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Neurosurgery76 papers

Cervical radiculopathy

Last edited: 4/14/2026

Overview

Cervical radiculopathy involves nerve root compression typically due to degenerative changes such as disc herniation or osteophyte formation, leading to neck pain and radicular symptoms in the upper extremities.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Radicular pain, sensory deficits, and motor weakness corresponding to a specific nerve root 44.
  • Imaging Studies: MRI is essential for identifying disc herniations, osteophytes, and spinal cord compression 4, 18.
  • Grading: Utilize the Nurick scale or modified McAree scale for severity assessment 44.

    • Management

  • Conservative Treatment: Physical therapy, cervical traction, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for initial management 6, 25.
  • Surgical Interventions:
    • - Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF): Effective for single-level disease with long-term stability 235. - Cervical Disk Arthroplasty (CDA): Preserves motion but may not prevent adjacent segment disease 4512. - Minimally Invasive Techniques: Posterior cervical foraminotomy shows promising outcomes with fewer complications 922.
  • Epidural Injections: Transforaminal epidural steroid injections can provide short-term pain relief 4033.

    • Special Populations

  • Elderly Patients: ACDF may be preferred due to its established long-term outcomes 23.
  • Comorbidities: Consideration of surgical risks and benefits; conservative management may be prolonged 25.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Initial Management with Conservative Therapy: Physical therapy and NSAIDs for symptom relief (Evidence: Moderate 625).
  • Surgical Options for Persistent Symptoms: ACDF is recommended for single-level disease due to robust long-term outcomes (Evidence: Strong 235).
  • Consideration of CDA for Motion Preservation: Although it may not prevent adjacent segment disease, it offers motion preservation (Evidence: Moderate 4512).
  • Minimally Invasive Approaches for Selected Cases: Posterior cervical foraminotomy can be considered for less invasive options with favorable outcomes (Evidence: Moderate 922).
  • Use of Epidural Injections for Short-Term Relief: Transforaminal epidural steroid injections can be effective for temporary pain relief (Evidence: Moderate 4033).

    • References

    1 Pou K, Zeng Q, Chen Q, Li Y, Cai L, Huang Z et al.. Comparison of the Biomechanical Effects of Cervical Localized and Nonlocalized Rotation Manipulations on Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy: A Finite Element Study. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics 2025. link 2 Sasso WR, Ye J, Foley DP, Vinayek S, Sasso RC. 20-year Clinical Outcomes of Cervical Disk Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Spine 2024. link 3 Phillips FM, Coric D, Sasso R, Lanman T, Lavelle W, Lauryssen C et al.. Prospective, multicenter clinical trial comparing the M6-C compressible cervical disc with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the treatment of single-level degenerative cervical radiculopathy: 5-year results of an FDA investigational device exemption study. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2024. link 4 Goedmakers CMW, de Vries F, Bosscher L, Peul WC, Arts MP, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA. Long-term results of the NECK trial-implanting a disc prosthesis after cervical anterior discectomy cannot prevent adjacent segment disease: five-year clinical follow-up of a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2023. link 5 Heijdra Suasnabar JM, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA, Goedmakers CMW, de Vries F, Arts MP, van den Akker-van Marle ME. Cost effectiveness of implanting a prosthesis after anterior cervical discectomy for radiculopathy: results of the NECK randomized controlled trial. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2023. link 6 Peolsson A, Löfgren H, Dedering Å, Kristedal M, Öberg B, Zsigmond P et al.. Neurological outcomes after surgery and postoperative rehabilitation for cervical radiculopathy due to disc disease: a 2-year-follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Scientific reports 2023. link 7 Zhou Y, Wang B, Pei Z, Yang J, Jiang C, Tian X et al.. Facet tropism: Association between cervical disc degeneration and cervical spondylotic radiculopathy in middle-aged patients. