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Cardiology452 papers

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is characterized by an abnormal thickening of the left ventricular wall, often associated with increased cardiovascular risk and potential progression to heart failure 10. It can be primary (genetic) or secondary to conditions like hypertension, aortic stenosis, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 10.

Diagnosis

Electrocardiographic (ECG) Criteria: Utilize voltage criteria (e.g., Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell) but recognize limitations in athletes and those with right bundle branch block 1 2 4 16 17.

Echocardiography: Gold standard for LVH diagnosis, assessing LV mass index (LVMi) 7 10 11 19.

Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed assessment of LV structure and function, useful for differentiating LVH patterns 11 19.

Machine Learning: Emerging tools for LVH detection from ECGs, showing promise in accuracy 3 12 22.

Rotational Mechanics: Additional indices beyond traditional longitudinal measures for risk stratification 5.

Texture Analysis: CMR texture analysis can differentiate LVH etiologies 21.

Management

Lifestyle Modifications: Weight management, exercise, and dietary changes to reduce LVH burden 26.

Blood Pressure Control: Use of ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and beta-blockers to manage hypertension and reduce LV mass 6 44.

Diabetes Management: Tight glycemic control to mitigate LVH progression 26.

Aldosterone Antagonists: Consider in specific populations, such as black boys with elevated LV mass 44.

Antiarrhythmic Therapy: For patients at risk of sudden cardiac death, consider specific antiarrhythmic strategies 46.

Monitoring and Follow-Up: Regular echocardiograms to monitor LV mass and function 10.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: LVH in children requires genetic and clinical evaluation; pediatric-specific criteria for LVH diagnosis are evolving 8 22.

Athletes: ECG criteria must account for physiological LVH; sex-specific criteria are important 2 4.

Elderly: Increased prevalence and complexity in management due to comorbidities; careful monitoring essential 13.

Comorbidities: LVH in obese individuals may require specific metabolic interventions 26.

Key Recommendations

Use Echocardiography for LVH Diagnosis: LV mass index (LVMi) is crucial for accurate diagnosis and monitoring 7 10 11 (Evidence: Strong).

Implement Lifestyle Modifications: Weight management and controlled hypertension are essential for LVH regression 26 (Evidence: Moderate).

Control Blood Pressure with ACE Inhibitors or ARBs: These medications effectively reduce LV mass in hypertensive patients 6 44 (Evidence: Strong).

Consider Machine Learning for ECG-Based LVH Detection: Emerging technologies show promise in improving diagnostic accuracy 3 12 (Evidence: Moderate).

Regular Monitoring Required: Frequent echocardiographic follow-up is necessary to assess LV mass changes 10 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 266 indexed papers.

