abnormalities 68.

Echocardiography: Essential for assessing left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and presence of mitral regurgitation 2 10.

Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed assessment of myocardial structure, fibrosis, and right ventricular function 2 4.

Prognostic Indicators: Right ventricular dysfunction, elevated serum uric acid levels, and QRS prolongation are associated with worse outcomes 1 22 3.

Management

Medications:

- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs): Reduce mortality and hospitalization 27[Evidence: Moderate] - Beta-Blockers: Improve survival and reduce hospitalizations 20[Evidence: Moderate] - Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRAs): Ameliorate diastolic dysfunction and reduce fibrosis 27[Evidence: Moderate] - Carvedilol: May improve myocardial mechanics 15[Evidence: Moderate] - N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 PUFAs): May reduce arrhythmic risk 16[Evidence: Moderate] - Nebivolol: Improves coronary flow reserve 23[Evidence: Moderate]

Device Therapy:

- Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICDs): Recommended for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death 32[Evidence: Moderate]

Lifestyle Modifications: Smoking cessation despite paradoxical survival benefits noted in some studies 50[Evidence: Weak]

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Severity of mitral regurgitation predicts risk of death or transplantation 7[Evidence: Moderate]

Elderly: Impact of mild anemia significantly affects survival 14[Evidence: Moderate]

Comorbidities: Anemia and elevated uric acid levels are particularly detrimental 14 22[Evidence: Moderate]

Key Recommendations

Use ACE inhibitors or ARBs for reducing mortality and hospitalizations in IDC patients (Evidence: Moderate) 27

Consider beta-blockers as part of standard therapy to improve survival (Evidence: Moderate) 20

Evaluate and manage anemia aggressively in IDC patients, especially in younger adults, due to its negative impact on survival (Evidence: Moderate) 14

Monitor and manage serum uric acid levels given their association with impaired coronary microvascular function (Evidence: Moderate) 22

Implement ICDs for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death in appropriate IDC patients (Evidence: Moderate) 32