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2022. link 8 Yang X, Arts MP, Bartels RHMA, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA. The type of cervical disc herniation on MRI does not correlate to clinical outcomes. The bone & joint journal 2022. link 9 Kang MS, You KH, Han SY, Park SM, Choi JY, Park HJ. Percutaneous Full-Endoscopic versus Biportal Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy for Unilateral Cervical Foraminal Disc Disease. Clinics in orthopedic surgery 2022. link 10 Wang Z, Liu Z, Wang ZW, Ding WY, Yang DL. Does cervical facet degeneration impact surgical outcomes and sagittal balance in patients with radiculopathy?. BMC surgery 2021. link 11 Phillips FM, Coric D, Sasso R, Lanman T, Lavelle W, Blumenthal S et al.. Prospective, multicenter clinical trial comparing M6-C compressible six degrees of freedom cervical disc with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the treatment of single-level degenerative cervical radiculopathy: 2-year results of an FDA investigational device exemption study. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2021. link 12 Lombardi JM, Vivas AC, Gornet MF, Lanman TH, McConnell JR, Dryer RF et al.. The Effect of ACDF or Arthroplasty on Cervicogenic Headaches: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Prospective, Multicenter Study With 10-Year Follow-up. Clinical spine surgery 2020. link 13 Yang X, Donk R, Bartels RHMA, Arts MP, Depreitere B, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA. Comparing Heterotopic Ossification in Two Cervical Disc Prostheses. Spine 2020. link 14 de Rooij J, Harhangi B, Aukes H, Groeneweg G, Stronks D, Huygen F. The Effect of Percutaneous Nucleoplasty vs Anterior Discectomy in Patients with Cervical Radicular Pain due to a Single-Level Contained Soft-Disc Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pain physician 2020. link 15 Apostolakis S. Transcorporeal Tunnel Approach for Cervical Radiculopathy and Myelopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World neurosurgery 2020. link 16 Freeman SK, Nisbet A, Al-Mahfoudh R. A Case of Cervical Radiculopathy Presenting as Dystonic Tremor. World neurosurgery 2020. link 17 Taso M, Sommernes JH, Kolstad F, Sundseth J, Bjorland S, Pripp AH et al.. A randomised controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for cervical radiculopathy. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2020. link 18 Sencan S, Edipoglu IS, Yazici G, Yucel FN, Gunduz OH. Are Foraminal Stenosis Severity and Herniation Level Associated with the Treatment Success of Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injection?. Pain physician 2020. link 19 Svensson J, Hermansen A, Wibault J, Löfgren H, Dedering Å, Öberg B et al.. Neck-Related Headache in Patients With Cervical Disc Disease After Surgery and Physiotherapy: A 1-Year Follow-up of a Prospective Randomized Study. Spine 2020. link 20 Xiao CM, Yu KX, Deng R, Long QY, Chu L, Xiong Y et al.. Modified K-Hole Percutaneous Endoscopic Surgery for Cervical Foraminal Stenosis: Partial Pediculectomy Approach. Pain physician 2019. link 21 Struwe C, Bornemann R, Schildberg FA, Wirtz DC, Pflugmacher R, Rommelspacher Y. The Kellgren and Lawrence Score as a helpful tool for the indication for total disc replacement at the cervical spine. Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine 2019. link 22 Sahai N, Changoor S, Dunn CJ, Sinha K, Hwang KS, Faloon M et al.. Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy as an Alternative to Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion for Unilateral Cervical Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Spine 2019. link 23 Yang X, Donk R, Arts MP, Arnts H, Walraevens J, Zhai Z et al.. Maintaining range of motion after cervical discectomy does not prevent adjacent segment degeneration. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2019. link 24 Gutman G, Rosenzweig DH, Golan JD. Surgical Treatment of Cervical Radiculopathy: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Spine 2018. link 25 Wibault J, Öberg B, Dedering Å, Löfgren H, Zsigmond P, Peolsson A. Structured postoperative physiotherapy in patients with cervical radiculopathy: 6-month outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2018. link 26 Kim MK, Sim SE, Kim YC, Kim JS, Kwon SM, Yoo Y et al.. Predictive Factors of Successful Percutaneous Cervical Nucleoplasty for the Treatment of Pain with Cervical Herniated Disk. World neurosurgery 2018. link 27 Jovicic MD, Konstantinovic LM, Grgurevic AD, Milovanovic ND, Trajkovic G, Jovicic VZ et al.. Validation of the Neck Disability Index in Serbian Patients With Cervical Radiculopathy. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics 2018. link 28 MacDowall A, Skeppholm M, Robinson Y, Olerud C. Validation of the visual analog scale in the cervical spine. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2018. link 29 Zhang C, Wu J, Xu C, Zheng W, Pan Y, Li C et al.. Minimally Invasive Full-Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy Assisted by O-Arm-Based Navigation. Pain physician 2018. link 30 Yeni YN, Baumer T, Oravec D, Basheer A, McDonald CP, Bey MJ et al.. Dynamic foraminal dimensions during neck extension and rotation in fusion and artificial disc replacement: an observational study. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2018. link 31 Wan Q, Zhang D, Li S, Liu W, Wu X, Ji Z et al.. Posterior percutaneous full-endoscopic cervical discectomy under local anesthesia for cervical radiculopathy due to soft-disc herniation: a preliminary clinical study. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2018. link 32 MacDowall A, Skeppholm M, Lindhagen L, Robinson Y, Olerud C. Effects of preoperative mental distress versus surgical modality, arthroplasty, or fusion on long-term outcome in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2018. link 33 Joswig H, Neff A, Ruppert C, Hildebrandt G, Stienen MN. The value of short-term pain relief in predicting the long-term outcome of 'indirect' cervical epidural steroid injections. Acta neurochirurgica 2018. link 34 Kerry G, Hammer A, Ruedinger C, Ranaie G, Steiner HH. Microsurgical posterior cervical foraminotomy: a study of 181 cases. British journal of neurosurgery 2017. link 35 Siemionow K, Monsef JB, Janusz P. Preliminary Analysis of Adjacent Segment Degeneration in Patients Treated with Posterior Cervical Cages: 2-Year Follow-Up. World neurosurgery 2016. link 36 Mostofi K, Khouzani RK. Reliability of cervical radiculopathy, its congruence between patient history and medical imaging evidence of disc herniation and its role in surgical decision. European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie 2016. link 37 Rhee JM. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery for cervical radiculopathy: is time of essence?. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2015. link 38 Sundseth J, Kolstad F, Johnsen LG, Pripp AH, Nygaard OP, Andresen H et al.. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) and its correlation with quality of life and mental health measures among patients with single-level cervical disc disease scheduled for surgery. Acta neurochirurgica 2015. link 39 Gautschi OP, Corniola MV, Stienen MN, Smoll NR, Cadosch D. Postoperative segmental hypermobility after cervical arthroplasty: A possible pathomechanism for outcome failure. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2015. link 40 Manchikanti L, Falco FJ, Diwan S, Hirsch JA, Smith HS. Cervical radicular pain: the role of interlaminar and transforaminal epidural injections. Current pain and headache reports 2014. link 41 Kelekis A, Filippiadis DK, Velonakis G, Martin JB, Oikonomopoulos N, Brountzos E et al.. Fluoroscopically guided infiltration of the cervical nerve root: an indirect approach through the ipsilateral facet joint. Pain physician 2014. link 42 Cody JP, Kang DG, Tracey RW, Wagner SC, Rosner MK, Lehman RA. Outcomes following cervical disc arthroplasty: a retrospective review. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2014. link 43 Fitzgerald RT, Bartynski WS, Collins HR. Vertebral artery position in the setting of cervical degenerative disease: implications for selective cervical transforaminal epidural injections. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2013. link 44 Yoon SH. Cervical radiculopathy. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America 2011. link 45 Nabhan A, Ishak B, Steudel WI, Ramadhan S, Steimer O. Assessment of adjacent-segment mobility after cervical disc replacement versus fusion: RCT with 1 year's results. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2011. link 46 Greathouse DG, Joshi A. Radiculopathy of the eighth cervical nerve. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy 2010. link 47 Trinh K, Cui X, Wang YJ. Chinese herbal medicine for chronic neck pain due to cervical degenerative disc disease. Spine 2010. link 48 Cui X, Trinh K, Wang YJ. Chinese herbal medicine for chronic neck pain due to cervical degenerative disc disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2010. link 49 Uhl E, Brückmann H, Goetz C. Congestion of epidural venous plexus secondary to vertebral artery occlusion mimicking a herniated cervical disc. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 2007. link 50 Babur H. Facet rhizotomy for cervical radiculitis. The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York 1994. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Comparison of the Biomechanical Effects of Cervical Localized and Nonlocalized Rotation Manipulations on Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy: A Finite Element Study. — Pou K, Zeng Q, Chen Q, Li Y, Cai L, Huang Z et al. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics (2025)
    2. [2]
      20-year Clinical Outcomes of Cervical Disk Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. — Sasso WR, Ye J, Foley DP, Vinayek S, Sasso RC Spine (2024)
    3. [3]
      Prospective, multicenter clinical trial comparing the M6-C compressible cervical disc with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the treatment of single-level degenerative cervical radiculopathy: 5-year results of an FDA investigational device exemption study. — Phillips FM, Coric D, Sasso R, Lanman T, Lavelle W, Lauryssen C et al. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2024)
    4. [4]
      Long-term results of the NECK trial-implanting a disc prosthesis after cervical anterior discectomy cannot prevent adjacent segment disease: five-year clinical follow-up of a double-blinded randomised controlled trial. — Goedmakers CMW, de Vries F, Bosscher L, Peul WC, Arts MP, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2023)
    5. [5]
      Cost effectiveness of implanting a prosthesis after anterior cervical discectomy for radiculopathy: results of the NECK randomized controlled trial. — Heijdra Suasnabar JM, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA, Goedmakers CMW, de Vries F, Arts MP, van den Akker-van Marle ME The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2023)
    6. [6]
      Neurological outcomes after surgery and postoperative rehabilitation for cervical radiculopathy due to disc disease: a 2-year-follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. — Peolsson A, Löfgren H, Dedering Å, Kristedal M, Öberg B, Zsigmond P et al. Scientific reports (2023)
    7. [7]
      Facet tropism: Association between cervical disc degeneration and cervical spondylotic radiculopathy in middle-aged patients. — Zhou Y, Wang B, Pei Z, Yang J, Jiang C, Tian X et al. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia (2022)
    8. [8]
      The type of cervical disc herniation on MRI does not correlate to clinical outcomes. — Yang X, Arts MP, Bartels RHMA, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA The bone & joint journal (2022)
    9. [9]
      Percutaneous Full-Endoscopic versus Biportal Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy for Unilateral Cervical Foraminal Disc Disease. — Kang MS, You KH, Han SY, Park SM, Choi JY, Park HJ Clinics in orthopedic surgery (2022)
    10. [10]
      Does cervical facet degeneration impact surgical outcomes and sagittal balance in patients with radiculopathy? — Wang Z, Liu Z, Wang ZW, Ding WY, Yang DL BMC surgery (2021)
    11. [11]
      Prospective, multicenter clinical trial comparing M6-C compressible six degrees of freedom cervical disc with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the treatment of single-level degenerative cervical radiculopathy: 2-year results of an FDA investigational device exemption study. — Phillips FM, Coric D, Sasso R, Lanman T, Lavelle W, Blumenthal S et al. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2021)
    12. [12]
      The Effect of ACDF or Arthroplasty on Cervicogenic Headaches: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Prospective, Multicenter Study With 10-Year Follow-up. — Lombardi JM, Vivas AC, Gornet MF, Lanman TH, McConnell JR, Dryer RF et al. Clinical spine surgery (2020)
    13. [13]