1 Ou Yang MH, Wu CT. Novel electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy with right bundle branch block in a Taiwanese clinical cohort. Journal of electrocardiology 2026. link 2 Van Diepen MA, Daems JJN, Verwijs SM, Van Hattum JC, Boekholdt SM, Van Randen A et al.. Sex-specific performance of electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes. Heart rhythm 2026. link 3 Li Y, Zhao K, Wu J. Machine Learning in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Detection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of medical Internet research 2026. link 4 Montalvo S, Tso JV, Christle JW, Hadley D, Wheeler M, Perez M et al.. Sex-specific electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in young athletes. Heart rhythm 2026. link 5 Geraldo J, Gil C, Queipo A, García-Martín G, Galiana E, Hidalgo A et al.. Added Value of Rotational Mechanics to Longitudinal Indices in the Risk Stratification of Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2026. link 6 Suchal ZA, Ain NU, Mahmud A. Revolutionizing LVH detection using artificial intelligence: the AI heartbeat project. Journal of hypertension 2025. link 7 Playford D, Strange G, Joseph M, Perry R, Chan YK, Strom JB et al.. Increasing Left Ventricular Mass and Death in Men and Women Investigated With Echocardiography. Journal of the American Heart Association 2025. link 8 Tseng WC, Chiu SN, Juang JJ, Chen WP, Lee NC, Wu MH. Genophenotypic correlates and long-term outcome prognosticators of left ventricular non-compaction in children. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2025. link 9 Bacharova L, Chevalier P, Gorenek B, Jons C, Li YG, Locati ET et al.. ISE/ISHNE expert consensus statement on the ECG diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy: The change of the paradigm. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2024. link 10 Moura B, Aimo A, Al-Mohammad A, Keramida K, Ben Gal T, Dorbala S et al.. Diagnosis and management of patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: Role of multimodality cardiac imaging. A scientific statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. European journal of heart failure 2023. link 11 Aguiar Rosa S, Thomas B, Pieroni M, Maurizi N, Zampieri M, Cappelli F et al.. Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the clinical evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy: a 360° panorama. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2023. link 12 Dwivedi T, Xue J, Treiman D, Dubey A, Albert D. Machine learning models of 6-lead ECGs for the interpretation of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Journal of electrocardiology 2023. link 13 Kis M, Dogan Y, Yildirim A, Güzel T, Bekar L, Akhan O et al.. Evaluation of demographic, clinical, and aetiological data of patients admitted to cardiology clinics and diagnosed with left ventricular hypertrophy in Turkish population (LVH-TR). Acta cardiologica 2022. link 14 Sörensen J, Nordström J, Baron T, Mörner S, Granstam SO, Lubberink M et al.. Diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy using non-ECG-gated . Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2022. link 15 Femia G, Zhu D, Choudhary P, Ross SB, Muthurangu V, Richmond D et al.. Long term clinical outcomes associated with CMR quantified isolated left ventricular non-compaction in adults. International journal of cardiology 2021. link 16 De la Garza Salazar F, Rodríguez Díaz EA, González Cantú A, Azpiri López JR, Kuri Ayache M, Romero Ibarguengoitia ME. Diagnostic utility of the electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy criteria in specific populations. Acta cardiologica 2021. link 17 Oikonomou E, Theofilis P, Mpahara A, Lazaros G, Niarchou P, Vogiatzi G et al.. Diagnostic performance of electrocardiographic criteria in echocardiographic diagnosis of different patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2020. link 18 Meyer ML, Soliman EZ, Drager D, Heiss G. Short-term repeatability of electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2020. link 19 Grajewski KG, Stojanovska J, Ibrahim EH, Sayyouh M, Attili A. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Evaluation With Cardiac MRI. Current problems in diagnostic radiology 2020. link 20 Goo HW. Technical feasibility of semiautomatic three-dimensional threshold-based cardiac computed tomography quantification of left ventricular mass. Pediatric radiology 2019. link 21 Schofield R, Ganeshan B, Fontana M, Nasis A, Castelletti S, Rosmini S et al.. Texture analysis of cardiovascular magnetic resonance cine images differentiates aetiologies of left ventricular hypertrophy. Clinical radiology 2019. link 22 Zampetti S, Lucantoni F, Pacifico L, Campagna G, Versacci P, Pierimarchi P et al.. Association of OPG-RANKL ratio with left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in male overweight/obese youths. Journal of endocrinological investigation 2019. link 23 Shao Q, Meng L, Tse G, Sawant AC, Zhuo Yi Chan C, Bazoukis G et al.. Newly proposed electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in a Chinese population. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2019. link 24 Bacharova L, Estes HE, Schocken DD, Ugander M, Soliman EZ, Hill JA et al.. The 4th Report of the Working Group on ECG diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Journal of electrocardiology 2017. link 25 Alessandro Gondoni L, Titon AM, Montano M, Nibbio F, Bertone G. The importance of a shared definition of left ventricular hypertrophy: The case of obese women. International journal of cardiology 2017. link 26 Zhang N, Chen Y, Guo X, Sun G, Dai D, Sun Y. Metabolic Abnormalities, But Not Metabolically Healthy Obesity, Are Associated with Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Heart, lung & circulation 2017. link 27 Huang L, Teng T, Bian B, Yao W, Yu X, Wang Z et al.. Zinc Levels in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Biological trace element research 2017. link 28 Laszlo R, Kunz K, Dallmeier D, Klenk J, Denkinger M, Koenig W et al.. Accuracy of ECG indices for diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in people >65 years: results from the ActiFE study. Aging clinical and experimental research 2017. link 29 Arenja N, Fritz T, Andre F, Riffel JH, Aus dem Siepen F, Ochs M et al.. Myocardial contraction fraction derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance cine images-reference values and performance in patients with heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy. European heart journal. Cardiovascular Imaging 2017. link 30 Reyes DRA, Gomes MJ, Rosa CM, Pagan LU, Damatto FC, Damatto RL et al.. N-Acetylcysteine Influence on Oxidative Stress and Cardiac Remodeling in Rats During Transition from Compensated Left Ventricular Hypertrophy to Heart Failure. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 2017. link 31 Eldomery MK, Akdemir ZC, Vögtle FN, Charng WL, Mulica P, Rosenfeld JA et al.. MIPEP recessive variants cause a syndrome of left ventricular non-compaction, hypotonia, and infantile death. Genome medicine 2016. link 32 Chinali M, Emma F, Esposito C, Rinelli G, Franceschini A, Doyon A et al.. Left Ventricular Mass Indexing in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: A Simplified Approach for the Identification of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Clinical Practice. The Journal of pediatrics 2016. link 33 Chang Y, Guo X, Li T, Li S, Guo J, Sun Y. A Body Shape Index and Body Roundness Index: Two New Body Indices to Identify left Ventricular Hypertrophy among Rural Populations in Northeast China. Heart, lung & circulation 2016. link 34 Oláh A, Németh BT, Mátyás C, Hidi L, Lux Á, Ruppert M et al.. Physiological and pathological left ventricular hypertrophy of comparable degree is associated with characteristic differences of in vivo hemodynamics. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2016. link 35 Liu Z, Shan H, Huang J, Li N, Hou C, Pu J. A novel lamin A/C gene missense mutation (445 V > E) in immunoglobulin-like fold associated with left ventricular non-compaction. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2016. link 36 Tian T, Wang J, Wang H, Sun K, Wang Y, Jia L et al.. A low prevalence of sarcomeric gene variants in a Chinese cohort with left ventricular non-compaction. Heart and vessels 2015. link 37 Shin SY, Jo WM, Min TJ, Kim BK, Song DH, Hyeon SH et al.. Gap junction remodelling by chronic pressure overload is related to the increased susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in rat heart. