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Otolaryngology (ENT)143 papers

Otomycosis

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Otomycosis, or fungal otitis externa, is an infection of the external auditory canal caused primarily by fungi such as Aspergillus, Candida, and Fusarium species. It often affects individuals with predisposing factors like chronic otitis externa, immunocompromised states, or exposure to contaminated water 48.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical presentation includes itching, otorrhea, and ear pain 48.
  • Microbiological examination of ear discharge typically reveals fungal elements 48.
  • Fungal cultures from ear swabs are crucial for definitive diagnosis 48.
  • Imaging is generally not required unless complications are suspected 48.

    • Management

  • Topical Antifungal Therapy: First-line treatment includes topical antifungals such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or nystatin 48.
  • Systemic Therapy: Consider systemic antifungals like fluconazole for severe or refractory cases 48.
  • Ear Cleaning: Regular cleaning of the ear canal to remove debris and fungal elements 48.
  • Avoidance of Irritants: Minimize exposure to water and irritants to prevent recurrence 48.

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Similar management principles apply, but careful use of topical agents to avoid systemic absorption 48.
  • Immunocompromised Patients: May require longer courses of systemic antifungals due to increased susceptibility 48.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Perform microbiological cultures from ear swabs for definitive diagnosis of otomycosis (Evidence: Strong 48).
  • Initiate treatment with topical antifungals as first-line therapy (Evidence: Strong 48).
  • Consider systemic antifungal therapy for severe or refractory cases (Evidence: Moderate 48).
  • Regularly clean the ear canal to manage symptoms and prevent complications (Evidence: Expert opinion).
  • Tailor management in immunocompromised patients to account for higher risk of complications (Evidence: Expert opinion).