      Comparing Heterotopic Ossification in Two Cervical Disc Prostheses. — Yang X, Donk R, Bartels RHMA, Arts MP, Depreitere B, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA Spine (2020)
    14. [14]
      The Effect of Percutaneous Nucleoplasty vs Anterior Discectomy in Patients with Cervical Radicular Pain due to a Single-Level Contained Soft-Disc Herniation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. — de Rooij J, Harhangi B, Aukes H, Groeneweg G, Stronks D, Huygen F Pain physician (2020)
    15. [15]
      Transcorporeal Tunnel Approach for Cervical Radiculopathy and Myelopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Apostolakis S World neurosurgery (2020)
    16. [16]
      A Case of Cervical Radiculopathy Presenting as Dystonic Tremor. — Freeman SK, Nisbet A, Al-Mahfoudh R World neurosurgery (2020)
    17. [17]
      A randomised controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of surgical and nonsurgical treatment for cervical radiculopathy. — Taso M, Sommernes JH, Kolstad F, Sundseth J, Bjorland S, Pripp AH et al. BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2020)
    18. [18]
      Are Foraminal Stenosis Severity and Herniation Level Associated with the Treatment Success of Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injection? — Sencan S, Edipoglu IS, Yazici G, Yucel FN, Gunduz OH Pain physician (2020)
    19. [19]
      Neck-Related Headache in Patients With Cervical Disc Disease After Surgery and Physiotherapy: A 1-Year Follow-up of a Prospective Randomized Study. — Svensson J, Hermansen A, Wibault J, Löfgren H, Dedering Å, Öberg B et al. Spine (2020)
    20. [20]
      Modified K-Hole Percutaneous Endoscopic Surgery for Cervical Foraminal Stenosis: Partial Pediculectomy Approach. — Xiao CM, Yu KX, Deng R, Long QY, Chu L, Xiong Y et al. Pain physician (2019)
    21. [21]
      The Kellgren and Lawrence Score as a helpful tool for the indication for total disc replacement at the cervical spine. — Struwe C, Bornemann R, Schildberg FA, Wirtz DC, Pflugmacher R, Rommelspacher Y Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine (2019)
    22. [22]
      Minimally Invasive Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy as an Alternative to Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion for Unilateral Cervical Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Sahai N, Changoor S, Dunn CJ, Sinha K, Hwang KS, Faloon M et al. Spine (2019)
    23. [23]
      Maintaining range of motion after cervical discectomy does not prevent adjacent segment degeneration. — Yang X, Donk R, Arts MP, Arnts H, Walraevens J, Zhai Z et al. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2019)
    24. [24]
      Surgical Treatment of Cervical Radiculopathy: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. — Gutman G, Rosenzweig DH, Golan JD Spine (2018)
    25. [25]
      Structured postoperative physiotherapy in patients with cervical radiculopathy: 6-month outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. — Wibault J, Öberg B, Dedering Å, Löfgren H, Zsigmond P, Peolsson A Journal of neurosurgery. Spine (2018)
    26. [26]
      Predictive Factors of Successful Percutaneous Cervical Nucleoplasty for the Treatment of Pain with Cervical Herniated Disk. — Kim MK, Sim SE, Kim YC, Kim JS, Kwon SM, Yoo Y et al. World neurosurgery (2018)
    27. [27]
      Validation of the Neck Disability Index in Serbian Patients With Cervical Radiculopathy. — Jovicic MD, Konstantinovic LM, Grgurevic AD, Milovanovic ND, Trajkovic G, Jovicic VZ et al. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics (2018)
    28. [28]
      Validation of the visual analog scale in the cervical spine. — MacDowall A, Skeppholm M, Robinson Y, Olerud C Journal of neurosurgery. Spine (2018)
    29. [29]
      Minimally Invasive Full-Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy Assisted by O-Arm-Based Navigation. — Zhang C, Wu J, Xu C, Zheng W, Pan Y, Li C et al. Pain physician (2018)
    30. [30]
      Dynamic foraminal dimensions during neck extension and rotation in fusion and artificial disc replacement: an observational study. — Yeni YN, Baumer T, Oravec D, Basheer A, McDonald CP, Bey MJ et al. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2018)
    31. [31]
      Posterior percutaneous full-endoscopic cervical discectomy under local anesthesia for cervical radiculopathy due to soft-disc herniation: a preliminary clinical study. — Wan Q, Zhang D, Li S, Liu W, Wu X, Ji Z et al. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine (2018)