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2015. link 38 Choudhary P, Hsu CJ, Grieve S, Smillie C, Singarayar S, Semsarian C et al.. Improving the diagnosis of LV non-compaction with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. International journal of cardiology 2015. link 39 Beladan CC, Popescu BA, Calin A, Rosca M, Matei F, Gurzun MM et al.. Correlation between global longitudinal strain and QRS voltage on electrocardiogram in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2014. link 40 Speranza G, Magaudda L, de Gregorio C. Adult ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in young competitive athletes. International journal of sports medicine 2014. link 41 Orwat S, Kempny A, Diller GP, Bauerschmitz P, Bunck ACh, Maintz D et al.. Cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking: a novel method to assess myocardial strain. Comparison with echocardiographic speckle tracking in healthy volunteers and in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Kardiologia polska 2014. link 42 Ehara S, Hasegawa T, Matsumoto K, Otsuka K, Yamazaki T, Iguchi T et al.. The strain pattern, and not Sokolow-Lyon electrocardiographic voltage criteria, is independently associated with anatomic left ventricular hypertrophy. Heart and vessels 2014. link 43 Thavendiranathan P, Dahiya A, Phelan D, Desai MY, Tang WH. Isolated left ventricular non-compaction controversies in diagnostic criteria, adverse outcomes and management. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2013. link 44 Murro DG, Beavers M, Harshfield GA, Kapuku GK. Aldosterone contributes to elevated left ventricular mass in black boys. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 2013. link 45 Żebrowska A, Waśkiewicz Z, Zając A, Gąsior Z, Galbo H, Langfort J. IGF-1 response to arm exercise with eccentric and concentric muscle contractions in resistance-trained athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy. International journal of sports medicine 2013. link 46 Panikkath R, Reinier K, Uy-Evanado A, Teodorescu C, Gunson K, Jui J et al.. Electrocardiographic predictors of sudden cardiac death in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2013. link 47 Madias JE. "Heart rate-dependent" electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2013. link 48 Martinez-Rumayor AA, de Lemos JA, Rohatgi AK, Ayers CR, Powell-Wiley TM, Lakoski SG et al.. Addition of highly sensitive troponin T and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide to electrocardiography for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 2013. link 49 Camici PG, Olivotto I, Rimoldi OE. The coronary circulation and blood flow in left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 2012. link 50 Man S, Rahmattulla C, Maan AC, Holman E, Bax JJ, van der Wall EE et al.. Role of the vectorcardiogram-derived spatial QRS-T angle in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of electrocardiology 2012. link 51 Poppe KK, Bachmann ME, Triggs CM, Doughty RN, Whalley GA. Geographic variation in left ventricular mass and mass index: a systematic review. Journal of human hypertension 2012. link 52 Rodríguez-Padial L, Rodríguez-Picón B, Jerez-Valero M, Casares-Medrano J, Akerström FO, Calderon A et al.. Diagnostic accuracy of computer-assisted electrocardiography in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in left bundle branch block. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2012. link 53 Bhardwaj R, Bhardwaj P. Idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy in an infant. Indian heart journal 2011. link 54 Bacharova L, Estes EH, Bang LE, Hill JA, Macfarlane PW, Rowlandson I et al.. Second statement of the working group on electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of electrocardiology 2011. link 55 Gelpi RJ, Park M, Gao S, Dhar S, Vatner DE, Vatner SF. Apoptosis in severe, compensated pressure overload predominates in nonmyocytes and is related to the hypertrophy but not function. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2011. link 56 Soliman EZ, Howard G, Prineas RJ, McClure LA, Howard VJ. Calculating Cornell voltage from nonstandard chest electrode recording site in the Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study. Journal of electrocardiology 2010. link 57 Bellavia D, Michelena HI, Martinez M, Pellikka PA, Bruce CJ, Connolly HM et al.. Speckle myocardial imaging modalities for early detection of myocardial impairment in isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2010. link 58 Bacharova L, Szathmary V, Kovalcik M, Mateasik A. Effect of changes in left ventricular anatomy and conduction velocity on the QRS voltage and morphology in left ventricular hypertrophy: a model study. Journal of electrocardiology 2010. link 59 Rodrigues SL, Baldo MP, Sá Cunha R, Angelo LC, Pereira AC, Krieger JE et al.. Anthropometric measures of increased central and overall adiposity in association with echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 2010. link 60 Vetter C, Zweifel M, Zuppinger