References

1 Wu A, Wang Y, Guo Z, Yu J, Mei K, Zhang J et al.. Identification of Biomarkers for Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Via Urinary Proteomics and Machine Learning. Journal of the American Heart Association 2026. link 2 Fu H, Wen L, Xu H, Liu H, Xu R, Xie L et al.. Prognostic value of multiple cardiac magnetic resonance imaging parameters in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. International journal of cardiology 2021. link 3 Lai L, Jiang R, Fang W, Yan C, Tang Y, Hua W et al.. Prognostic impact of right bundle branch block in hospitalized patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a single-center cohort study. The Journal of international medical research 2020. link 4 Woulfe KC, Siomos AK, Nguyen H, SooHoo M, Galambos C, Stauffer BL et al.. Fibrosis and Fibrotic Gene Expression in Pediatric and Adult Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Journal of cardiac failure 2017. link 5 Caliskan M, Gullu H, Erdogan D, Ozulku M, Kulaksızoglu S, Ciftci O et al.. Association between serum total antioxidant status and coronary microvascular function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Herz 2015. link 6 Singh TP, Blume ED, Alexander PM, Gauvreau K. Association of hemodynamic profiles with wait-list mortality in children listed for heart transplantation with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology 2015. link 7 Patange A, Thomas R, Ross RD. Severity of mitral regurgitation predicts risk of death or cardiac transplantation in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Pediatric cardiology 2014. link 8 Tuomainen PO, Magga J, Fedacko J, Kärkkäinen S, Miettinen K, Vanninen E et al.. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic atrial fibrillation. Clinical physiology and functional imaging 2014. link 9 Pawlak A, Gil RJ, Grajkowska W, Nasierowska-Guttmejer AM, Rzezak J, Kulawik T. Significance of low desmin expression in cardiomyocytes in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology 2013. link 10 Sipola P, Peuhkurinen K, Vanninen E. Comparison of gated single-photon emission computed tomography with magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2011. link 11 Yokokawa M, Good E, Crawford T, Jongnarangsin K, Chugh A, Pelosi F et al.. Ventricular tachycardia originating from the aortic sinus cusp in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart rhythm 2011. link 12 Meluzin J, Spinarova L, Hude P, Krejci J, Podrouzkova H, Pesl M et al.. Estimation of left ventricular filling pressures by speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2011. link 13 Xiao H, Wang M, Du Y, Yuan J, Cheng X, Chen Z et al.. Arrhythmogenic autoantibodies against calcium channel lead to sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. European journal of heart failure 2011. link 14 Aleksova A, Barbati G, Merlo M, Stolfo D, Sabbadini G, Di Lenarda A et al.. Deleterious impact of mild anemia on survival of young adult patients (age 45 ± 14 years) with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: data from the Trieste Cardiomyopathies Registry. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 2011. link 15 Ito T, Kawanishi Y, Futai R, Terasaki F, Kitaura Y. Usefulness of carvedilol to abolish myocardial postsystolic shortening in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology 2009. link 16 Nodari S, Metra M, Milesi G, Manerba A, Cesana BM, Gheorghiade M et al.. The role of n-3 PUFAs in preventing the arrhythmic risk in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 2009. link 17 Chen CA, Hsiao CH, Wang JK, Lin MT, Wu ET, Chiu SN et al.. Implication of QRS prolongation and its relation to mechanical dyssynchrony in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in childhood. The American journal of cardiology 2009. link 18 Duboscq-Bidot L, Xu P, Charron P, Neyroud N, Dilanian G, Millaire A et al.. Mutations in the Z-band protein myopalladin gene and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular research 2008. link 19 Badenhorst D, Norton GR, Sliwa K, Brooksbank R, Essop R, Sareli P et al.. Impact of beta2-adrenoreceptor gene variants on cardiac cavity size and systolic function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The pharmacogenomics journal 2007. link 20 Pratali L, Otasevic P, Neskovic A, Molinaro S, Picano E. Prognostic value of pharmacologic stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, head-to-head comparison between dipyridamole and dobutamine test. Journal of cardiac failure 2007. link 21 Kasikcioglu HA, Uyarel H, Tartan Z, Kasikcioglu E, Ozturk R, Cam N. Do calcium sensitizers affect right ventricular functions in patients with chronic heart failure?. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 22 Gullu H, Erdogan D, Caliskan M, Tok D, Kulaksizoglu S, Yildirir A et al.. Elevated serum uric acid levels impair coronary microvascular function in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. European journal of heart failure 2007. link 23 Erdogan D, Gullu H, Caliskan M, Ciftci O, Baycan S, Yildirir A et al.. Nebivolol improves coronary flow reserve in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2007. link 24 Otasević P, Popović Z, Pratali L, Vlahović A, Vasiljević JD, Nesković AN. Right vs. left ventricular contractile reserve in one-year prognosis of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: assessment by dobutamine stress echocardiography. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2005. link 25 Galrinho A, Soares RM, Branco LM, Timóteo A, Feliciano J, Santana A et al.. Usefulness of low-dose dobutamine echocardiography in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology 2005. link 26 de Jong RM, Willemsen AT, Slart RH, Blanksma PK, van Waarde A, Cornel JH et al.. Myocardial beta-adrenoceptor downregulation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy measured in vivo with PET using the new radioligand (S)-[11C]CGP12388. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2005. link 27 Izawa H, Murohara T, Nagata K, Isobe S, Asano H, Amano T et al.. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism ameliorates left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis in mildly symptomatic patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a pilot study. Circulation 2005. link 28 Suma H, Isomura T, Horii T, Buckberg G. Role of site selection for left ventriculoplasty to treat idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart failure reviews 2004. link 29 Lotze U, Egerer R, Tresselt C, Glück B, Dannberg G, Stelzner A et al.. Frequent detection of parvovirus B19 genome in the myocardium of adult patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Medical microbiology and immunology 2004. link 30 Dörffel WV, Wallukat G, Dörffel Y, Felix SB, Baumann G. Immunoadsorption in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, a 3-year follow-up. International journal of cardiology 2004. link 31 Adamopoulos S, Parissis JT, Paraskevaidis I, Karatzas D, Livanis E, Georgiadis M et al.. Effects of growth hormone on circulating cytokine network, and left ventricular contractile performance and geometry in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. European heart journal 2003. link00480-9) 32 Grimm W, Christ M, Bach J, Müller HH, Maisch B. Noninvasive arrhythmia risk stratification in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: results of the Marburg Cardiomyopathy Study. Circulation 2003. link 33 Sasaki T, Kubo T, Miyamoto T, Komamura K, Honda K, Masuyama T et al.. Left atrial function preserves pulmonary circulatory pressure during pacing-tachycardia and contributes to exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in sinus rhythm, whose exercise is limited by dyspnea. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2002. link 34 Pratali L, Picano E, Otasevic P, Vigna C, Palinkas A, Cortigiani L et al.. Prognostic significance of the dobutamine echocardiography test in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology 2001. link02116-6) 35 Aiba T, Inagaki M, Shimizu W, Matsuo K, Taguchi A, Suyama K et al.. Recovery time dispersion measured from 87-lead body surface potential mapping as a predictor of sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2000. link 36 Fujioka S, Kitaura Y, Ukimura A, Deguchi H, Kawamura K, Isomura T et al.. Evaluation of viral infection in the myocardium of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2000. link00955-4) 37 Higuchi ML, Moreira LF, Silvestre JM, Gutierrez PS, Savalli C, Stolf N et al.. Myocardial fiber diameter as a good indicator of outcome in Batista's operation. Journal of cardiac surgery 1999. link 38 de Leeuw N, Melchers WJ, Balk AH, de Jonge N, Galama JM. Study on microbial persistence in end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 1999. link 39 Kodama K, Toshima H, Yazaki Y, Toyoshima H, Nakagawa H, Okada R et al.. Life-style related factors and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy--a case-control study using pooled controls. Journal of epidemiology 1999. link 40 Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Menz V, Luck K, Maisch B. Programmed ventricular stimulation for arrhythmia risk prediction in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1998. link00306-4) 41 Boriani G, Biffi M, Frabetti L, Parlapiano M, Galli R, Branzi A et al.. Cardioverter-defibrillator oversensing due to double counting of ventricular tachycardia electrograms. International journal of cardiology 1998. link00189-2) 42 Pogwizd SM, McKenzie JP, Cain ME. Mechanisms underlying spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1998. link 43 Pohlner K, Portig I, Pankuweit S, Lottspeich F, Maisch B. Identification of mitochondrial antigens recognized by antibodies in sera of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and protein sequencing. The American journal of cardiology 1997. link00600-0) 44 Arbustini E, Grasso M, Porcu E, Bellini O, Diegoli M, Fasani R et al.. Enteroviral RNA and virus-like particles in the skeletal muscle of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology 1997. link00638-3) 45 Bocchi EA, Bellotti G, Vilella de Moraes A, Bacal F, Moreira LF, Esteves-Filho A et al.. Clinical outcome after left ventricular surgical remodeling in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy referred for heart transplantation: short-term results. Circulation 1997. link 46 Sun JP, James KB, Yang XS, Solankhi N, Shah MS, Arheart KL et al.. Comparison of mortality rates and progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and dilated versus nondilated right ventricular cavities. The American journal of cardiology 1997. link00780-7) 47 MacGowan GA, Shapiro EP, Azhari H, Siu CO, Hees PS, Hutchins GM et al.. Noninvasive measurement of shortening in the fiber and cross-fiber directions in the normal human left ventricle and in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1997. link 48 Müller J, Wallukat G, Weng YG, Dandel M, Spiegelsberger S, Semrau S et al.. Weaning from mechanical cardiac support in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1997. link 49 Metayer C, Coughlin SS, McCarthy EP. Marital status as a predictor of survival in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: the Washington, DC dilated cardiomyopathy study. European journal of epidemiology 1996. link 50 Metayer C, Coughlin SS, Mather FJ. Does cigarette smoking paradoxically increase survival in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy?. The Washington, D.C., Dilated Cardiomyopathy Study. Cardiology 1996. link 51 Grimm W, Steder U, Menz V, Hoffman J, Maisch B. QT dispersion and arrhythmic events in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology 1996. link00337-2) 52 Hoffmann J, Grimm W, Menz V, Knop U, Maisch B. Heart rate variability and major arrhythmic events in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1996. link 53 Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Knop U, Winzenburg J, Menz V, Maisch B. Value of time- and frequency-domain analysis of signal-averaged electrocardiography for arrhythmia risk prediction in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1996. link 54 Fu ML. Anti-peptide antibodies against an autoimmune epitope on human muscarinic receptor mimic functional autoantibodies against the same epitope in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. European heart journal 1995. link 55 Huhn KM, Palcic B, Wilson JE, McManus BM. Cytometric analysis of ventricular myocyte nuclei in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a tool for evaluation of disease progression?. European heart journal 1995. link 56 Kottkamp H, Hindricks G, Chen X, Brunn J, Willems S, Haverkamp W et al.. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of sustained ventricular tachycardia in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1995. link 57 Magnusson Y, Wallukat G, Waagstein F, Hjalmarson A, Hoebeke J. Autoimmunity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Characterization of antibodies against the beta 1-adrenoceptor with positive chronotropic effect. Circulation 1994. link 58 Trikas A, Triposkiadis F, Pitsavos C, Tentolouris K, Kyriakidis M, Gialafos J et al.. Relation of left atrial volume and systolic function to the hormonal response in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. International journal of cardiology 1994. link90180-5) 59 Krajinovic M, Mestroni L, Severini GM, Pinamonti B, Camerini F, Falaschi A et al.. Absence of linkage between idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and candidate genes involved in the immune function in a large Italian pedigree. Journal of medical genetics 1994. link 60 Triposkiadis F, Pitsavos C, Boudoulas H, Trikas A, Toutouzas P. Left atrial myopathy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. American heart journal 1994. link90484-7) 61 Coughlin SS, Comstock GW, Baughman KL. Descriptive epidemiology of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in Washington County, Maryland, 1975-1991. Journal of clinical epidemiology 1993. link90167-y) 62 Keeling PJ, Kulakowski P, Yi G, Slade AK, Bent SE, McKenna WJ. Usefulness of signal-averaged electrocardiogram in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy for identifying patients with ventricular arrhythmias. The American journal of cardiology 1993. link90223-y) 63 Chiang FT, Lin LI, Tseng YZ, Tseng CD, Hsu KL, Wu TL et al.. Detection of enterovirus RNA in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 1992. link 64 Weiss LM, Liu XF, Chang KL, Billingham ME. Detection of enteroviral RNA in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and other human cardiac tissues. The Journal of clinical investigation 1992. link 65 el Hasnaoui A, Jais JP. Study and applications of an informational measure of dependence in survival models. Methods of information in medicine 1992. link 66 Permanetter B, Rössy W, Klein G, Weingartner F, Seidl KF, Blömer H. Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) in the long-term treatment of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. European heart journal 1992. link 67 Kieny JR, Sacrez A, Facello A, Arbogast R, Bareiss P, Roul G et al.. Increase in radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction after cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. European heart journal 1992. link 68 Pelliccia F, Critelli G, Cianfrocca C, Nigri A, Reale A. Electrocardiographic correlates with left ventricular morphology in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology 1991. link90358-r) 69 Magnusson Y, Marullo S, Hoyer S, Waagstein F, Andersson B, Vahlne A et al.. Mapping of a functional autoimmune epitope on the beta 1-adrenergic receptor in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The Journal of clinical investigation 1990. link 70 Hurwitz RA, Siddiqui A, Caldwell RL, Weetman RM, Girod DA. Assessment of ventricular function in infants and children. Response to dobutamine infusion. Clinical nuclear medicine 1990. link 71 Baumann G, Ningel K, Permanetter B. Cardiovascular profile of UDCG 115 BS-pimobendane and reversibility of catecholamine subsensitivity in severe congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 1989. link 72 Coughlin SS, Szklo M, Baughman K, Pearson TA. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and atopic disease: epidemiologic evidence for an association with asthma. American heart journal 1989. link90591-7) 73 Schofer J, Spielmann R, Schuchert A, Weber K, Schlüter M. Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy: a noninvasive method to demonstrate myocardial adrenergic nervous system disintegrity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1988. link92608-3) 74 George DS, Marsh C, Leier CV. "A-wave" liver. Clinical cardiology 1988. link 75 Watanabe K, Hirokawa Y, Suzuki K, Shibata A. Acute and chronic effects of xamoterol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Japanese heart journal 1988. link 76 Liem LB, Swerdlow CD. Value of electropharmacologic testing in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The American journal of cardiology 1988. link90665-0) 77 Yamazoe M. Response of the left ventricle in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy to postextrasystolic potentiation. American heart journal 1987. link90661-2) 78 Schofer J, Bleifeld W. Sympathetic activity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Influence of captopril and hydralazine. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy 1987. link 79 Kirlin PC, Das S, Zijnen P, Wijns W, Domenicucci S, Roelandt J et al.. The exercise response in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Clinical cardiology 1984. link 80 Meinertz T, Hofmann T, Kasper W, Treese N, Bechtold H, Stienen U et al.. Significance of ventricular arrhythmias in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The American journal of cardiology 1984. link90522-8) 81 Poll DS, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE, Doherty JU, Waxman HL, Josephson ME. Sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: electrophysiologic testing and lack of response to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Circulation 1984. link