    • References

    1 Hajnas NM, Lupieri AS, Mangahas AM, Butler L, Weinreich HM. Relationship Between Industry Funding and Otologists. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2025. link 2 Lamtara JC, Wijewickrema S, Gerard JM, O'Leary S. Face and content validation of additive manufacturing temporal bone specimens. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2025. link 3 Remenschneider AK, Chen JX, Emmett SD, Hertzano R. Barriers to Research for Academic Otologists/Neurotologists in the United States. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2025. link 4 Carsuzaa F, Favier V, Delbreil A, Ranger A, Arnault F, Dufour X et al.. Medical liability in France: analysis of claims in otorhinolaryngology. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2025. link 5 Pittman CA, Shan HD, Harish V, Rapoport SK. Evaluating Trends in Medicare Reimbursements Between Male and Female Otolaryngologists From 2013 to 2018. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2025. link 6 Harwick E, Kutz W, Doerfer K, Nelson RF, Cosetti M, Hong R et al.. Perspectives on Minimum Neurotology Fellowship Case Numbers: A Survey of American Neurotology Society Members. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2025. link 7 Law A. The Application of Artificial Intelligence to Acoustic Data in Otolaryngology. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2024. link 8 Okayasu T, Mitani K, Kitahara T. Reviewing Kampo medicine (Traditional Japanese Herbal Medicine) for otology/neurotology diseases. Auris, nasus, larynx 2024. link 9 Di Bari M, Colombo G. Exoscope-assisted surgery in otology and neurotology. Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery 2024. link 10 van Andel P, Feenstra L, Schmidt HG. Serendipity in oto-rhino-laryngology. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2024. link 11 Iannella G, Pace A, Mucchino A, Greco A, De Virgilio A, Lechien JR et al.. A new 3D-printed temporal bone: 'the SAPIENS'-specific anatomical printed-3D-model in education and new surgical simulations. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2024. link 12 Revercomb L, Patel AM, Tripathi OB, Filimonov A. Factors Associated with Research Productivity and National Institutes of Health Funding in Academic Otology. The Laryngoscope 2024. link 13 Fan CJ, Hong AC, Bojrab DI, Lustig LR, Hong RS. The Impact of Visual Abstracts Compared to Automated Tweets on Social Media in Otology & Neurotology. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2024. link 14 Alohali YA, Fayed MS, Mesallam T, Abdelsamad Y, Almuhawas F, Hagr A. A Machine Learning Model to Predict Citation Counts of Scientific Papers in Otology Field. BioMed research international 2022. link 15 Krishnan PS, Andresen NS, Ward BK. The History of Otology and What We Can Learn from It: Putting Historical Research in Context. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2022. link 16 O' Byrne L, Copperthwaite A, Rente M, Fenton JE, Coelho DH. The Quality of Otology and Neurotology Research in Otology Journals. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2022. link 17 Ridge SE, Shetty KR, Lee DJ. Heads-up Surgery: Endoscopes and Exoscopes for Otology and Neurotology in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2021. link 18 Schauwecker N, Kaplan A, Hunter JB. Gender Prevalence and Trends in Otology and Neurotology Publications. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2021. link 19 Socolovsky LD, Krishnan P, Ramraj R, Retnam R, Sima A, Bauschard MJ et al.. Quality of Otology and Neurotology Research in Otolaryngology Journals. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2020. link 20 Mudry A, Young JR. 100 Years on: Politzer's Greatest Historical Legacy. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2020. link 21 Maranhão-Filho P, Bárány A. Robert Bárány, a scientist with many interests. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2019. link 22 Desai MH, Vekaria DM, McKinnon BJ. Evaluating the Industry Relationships of Presenting Physicians at the American Neurotological Society Spring Meetings. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2019. link 23 Kim YY, Chao JR, Kim C, Kang TC, Park HS, Chang J et al.. Applicability of vital staining and tissue clearing to vascular anatomy and melanocytes' evaluation of temporal bone in six laboratory species. Anatomia, histologia, embryologia 2019. link 24 Goshtasbi K, Lehrich BM, Moshtaghi O, Abouzari M, Sahyouni R, Bagheri K et al.. Patients' Online Perception and Ratings of Neurotologists. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2019. link 25 Gantz BJ. Evolution of Otology and Neurotology Education in the United States. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2018. link 26 Kamil RJ, Giddings N, Hoffer M, Ying YM, Kwartler J, Brookler K et al.. Electronic Health Record Use Among American Neurotology Society Members. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2018. link 27 Jackler RK, Alyono JC, Mudry AC. The American Otological Society at its Sesquicentennial: Insights Into the Society's Formative Years. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2018. link 28 Imbery TE, Nicholas BD, Goyal P. Analyzing Medicare payments to otologists. Ear, nose, & throat journal 2018. link 29 Ziai K, Sahyouni R, Moshtaghi O, Vu K, Goshtasbi K, Ghavami Y et al.. An Analysis of the Open Payment Database in Neurotology. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2018. link 30 Alyono JC, Jackler RK, Chandrasekhar SS. Women of the American Otological Society. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2018. link 31 Montague P, Bennett D, Kellermeyer B. How Was Your Otology Training? A Survey of Recent Otolaryngology Residents. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2017. link 32 Lennon CJ, Hunter JB, Mistry AM, Espahbodi M, Deasey M, Niesner KJ et al.. NIH Funding within Otolaryngology: 2005-2014. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2017. link 33 Waller B, Larsen-Reindorf R, Duah M, Opoku-Buabeng J, Edwards BM, Brown D et al.. Otolaryngology outreach to Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital: a medical and educational partnership. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2017. link 34 Eisen MD. Fifty Years of the American Neurotology Society. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2016. link 35 Mudry A, von Deuster C, Peinhardt J. Some unpublished documents and unusual portraits of Anton von Tröltsch (1828-1890), one of the founders of this journal. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2016. link 36 Chenebaux M, Lescanne E, Robier A, Kim S, Bakhos D. Evaluation of a temporal bone prototype by experts in otology. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2014. link 37 Sobin L, Goyal P. Trends of online ratings of otolaryngologists: what do your patients really think of you?. JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery 2014. link 38 Mudry A. Disputes surrounding the discovery of the stapes in the mid 16th century. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2013. link 39 Graboyes EM, Hullar TE, Chole RA. The lenticular process of the incus. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2011. link 40 Cashman EC. Otolaryngology and Irish literature: an important medico-literary alliance. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2010. link 41 Mukerji S, Lee DJ. De visione, voce et auditu: the contribution of Hieronymous Fabricius to our understanding of tensor tympani function. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2010. link 42 Barr GD. Low cost digital endoscopic photography. The Journal of laryngology and otology 2009. link 43 Mudry A. A century ago: Adam Politzer published the first volume of his History of Otology. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2008. link 44 Labadie RF, Majdani O, Fitzpatrick JM. Image-guided technique in neurotology. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2007. link 45 Mudry A. References in the history of otology: the importance of being earnest. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2007. link 46 Ray J, Hadjihannas E, Irving RM. Curtailment of higher surgical training in the UK: likely effects in otology. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2005. link 47 Waldman EH, Lustig LR. Sir Charles Alfred Ballance: contributions to otology and neurotology. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 2005. link 48 Pradhan B, Tuladhar NR, Amatya RM. Prevalence of otomycosis in outpatient department of otolaryngology in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2003. link 49 Glasscock ME. The history of neuro-otology. A personal perspective. Otolaryngologic clinics of North America 2002. link00010-5) 50 Morris DP, Luff DA, Hargreaves SP, Rothera MP. Bones of contention. The supply of temporal bones for dissection: the legalities, problems and solutions. The Journal of laryngology and otology 1998. link 51 Pahor AL, Stansbie JM. The Midland Institute of Otology and its founder: William Stirk Adams (1896-1978). The Journal of laryngology and otology 1997. link 52 Kavanagh KT. Applications of image-directed robotics in otolaryngologic surgery. The Laryngoscope 1994. link 53 Canalis RF. Valsalva's contribution to otology. American journal of otolaryngology 1990. link90122-c) 54 Harris JP, Osborne E. A survey of otologic training in US residency programs. Archives of otolaryngology--head & neck surgery 1990. link 55 Wackym PA, Popper P, Ward PH, Micevych PE. In situ hybridization for the study of gene expression in neuro-otologic research. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 1990. link 56 Meyers A. Joseph Leidy: his contributions to otology. Archives of otolaryngology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 1976. link