C, Carrel T, Martin D, Haefliger JA et al.. Connexin 43 expression in human hypertrophied heart due to pressure and volume overload. Physiological research 2010. link 61 Teske AJ, Prakken NH, De Boeck BW, Velthuis BK, Doevendans PA, Cramer MJ. Echocardiographic deformation imaging reveals preserved regional systolic function in endurance athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy. British journal of sports medicine 2010. link 62 Rodrigues SL, Angelo LC, Pereira AC, Krieger JE, Mill JG. Determinants of left ventricular mass and presence of metabolic risk factors in normotensive individuals. International journal of cardiology 2009. link 63 Ridinger H, Rutenberg C, Lutz D, Buness A, Petersen I, Amann K et al.. Expression and tissue localization of beta-catenin, alpha-actinin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 6 is modulated during rat and human left ventricular hypertrophy. Experimental and molecular pathology 2009. link 64 Avanza AC, Mansur AP, Ramires JA. Efficacy of exercise, losartan, enalapril, atenolol and rilmenidine in subjects with blood pressure hyperreactivity at treadmill stress test and left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of human hypertension 2009. link 65 Kriegel AJ, Greene AS. Substitution of Brown Norway chromosome 16 preserves cardiac function with aging in a salt-sensitive Dahl consomic rat. Physiological genomics 2008. link 66 Riordan MM, Kovács SJ. Elucidation of spatially distinct compensatory mechanisms in diastole: radial compensation for impaired longitudinal filling in left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 2008. link 67 Lam CS, Han L, Oh JK, Yang H, Ling LH. The mitral annular middiastolic velocity curve: functional correlates and clinical significance in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2008. link 68 Tufekcioglu O, Aras D, Yildiz A, Topaloglu S, Maden O. Myocardial contraction properties along the long and short axes of the left ventricle in isolated left ventricular non-compaction: pulsed tissue Doppler echocardiography. European journal of echocardiography : the journal of the Working Group on Echocardiography of the European Society of Cardiology 2008. link 69 Stansfield WE, Tang RH, Moss NC, Baldwin AS, Willis MS, Selzman CH. Proteasome inhibition promotes regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2008. link 70 Frey UH, Lieb W, Erdmann J, Savidou D, Heusch G, Leineweber K et al.. Characterization of the GNAQ promoter and association of increased Gq expression with cardiac hypertrophy in humans. European heart journal 2008. link 71 Thienpont B, Mertens L, Buyse G, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K. Left-ventricular non-compaction in a patient with monosomy 1p36. European journal of medical genetics 2007. link 72 Gray RP, Turner MA, Sheridan DJ, Fry CH. The role of angiotensin receptor-1 blockade on electromechanical changes induced by left ventricular hypertrophy and its regression. Cardiovascular research 2007. link 73 Lofiego C, Biagini E, Pasquale F, Ferlito M, Rocchi G, Perugini E et al.. Wide spectrum of presentation and variable outcomes of isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2007. link 74 Aubin MC, Gendron ME, Lebel V, Thorin E, Tardif JC, Carrier M et al.. Alterations in the endothelial G-protein coupled receptor pathway in epicardial arteries and subendocardial arterioles in compensated left ventricular hypertrophy. Basic research in cardiology 2007. link 75 Stöllberger C, Winkler-Dworak M, Blazek G, Finsterer J. Association of electrocardiographic abnormalities with cardiac findings and neuromuscular disorders in left ventricular hypertrabeculation/non-compaction. Cardiology 2007. link 76 Connelly KA, Prior DL, Kelly DJ, Feneley MP, Krum H, Gilbert RE. Load-sensitive measures may overestimate global systolic function in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy: a comparison with load-insensitive measures. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2006. link 77 Hoigné P, Attenhofer Jost CH, Duru F, Oechslin EN, Seifert B, Widmer U et al.. Simple criteria for differentiation of Fabry disease from amyloid heart disease and other causes of left ventricular hypertrophy. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 78 Madias JE. Concealment of electrocardiographically based diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy by anasarca. American journal of hypertension 2004. link 79 Botchway AN, Turner MA, Sheridan DJ, Flores NA, Fry CH. Electrophysiological effects accompanying regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Cardiovascular research 2003. link 80 Saleh FN, Schirmer H, Sundsfjord J, Jorde R. Parathyroid hormone and left ventricular hypertrophy. European heart journal 2003. link 81 Kinoshita N, Onishi S, Yamazaki H, Katsukawa F, Yamada K. Recognition of left ventricular hypertrophy in new recruits of professional sumo wrestling. Journal of science and medicine in sport 2003. link80264-5) 82 Ribeiro HB, Okoshi K, Cicogna AC, Bregagnollo EA, Rodrigues MA, Padovani CR et al.. Follow-up study of morphology and cardiac function in rats undergoing induction of supravalvular aortic stenosis. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia 2003. link 83 Opadijo OG, Omotoso AB, Akande AA. Relation of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy to blood pressure, body mass index, serum lipids and blood sugar levels in adult Nigerians. African journal of medicine and medical sciences 2003. link 84 Shenoy AR, Isaac BC, Naik GD, Varghese K, Shetty GG, Iyengar SS. Gross left ventricular voltage with preexcitation in isolated left ventricular non-compaction. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2003. link 85 Damrongpipatkij Y, Bella JN, Gorski R, Heller EN. Assessment of left ventricular mass and geometry by cardiac single photon emission computed tomography. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 2003. link 86 Kim N, Chung J, Kim E, Han J. Changes in the Ca2+-activated K+ channels of the coronary artery during left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation research 2003. link 87 Taylor TR, Kamarck TW, Dianzumba S. Cardiovascular reactivity and left ventricular mass: an integrative review. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine 2003. link 88 Murakami Y, Shimada T, Inoue S, Shimizu H, Ohta Y, Katoh H et al.. New insights into the mechanism of the elevation of plasma brain natriuretic polypeptide levels in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2002. link 89 Shimada Y, Gunasegaram S, Yokoyama H, Avkiran M. Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme reduces susceptibility of hypertrophied rat myocardium to ventricular fibrillation. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2002. link 90 Shimada Y, Avkiran M. Left and right coronary circulation in left ventricular hypertrophy: effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2002. link 91 Mayet J, Ariff B, Wasan B, Chapman N, Shahi M, Senior R et al.. Midwall myocardial shortening in athletic left ventricular hypertrophy. International journal of cardiology 2002. link00299-1) 92 Okin PM, Devereux RB, Fabsitz RR, Lee ET, Galloway JM, Howard BV. Quantitative assessment of electrocardiographic strain predicts increased left ventricular mass: the Strong Heart Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2002. link02171-x) 93 Lamont LA, Bulmer BJ, Sisson DD, Grimm KA, Tranquilli WJ. Doppler echocardiographic effects of medetomidine on dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2002. link 94 Karvonen M, Oikarinen L, Takala P, Kaartinen M, Rossinen J, Hänninen H et al.. Magnetocardiographic indices of left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of hypertension 2002. link 95 Tamirisa PK, Holland MR, Miller JG, Pérez JE. Ultrasonic tissue characterization: review of an approach to assess hypertrophic myocardium. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2001. link 96 Naqvi TZ, Neyman G, Broyde A, Mustafa J, Siegel RJ. Comparison of myocardial tissue Doppler with transmitral flow Doppler in left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2001. link 97 Tian R, Musi N, D'Agostino J, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Increased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity in rat hearts with pressure-overload hypertrophy. Circulation 2001. link 98 Yan GX, Rials SJ, Wu Y, Liu T, Xu X, Marinchak RA et al.. Ventricular hypertrophy amplifies transmural repolarization dispersion and induces early afterdepolarization. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2001. link 99 Diet F, Graf C, Mahnke N, Wassmer G, Predel HG, Palma-Hohmann I et al.. ACE and angiotensinogen gene genotypes and left ventricular mass in athletes. European journal of clinical investigation 2001. link 100 Obineche EN, Frossard PM, Bokhari AM. An association study of five genetic loci and left ventricular hypertrophy amongst Gulf Arabs. 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Original source