Original source

[1]
Identification of Biomarkers for Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Via Urinary Proteomics and Machine Learning. — Wu A, Wang Y, Guo Z, Yu J, Mei K, Zhang J et al. Journal of the American Heart Association (2026)
[2]
Prognostic value of multiple cardiac magnetic resonance imaging parameters in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Fu H, Wen L, Xu H, Liu H, Xu R, Xie L et al. International journal of cardiology (2021)
[3]
Prognostic impact of right bundle branch block in hospitalized patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a single-center cohort study. — Lai L, Jiang R, Fang W, Yan C, Tang Y, Hua W et al. The Journal of international medical research (2020)
[4]
Fibrosis and Fibrotic Gene Expression in Pediatric and Adult Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy. — Woulfe KC, Siomos AK, Nguyen H, SooHoo M, Galambos C, Stauffer BL et al. Journal of cardiac failure (2017)
[5]
Association between serum total antioxidant status and coronary microvascular function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Caliskan M, Gullu H, Erdogan D, Ozulku M, Kulaksızoglu S, Ciftci O et al. Herz (2015)
[6]
Association of hemodynamic profiles with wait-list mortality in children listed for heart transplantation with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Singh TP, Blume ED, Alexander PM, Gauvreau K The American journal of cardiology (2015)
[7]
Severity of mitral regurgitation predicts risk of death or cardiac transplantation in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Patange A, Thomas R, Ross RD Pediatric cardiology (2014)
[8]
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic atrial fibrillation. — Tuomainen PO, Magga J, Fedacko J, Kärkkäinen S, Miettinen K, Vanninen E et al. Clinical physiology and functional imaging (2014)
[9]
Significance of low desmin expression in cardiomyocytes in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Pawlak A, Gil RJ, Grajkowska W, Nasierowska-Guttmejer AM, Rzezak J, Kulawik T The American journal of cardiology (2013)
[10]
Comparison of gated single-photon emission computed tomography with magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Sipola P, Peuhkurinen K, Vanninen E The international journal of cardiovascular imaging (2011)
[11]
Ventricular tachycardia originating from the aortic sinus cusp in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Yokokawa M, Good E, Crawford T, Jongnarangsin K, Chugh A, Pelosi F et al. Heart rhythm (2011)
[12]
Estimation of left ventricular filling pressures by speckle tracking echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Meluzin J, Spinarova L, Hude P, Krejci J, Podrouzkova H, Pesl M et al. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology (2011)
[13]
Arrhythmogenic autoantibodies against calcium channel lead to sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Xiao H, Wang M, Du Y, Yuan J, Cheng X, Chen Z et al. European journal of heart failure (2011)
[14]
Deleterious impact of mild anemia on survival of young adult patients (age 45 ± 14 years) with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: data from the Trieste Cardiomyopathies Registry. — Aleksova A, Barbati G, Merlo M, Stolfo D, Sabbadini G, Di Lenarda A et al. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care (2011)
[15]
Usefulness of carvedilol to abolish myocardial postsystolic shortening in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Ito T, Kawanishi Y, Futai R, Terasaki F, Kitaura Y The American journal of cardiology (2009)
[16]
The role of n-3 PUFAs in preventing the arrhythmic risk in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Nodari S, Metra M, Milesi G, Manerba A, Cesana BM, Gheorghiade M et al. Cardiovascular drugs and therapy (2009)
[17]
Implication of QRS prolongation and its relation to mechanical dyssynchrony in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in childhood. — Chen CA, Hsiao CH, Wang JK, Lin MT, Wu ET, Chiu SN et al. The American journal of cardiology (2009)
[18]
Mutations in the Z-band protein myopalladin gene and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Duboscq-Bidot L, Xu P, Charron P, Neyroud N, Dilanian G, Millaire A et al. Cardiovascular research (2008)
[19]
Impact of beta2-adrenoreceptor gene variants on cardiac cavity size and systolic function in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Badenhorst D, Norton GR, Sliwa K, Brooksbank R, Essop R, Sareli P et al. The pharmacogenomics journal (2007)
[20]
Prognostic value of pharmacologic stress echocardiography in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, head-to-head comparison between dipyridamole and dobutamine test. — Pratali L, Otasevic P, Neskovic A, Molinaro S, Picano E Journal of cardiac failure (2007)
[21]
Do calcium sensitizers affect right ventricular functions in patients with chronic heart failure? — Kasikcioglu HA, Uyarel H, Tartan Z, Kasikcioglu E, Ozturk R, Cam N International journal of cardiology (2007)
[22]
Elevated serum uric acid levels impair coronary microvascular function in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Gullu H, Erdogan D, Caliskan M, Tok D, Kulaksizoglu S, Yildirir A et al. European journal of heart failure (2007)