    Original source

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      Relationship Between Industry Funding and Otologists. — Hajnas NM, Lupieri AS, Mangahas AM, Butler L, Weinreich HM Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2025)
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      Face and content validation of additive manufacturing temporal bone specimens. — Lamtara JC, Wijewickrema S, Gerard JM, O'Leary S The Journal of laryngology and otology (2025)
    3. [3]
      Barriers to Research for Academic Otologists/Neurotologists in the United States. — Remenschneider AK, Chen JX, Emmett SD, Hertzano R Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2025)
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      Medical liability in France: analysis of claims in otorhinolaryngology. — Carsuzaa F, Favier V, Delbreil A, Ranger A, Arnault F, Dufour X et al. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2025)
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      Evaluating Trends in Medicare Reimbursements Between Male and Female Otolaryngologists From 2013 to 2018. — Pittman CA, Shan HD, Harish V, Rapoport SK Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2025)
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      Perspectives on Minimum Neurotology Fellowship Case Numbers: A Survey of American Neurotology Society Members. — Harwick E, Kutz W, Doerfer K, Nelson RF, Cosetti M, Hong R et al. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2025)
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      The Application of Artificial Intelligence to Acoustic Data in Otolaryngology. — Law A Otolaryngologic clinics of North America (2024)
    8. [8]
      Reviewing Kampo medicine (Traditional Japanese Herbal Medicine) for otology/neurotology diseases. — Okayasu T, Mitani K, Kitahara T Auris, nasus, larynx (2024)
    9. [9]
      Exoscope-assisted surgery in otology and neurotology. — Di Bari M, Colombo G Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery (2024)
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      Serendipity in oto-rhino-laryngology. — van Andel P, Feenstra L, Schmidt HG European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2024)
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      A new 3D-printed temporal bone: 'the SAPIENS'-specific anatomical printed-3D-model in education and new surgical simulations. — Iannella G, Pace A, Mucchino A, Greco A, De Virgilio A, Lechien JR et al. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2024)
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      Factors Associated with Research Productivity and National Institutes of Health Funding in Academic Otology. — Revercomb L, Patel AM, Tripathi OB, Filimonov A The Laryngoscope (2024)
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      The Impact of Visual Abstracts Compared to Automated Tweets on Social Media in Otology & Neurotology. — Fan CJ, Hong AC, Bojrab DI, Lustig LR, Hong RS Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2024)
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      A Machine Learning Model to Predict Citation Counts of Scientific Papers in Otology Field. — Alohali YA, Fayed MS, Mesallam T, Abdelsamad Y, Almuhawas F, Hagr A BioMed research international (2022)
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      The History of Otology and What We Can Learn from It: Putting Historical Research in Context. — Krishnan PS, Andresen NS, Ward BK Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2022)
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      100 Years on: Politzer's Greatest Historical Legacy. — Mudry A, Young JR Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2020)
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      Robert Bárány, a scientist with many interests. — Maranhão-Filho P, Bárány A Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria (2019)
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      Evaluating the Industry Relationships of Presenting Physicians at the American Neurotological Society Spring Meetings. — Desai MH, Vekaria DM, McKinnon BJ Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2019)
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      Applicability of vital staining and tissue clearing to vascular anatomy and melanocytes' evaluation of temporal bone in six laboratory species. — Kim YY, Chao JR, Kim C, Kang TC, Park HS, Chang J et al. Anatomia, histologia, embryologia (2019)
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      Patients' Online Perception and Ratings of Neurotologists. — Goshtasbi K, Lehrich BM, Moshtaghi O, Abouzari M, Sahyouni R, Bagheri K et al. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2019)
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      Electronic Health Record Use Among American Neurotology Society Members. — Kamil RJ, Giddings N, Hoffer M, Ying YM, Kwartler J, Brookler K et al. Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2018)
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      The American Otological Society at its Sesquicentennial: Insights Into the Society's Formative Years. — Jackler RK, Alyono JC, Mudry AC Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2018)
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      Analyzing Medicare payments to otologists. — Imbery TE, Nicholas BD, Goyal P Ear, nose, & throat journal (2018)
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      An Analysis of the Open Payment Database in Neurotology. — Ziai K, Sahyouni R, Moshtaghi O, Vu K, Goshtasbi K, Ghavami Y et al. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (2018)
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      Women of the American Otological Society. — Alyono JC, Jackler RK, Chandrasekhar SS Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2018)
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      Some unpublished documents and unusual portraits of Anton von Tröltsch (1828-1890), one of the founders of this journal. — Mudry A, von Deuster C, Peinhardt J European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (2016)
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      Disputes surrounding the discovery of the stapes in the mid 16th century. — Mudry A Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2013)
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      De visione, voce et auditu: the contribution of Hieronymous Fabricius to our understanding of tensor tympani function. — Mukerji S, Lee DJ Otology & neurotology : official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology (2010)
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      Applications of image-directed robotics in otolaryngologic surgery. — Kavanagh KT The Laryngoscope (1994)
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      Joseph Leidy: his contributions to otology. — Meyers A Archives of otolaryngology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) (1976)
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