[1]
Novel electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy with right bundle branch block in a Taiwanese clinical cohort. — Ou Yang MH, Wu CT Journal of electrocardiology (2026)
[2]
Sex-specific performance of electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in elite athletes. — Van Diepen MA, Daems JJN, Verwijs SM, Van Hattum JC, Boekholdt SM, Van Randen A et al. Heart rhythm (2026)
[3]
Machine Learning in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Detection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Li Y, Zhao K, Wu J Journal of medical Internet research (2026)
[4]
Sex-specific electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy in young athletes. — Montalvo S, Tso JV, Christle JW, Hadley D, Wheeler M, Perez M et al. Heart rhythm (2026)
[5]
Added Value of Rotational Mechanics to Longitudinal Indices in the Risk Stratification of Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. — Geraldo J, Gil C, Queipo A, García-Martín G, Galiana E, Hidalgo A et al. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) (2026)
[6]
Revolutionizing LVH detection using artificial intelligence: the AI heartbeat project. — Suchal ZA, Ain NU, Mahmud A Journal of hypertension (2025)
[7]
Increasing Left Ventricular Mass and Death in Men and Women Investigated With Echocardiography. — Playford D, Strange G, Joseph M, Perry R, Chan YK, Strom JB et al. Journal of the American Heart Association (2025)
[8]
Genophenotypic correlates and long-term outcome prognosticators of left ventricular non-compaction in children. — Tseng WC, Chiu SN, Juang JJ, Chen WP, Lee NC, Wu MH Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi (2025)
[9]
ISE/ISHNE expert consensus statement on the ECG diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy: The change of the paradigm. — Bacharova L, Chevalier P, Gorenek B, Jons C, Li YG, Locati ET et al. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc (2024)
[10]
Diagnosis and management of patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: Role of multimodality cardiac imaging. A scientific statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. — Moura B, Aimo A, Al-Mohammad A, Keramida K, Ben Gal T, Dorbala S et al. European journal of heart failure (2023)
[11]
Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the clinical evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy: a 360° panorama. — Aguiar Rosa S, Thomas B, Pieroni M, Maurizi N, Zampieri M, Cappelli F et al. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging (2023)
[12]
Machine learning models of 6-lead ECGs for the interpretation of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). — Dwivedi T, Xue J, Treiman D, Dubey A, Albert D Journal of electrocardiology (2023)
[13]
Evaluation of demographic, clinical, and aetiological data of patients admitted to cardiology clinics and diagnosed with left ventricular hypertrophy in Turkish population (LVH-TR). — Kis M, Dogan Y, Yildirim A, Güzel T, Bekar L, Akhan O et al. Acta cardiologica (2022)
[14]
Diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy using non-ECG-gated — Sörensen J, Nordström J, Baron T, Mörner S, Granstam SO, Lubberink M et al. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (2022)
[15]
Long term clinical outcomes associated with CMR quantified isolated left ventricular non-compaction in adults. — Femia G, Zhu D, Choudhary P, Ross SB, Muthurangu V, Richmond D et al. International journal of cardiology (2021)
[16]
Diagnostic utility of the electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy criteria in specific populations. — De la Garza Salazar F, Rodríguez Díaz EA, González Cantú A, Azpiri López JR, Kuri Ayache M, Romero Ibarguengoitia ME Acta cardiologica (2021)
[17]
Diagnostic performance of electrocardiographic criteria in echocardiographic diagnosis of different patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy. — Oikonomou E, Theofilis P, Mpahara A, Lazaros G, Niarchou P, Vogiatzi G et al. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc (2020)
[18]
Short-term repeatability of electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy. — Meyer ML, Soliman EZ, Drager D, Heiss G Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc (2020)
[19]
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Evaluation With Cardiac MRI. — Grajewski KG, Stojanovska J, Ibrahim EH, Sayyouh M, Attili A Current problems in diagnostic radiology (2020)
[20]
Technical feasibility of semiautomatic three-dimensional threshold-based cardiac computed tomography quantification of left ventricular mass. — Goo HW Pediatric radiology (2019)
[21]
Texture analysis of cardiovascular magnetic resonance cine images differentiates aetiologies of left ventricular hypertrophy. — Schofield R, Ganeshan B, Fontana M, Nasis A, Castelletti S, Rosmini S et al. Clinical radiology (2019)
[22]
Association of OPG-RANKL ratio with left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in male overweight/obese youths. — Zampetti S, Lucantoni F, Pacifico L, Campagna G, Versacci P, Pierimarchi P et al. Journal of endocrinological investigation (2019)
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