[23]
Nebivolol improves coronary flow reserve in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Erdogan D, Gullu H, Caliskan M, Ciftci O, Baycan S, Yildirir A et al. Heart (British Cardiac Society) (2007)
[24]
Right vs. left ventricular contractile reserve in one-year prognosis of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: assessment by dobutamine stress echocardiography. — Otasević P, Popović Z, Pratali L, Vlahović A, Vasiljević JD, Nesković AN European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology (2005)
[25]
Usefulness of low-dose dobutamine echocardiography in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Galrinho A, Soares RM, Branco LM, Timóteo A, Feliciano J, Santana A et al. Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology (2005)
[26]
Myocardial beta-adrenoceptor downregulation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy measured in vivo with PET using the new radioligand (S)-[11C]CGP12388. — de Jong RM, Willemsen AT, Slart RH, Blanksma PK, van Waarde A, Cornel JH et al. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging (2005)
[27]
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism ameliorates left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and myocardial fibrosis in mildly symptomatic patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a pilot study. — Izawa H, Murohara T, Nagata K, Isobe S, Asano H, Amano T et al. Circulation (2005)
[28]
Role of site selection for left ventriculoplasty to treat idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Suma H, Isomura T, Horii T, Buckberg G Heart failure reviews (2004)
[29]
Frequent detection of parvovirus B19 genome in the myocardium of adult patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Lotze U, Egerer R, Tresselt C, Glück B, Dannberg G, Stelzner A et al. Medical microbiology and immunology (2004)
[30]
Immunoadsorption in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, a 3-year follow-up. — Dörffel WV, Wallukat G, Dörffel Y, Felix SB, Baumann G International journal of cardiology (2004)
[31]
Effects of growth hormone on circulating cytokine network, and left ventricular contractile performance and geometry in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Adamopoulos S, Parissis JT, Paraskevaidis I, Karatzas D, Livanis E, Georgiadis M et al. European heart journal (2003)
[32]
Noninvasive arrhythmia risk stratification in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: results of the Marburg Cardiomyopathy Study. — Grimm W, Christ M, Bach J, Müller HH, Maisch B Circulation (2003)
[33]
Left atrial function preserves pulmonary circulatory pressure during pacing-tachycardia and contributes to exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in sinus rhythm, whose exercise is limited by dyspnea. — Sasaki T, Kubo T, Miyamoto T, Komamura K, Honda K, Masuyama T et al. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society (2002)
[34]
Prognostic significance of the dobutamine echocardiography test in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Pratali L, Picano E, Otasevic P, Vigna C, Palinkas A, Cortigiani L et al. The American journal of cardiology (2001)
[35]
Recovery time dispersion measured from 87-lead body surface potential mapping as a predictor of sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Aiba T, Inagaki M, Shimizu W, Matsuo K, Taguchi A, Suyama K et al. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology (2000)
[36]
Evaluation of viral infection in the myocardium of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Fujioka S, Kitaura Y, Ukimura A, Deguchi H, Kawamura K, Isomura T et al. Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2000)
[37]
Myocardial fiber diameter as a good indicator of outcome in Batista's operation. — Higuchi ML, Moreira LF, Silvestre JM, Gutierrez PS, Savalli C, Stolf N et al. Journal of cardiac surgery (1999)
[38]
Study on microbial persistence in end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — de Leeuw N, Melchers WJ, Balk AH, de Jonge N, Galama JM Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (1999)
[39]
Life-style related factors and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy--a case-control study using pooled controls. — Kodama K, Toshima H, Yazaki Y, Toyoshima H, Nakagawa H, Okada R et al. Journal of epidemiology (1999)
[40]
Programmed ventricular stimulation for arrhythmia risk prediction in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. — Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Menz V, Luck K, Maisch B Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
[41]
Cardioverter-defibrillator oversensing due to double counting of ventricular tachycardia electrograms. — Boriani G, Biffi M, Frabetti L, Parlapiano M, Galli R, Branzi A et al. International journal of cardiology (1998)
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Mechanisms underlying spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Pogwizd SM, McKenzie JP, Cain ME Circulation (1998)
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Identification of mitochondrial antigens recognized by antibodies in sera of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and protein sequencing. — Pohlner K, Portig I, Pankuweit S, Lottspeich F, Maisch B The American journal of cardiology (1997)