    32. [32]
      Effects of preoperative mental distress versus surgical modality, arthroplasty, or fusion on long-term outcome in patients with cervical radiculopathy. — MacDowall A, Skeppholm M, Lindhagen L, Robinson Y, Olerud C Journal of neurosurgery. Spine (2018)
    33. [33]
      The value of short-term pain relief in predicting the long-term outcome of 'indirect' cervical epidural steroid injections. — Joswig H, Neff A, Ruppert C, Hildebrandt G, Stienen MN Acta neurochirurgica (2018)
    34. [34]
      Microsurgical posterior cervical foraminotomy: a study of 181 cases. — Kerry G, Hammer A, Ruedinger C, Ranaie G, Steiner HH British journal of neurosurgery (2017)
    35. [35]
      Preliminary Analysis of Adjacent Segment Degeneration in Patients Treated with Posterior Cervical Cages: 2-Year Follow-Up. — Siemionow K, Monsef JB, Janusz P World neurosurgery (2016)
    36. [36]
      Reliability of cervical radiculopathy, its congruence between patient history and medical imaging evidence of disc herniation and its role in surgical decision. — Mostofi K, Khouzani RK European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie (2016)
    37. [37]
      Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery for cervical radiculopathy: is time of essence? — Rhee JM The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2015)
    38. [38]
      The Neck Disability Index (NDI) and its correlation with quality of life and mental health measures among patients with single-level cervical disc disease scheduled for surgery. — Sundseth J, Kolstad F, Johnsen LG, Pripp AH, Nygaard OP, Andresen H et al. Acta neurochirurgica (2015)
    39. [39]
      Postoperative segmental hypermobility after cervical arthroplasty: A possible pathomechanism for outcome failure. — Gautschi OP, Corniola MV, Stienen MN, Smoll NR, Cadosch D Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia (2015)
    40. [40]
      Cervical radicular pain: the role of interlaminar and transforaminal epidural injections. — Manchikanti L, Falco FJ, Diwan S, Hirsch JA, Smith HS Current pain and headache reports (2014)
    41. [41]
      Fluoroscopically guided infiltration of the cervical nerve root: an indirect approach through the ipsilateral facet joint. — Kelekis A, Filippiadis DK, Velonakis G, Martin JB, Oikonomopoulos N, Brountzos E et al. Pain physician (2014)
    42. [42]
      Outcomes following cervical disc arthroplasty: a retrospective review. — Cody JP, Kang DG, Tracey RW, Wagner SC, Rosner MK, Lehman RA Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia (2014)
    43. [43]
      Vertebral artery position in the setting of cervical degenerative disease: implications for selective cervical transforaminal epidural injections. — Fitzgerald RT, Bartynski WS, Collins HR Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences (2013)
    44. [44]
      Cervical radiculopathy. — Yoon SH Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America (2011)
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      Assessment of adjacent-segment mobility after cervical disc replacement versus fusion: RCT with 1 year's results. — Nabhan A, Ishak B, Steudel WI, Ramadhan S, Steimer O European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2011)
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      Radiculopathy of the eighth cervical nerve. — Greathouse DG, Joshi A The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy (2010)
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      Chinese herbal medicine for chronic neck pain due to cervical degenerative disc disease. — Trinh K, Cui X, Wang YJ Spine (2010)
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      Chinese herbal medicine for chronic neck pain due to cervical degenerative disc disease. — Cui X, Trinh K, Wang YJ The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2010)
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      Congestion of epidural venous plexus secondary to vertebral artery occlusion mimicking a herniated cervical disc. — Uhl E, Brückmann H, Goetz C Clinical neurology and neurosurgery (2007)
    50. [50]
      Facet rhizotomy for cervical radiculitis. — Babur H The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York (1994)
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