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Enteroviral RNA and virus-like particles in the skeletal muscle of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Arbustini E, Grasso M, Porcu E, Bellini O, Diegoli M, Fasani R et al. The American journal of cardiology (1997)
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Clinical outcome after left ventricular surgical remodeling in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy referred for heart transplantation: short-term results. — Bocchi EA, Bellotti G, Vilella de Moraes A, Bacal F, Moreira LF, Esteves-Filho A et al. Circulation (1997)
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Comparison of mortality rates and progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and dilated versus nondilated right ventricular cavities. — Sun JP, James KB, Yang XS, Solankhi N, Shah MS, Arheart KL et al. The American journal of cardiology (1997)
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Noninvasive measurement of shortening in the fiber and cross-fiber directions in the normal human left ventricle and in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — MacGowan GA, Shapiro EP, Azhari H, Siu CO, Hees PS, Hutchins GM et al. Circulation (1997)
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Weaning from mechanical cardiac support in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Müller J, Wallukat G, Weng YG, Dandel M, Spiegelsberger S, Semrau S et al. Circulation (1997)
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Marital status as a predictor of survival in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: the Washington, DC dilated cardiomyopathy study. — Metayer C, Coughlin SS, McCarthy EP European journal of epidemiology (1996)
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Does cigarette smoking paradoxically increase survival in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy?. The Washington, D.C., Dilated Cardiomyopathy Study. — Metayer C, Coughlin SS, Mather FJ Cardiology (1996)
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QT dispersion and arrhythmic events in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Grimm W, Steder U, Menz V, Hoffman J, Maisch B The American journal of cardiology (1996)
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Heart rate variability and major arrhythmic events in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Hoffmann J, Grimm W, Menz V, Knop U, Maisch B Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1996)
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Value of time- and frequency-domain analysis of signal-averaged electrocardiography for arrhythmia risk prediction in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Grimm W, Hoffmann J, Knop U, Winzenburg J, Menz V, Maisch B Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (1996)
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Anti-peptide antibodies against an autoimmune epitope on human muscarinic receptor mimic functional autoantibodies against the same epitope in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Fu ML European heart journal (1995)
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Cytometric analysis of ventricular myocyte nuclei in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a tool for evaluation of disease progression? — Huhn KM, Palcic B, Wilson JE, McManus BM European heart journal (1995)
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Radiofrequency catheter ablation of sustained ventricular tachycardia in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Kottkamp H, Hindricks G, Chen X, Brunn J, Willems S, Haverkamp W et al. Circulation (1995)
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Autoimmunity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Characterization of antibodies against the beta 1-adrenoceptor with positive chronotropic effect. — Magnusson Y, Wallukat G, Waagstein F, Hjalmarson A, Hoebeke J Circulation (1994)
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Relation of left atrial volume and systolic function to the hormonal response in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Trikas A, Triposkiadis F, Pitsavos C, Tentolouris K, Kyriakidis M, Gialafos J et al. International journal of cardiology (1994)
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Absence of linkage between idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and candidate genes involved in the immune function in a large Italian pedigree. — Krajinovic M, Mestroni L, Severini GM, Pinamonti B, Camerini F, Falaschi A et al. Journal of medical genetics (1994)
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Left atrial myopathy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Triposkiadis F, Pitsavos C, Boudoulas H, Trikas A, Toutouzas P American heart journal (1994)
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Descriptive epidemiology of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in Washington County, Maryland, 1975-1991. — Coughlin SS, Comstock GW, Baughman KL Journal of clinical epidemiology (1993)
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Usefulness of signal-averaged electrocardiogram in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy for identifying patients with ventricular arrhythmias. — Keeling PJ, Kulakowski P, Yi G, Slade AK, Bent SE, McKenna WJ The American journal of cardiology (1993)
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Detection of enterovirus RNA in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy by polymerase chain reaction. — Chiang FT, Lin LI, Tseng YZ, Tseng CD, Hsu KL, Wu TL et al. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi (1992)
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Detection of enteroviral RNA in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and other human cardiac tissues. — Weiss LM, Liu XF, Chang KL, Billingham ME The Journal of clinical investigation (1992)
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Study and applications of an informational measure of dependence in survival models. — el Hasnaoui A, Jais JP Methods of information in medicine (1992)
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Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) in the long-term treatment of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Permanetter B, Rössy W, Klein G, Weingartner F, Seidl KF, Blömer H European heart journal (1992)
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Increase in radionuclide left ventricular ejection fraction after cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Kieny JR, Sacrez A, Facello A, Arbogast R, Bareiss P, Roul G et al. European heart journal (1992)
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Electrocardiographic correlates with left ventricular morphology in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Pelliccia F, Critelli G, Cianfrocca C, Nigri A, Reale A The American journal of cardiology (1991)
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Mapping of a functional autoimmune epitope on the beta 1-adrenergic receptor in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Magnusson Y, Marullo S, Hoyer S, Waagstein F, Andersson B, Vahlne A et al. The Journal of clinical investigation (1990)
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Assessment of ventricular function in infants and children. Response to dobutamine infusion. — Hurwitz RA, Siddiqui A, Caldwell RL, Weetman RM, Girod DA Clinical nuclear medicine (1990)
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Cardiovascular profile of UDCG 115 BS-pimobendane and reversibility of catecholamine subsensitivity in severe congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Baumann G, Ningel K, Permanetter B Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology (1989)
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Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and atopic disease: epidemiologic evidence for an association with asthma. — Coughlin SS, Szklo M, Baughman K, Pearson TA American heart journal (1989)
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Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy: a noninvasive method to demonstrate myocardial adrenergic nervous system disintegrity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Schofer J, Spielmann R, Schuchert A, Weber K, Schlüter M Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1988)
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"A-wave" liver. — George DS, Marsh C, Leier CV Clinical cardiology (1988)
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Acute and chronic effects of xamoterol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Watanabe K, Hirokawa Y, Suzuki K, Shibata A Japanese heart journal (1988)
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Value of electropharmacologic testing in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. — Liem LB, Swerdlow CD The American journal of cardiology (1988)
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Response of the left ventricle in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy to postextrasystolic potentiation. — Yamazoe M American heart journal (1987)
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Sympathetic activity in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Influence of captopril and hydralazine. — Schofer J, Bleifeld W Cardiovascular drugs and therapy (1987)
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The exercise response in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Kirlin PC, Das S, Zijnen P, Wijns W, Domenicucci S, Roelandt J et al. Clinical cardiology (1984)
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Significance of ventricular arrhythmias in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. — Meinertz T, Hofmann T, Kasper W, Treese N, Bechtold H, Stienen U et al. The American journal of cardiology (1984)
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Sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: electrophysiologic testing and lack of response to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. — Poll DS, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE, Doherty JU, Waxman HL, Josephson ME Circulation (1984)

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