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Cardiology1964 papers

Endocarditis

Last edited: 4/24/2026

Overview

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers (endocardium), typically involving heart valves, characterized by the formation of vegetations that can lead to severe complications such as valvular dysfunction, embolic events, and sepsis. It predominantly affects individuals with preexisting valvular abnormalities, those with certain congenital heart defects, and patients with intravascular devices like prosthetic valves or catheters. IE is particularly prevalent among intravenous drug users, immunocompromised individuals, and those with chronic diseases like diabetes and renal failure. Early recognition and aggressive management are crucial due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Understanding the nuances of IE diagnosis and treatment is essential for clinicians to optimize patient outcomes in day-to-day practice 1 14 24.

Pathophysiology

Infective endocarditis arises when microorganisms, predominantly bacteria but also fungi and less commonly parasites, colonize damaged heart valves or other endocardial surfaces. The initial adherence of these pathogens to the endocardium is facilitated by factors such as turbulent blood flow, endothelial damage, and the presence of vegetations—thrombotic masses that harbor the infecting organisms. Once adhered, these microorganisms proliferate, leading to the formation of vegetations that can grow over time, causing mechanical damage to the valves and disrupting normal hemodynamics. The immune response to these infections further exacerbates tissue injury through inflammatory processes, potentially resulting in systemic embolization and sepsis. Molecular mechanisms include biofilm formation, which enhances bacterial resistance to antibiotics and host defenses, complicating treatment 7 29.

Epidemiology

The incidence of infective endocarditis varies globally but has shown an increasing trend, particularly among intravenous drug users and patients with prosthetic heart valves. In developed countries, the annual incidence ranges from 5 to 15 cases per 100,000 population, with higher rates observed in older adults and those with underlying cardiac conditions. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are common pathogens, though the spectrum has expanded to include less typical organisms like Candida species and fungi, reflecting changes in patient demographics and healthcare practices. Geographic variations exist, with certain regions reporting higher incidences linked to specific risk factors such as intravenous drug use and healthcare-associated infections 1 14 24 30.

Clinical Presentation

Infective endocarditis often presents with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, fatigue, weight loss, and malaise, alongside more specific signs like heart murmurs, petechiae, and splinter hemorrhages. Acute complications like embolic events (causing stroke, abscess formation, or peripheral emboli) and subacute manifestations such as heart failure and valvular insufficiency are common. Atypical presentations can mimic other systemic infections or inflammatory conditions, complicating early diagnosis. Red-flag features include recurrent ischemic strokes, unexplained fever in high-risk individuals, and new or changing heart murmurs 1 2 14.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of infective endocarditis relies on clinical criteria, laboratory findings, and imaging studies. The modified Duke criteria remain the gold standard, encompassing major and minor clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic criteria. Key diagnostic steps include:

Clinical Criteria:

- Major Criteria: - Positive blood culture(s) consistent with infective endocarditis - Evidence of intracardiac vegetation on echocardiography - New regurgitant valvular murmur in a patient with a new infection - Fever or signs of systemic infection lasting >6 days with at least one minor criterion - Minor Criteria: - Vascular phenomena (e.g., petechiae, splinter hemorrhages, retinal hemorrhages) - Immunological phenomena (e.g., Osler's nodes, Roth's spots, anemia with elevated ESR) - Positive serological findings (e.g., elevated CRP, ESR) - Microbiological evidence (e.g., positive blood cultures, sterile blood cultures with clinical suspicion)

Laboratory Tests:

- Blood cultures (repeated if necessary) - Complete blood count (CBC) with differential - C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - Renal function tests and electrolytes

Imaging:

- Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as initial imaging - Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for detailed visualization if TTE is inconclusive - Additional imaging (CT, MRI) for complications like abscesses or emboli

Differential Diagnosis:

Systemic Infections: Sepsis, infective endocarditis mimics like infective vasculitis

Cardiac Conditions: Myocarditis, pericarditis, coronary artery disease

Other Conditions: Thromboembolic disorders, malignancy (e.g., metastatic disease causing valvular masses)

Management

Initial Management

Antibiotic Therapy:

- First-Line: Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics based on suspected pathogens (e.g., vancomycin + gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus, fluconazole for Candida species) - Targeted Therapy: Once specific pathogens are identified, adjust antibiotics accordingly (e.g., de-escalation to more specific agents) - Duration: Typically 4-6 weeks, adjusted based on pathogen and response 4 15 24

Supportive Care:

- Fluid management and hemodynamic stabilization - Management of complications (e.g., anticoagulation for atrial thrombi, surgical intervention for abscesses)

Surgical Intervention

Indications:

- Failure of medical therapy - Severe valvular dysfunction - Large vegetations (>10 mm) - Presence of abscesses - Recurrent embolization

Procedures:

- Valve repair or replacement based on valve condition and patient factors - Drainage of abscesses - Removal of infected material or devices

Refractory Cases

Consultation: Infectious disease specialist, cardiothoracic surgeon

Advanced Therapies: Consideration of prolonged antibiotic therapy, device removal, or specialized surgical interventions

Complications

Acute Complications:

- Embolic Events: Stroke, peripheral emboli, mycotic aneurysms - Septic Shock: Systemic inflammatory response leading to hemodynamic instability - Valvular Failure: Regurgitation, stenosis, or destruction of valve structure

Long-Term Complications:

- Chronic Heart Failure: Due to persistent valvular dysfunction - Recurrent Infections: Increased susceptibility due to underlying valvular damage - Prosthetic Valve Issues: Thrombosis, paravalvular leaks, or reinfection

Management Triggers:

Persistent fever or signs of infection despite appropriate therapy

Progressive valvular dysfunction or recurrent emboli

Development of new complications like abscesses or sepsis

Prognosis & Follow-up

The prognosis of infective endocarditis varies widely depending on the causative organism, patient comorbidities, and timeliness of intervention. Prognostic indicators include early diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic therapy, absence of embolic events, and successful surgical management when needed. Follow-up typically involves:

Regular echocardiograms to monitor valve function and vegetations

Periodic blood cultures to ensure clearance of infection

Long-term cardiological surveillance for valvular health and potential complications

Monitoring for signs of recurrent infection or systemic complications

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Management requires balancing maternal and fetal safety; often involves conservative treatment initially with surgical intervention reserved for severe cases 11 41

Pediatrics: Children may present with atypical symptoms; diagnosis and treatment tailored to developmental stage and underlying heart conditions 11

Elderly: Higher risk of complications due to comorbidities; careful consideration of surgical risks and tailored antibiotic regimens 1 14

Immunocompromised Patients: Increased susceptibility to atypical pathogens; prolonged and more aggressive treatment strategies may be necessary 1 14 24

Key Recommendations

Early Diagnosis and Prompt Treatment: Initiate empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics promptly in suspected cases (Evidence: Strong) 1 4 24

Use of Modified Duke Criteria: Employ these criteria for accurate diagnosis (Evidence: Strong) 1 14

Echocardiographic Evaluation: Perform TTE and consider TEE for definitive diagnosis (Evidence: Strong) 1 2

Targeted Antibiotic Therapy: Adjust based on culture and sensitivity results (Evidence: Strong) 4 15

Surgical Intervention When Indicated: Consider surgery for severe valvular dysfunction, large vegetations, or abscesses (Evidence: Moderate) 3 19 22

Long-Term Follow-Up: Regular echocardiograms and clinical monitoring post-treatment (Evidence: Moderate) 29

Antibiotic Prophylaxis for High-Risk Procedures: Recommend prophylaxis for patients at high risk of IE undergoing invasive dental or certain surgical procedures (Evidence: Moderate) 18

Multidisciplinary Care: Involve infectious disease specialists and cardiothoracic surgeons in complex cases (Evidence: Expert opinion) 17

Screening and Risk Assessment: Regularly assess patients with risk factors for early signs of IE (Evidence: Moderate) 10

Consider Immunological Phenomena: Evaluate for Osler's nodes, Roth's spots, and other immunological signs in diagnostic workup (Evidence: Weak) 25

References

Showing 100 most recent of 1459 indexed papers.

1 Tani N, Yoshino S, Mukai T, Fukushima Y, Harada Y. Staphylococcus saprophyticus Endocarditis Possibly Originating from a Rectal Ulcer Diagnosed after Recurrent Ischemic Strokes. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2026. link 2 Bokhari O, AlMashuf F, Thorne M. Ruptured mitral chordae and widespread calcified intracranial emboli: An unusual presentation of native valve endocarditis. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association 2026. link 3 Al-Zubaidi FI, Shafiq U, Smith H, Navaratnarajah M, Pufulete M, Angelini GD et al.. Mitral valve repair versus replacement for endocarditis: A propensity-score matched analysis of early postoperative outcomes. Perfusion 2026. link 4 Ben-Ami R, Bassetti M, Bouza E, Kosman A, Vena A. Candida endocarditis: current perspectives on diagnosis and therapy. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2026. link 5 Danneels P, Chabrun F, Grandière-Pérez L, Touré A, Dubée V. Endocarditis risk stratification with scores: what about reproducibility? The case of NOVA and DENOVA scores for Enterococcus faecalis bacteremia. The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases 2026. link 6 Gupta T, Das K, Bhagwat K, Madakshira MG. Fungal prosthetic endocarditis presenting as intracranial hemorrhage. Indian journal of pathology & microbiology 2026. link 7 Jiang X, Guan Y, Chen C, Wu X. Revealing causal associations of 91 inflammatory protein factors with endocarditis: Insights from genome-wide association study. Medicine 2026. link 8 Castro M, Tinoco M, Martins R, Amorim MJ, Pinheiro L, Fernandes M et al.. Ghostly intrusion on a frightful Halloween night: a case report of dual valve endocarditis. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace 2026. link 9 Zhang J, Sun W, Li L, Liu D, Zhang Q. Scedosporium apiospermum endocarditis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report and literature review. Journal of cardiothoracic surgery 2026. link 10 Borger MA, de Waha S, Marsan NA, Zühlke L, Mestres CA, Fosbol E et al.. Key priorities for the implementation of the 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis in low-resource settings. European heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes 2025. link 11 Pearce CF, Johnson KA, Meshkaty N, Tang EC. A Pair of Hearts: Two Cases of Mitral Valve Gonococcal Endocarditis. Sexually transmitted diseases 2025. link 12 Pownell C, Marsden BE, Lam W, Smith S, Hanson J. Prosthetic valve infective endocarditis due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: A case report and review of the literature. Acta tropica 2025. link 13 Petel D, Power A, Tadros M, Waters V. Bartonella quintana Endocarditis Associated With Head Lice in a Canadian Indigenous Youth. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2025. link 14 Butler NR, Courtney PA, Swegle J. Endocarditis. Primary care 2024. link 15 G V, Sundaram PS. Mycobacterium abscessus endocarditis post cardiac cathetrisation-a case report and review of 25 cases (2001-2023). Indian journal of medical microbiology 2024. link 16 Correia JL, Fiuza JG, Ferreira G, Almeida MD, Moreira D, Neto VD. Embolic stroke and misidentification candida species endocarditis: Case presentation and literature review. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2024. link 17 El-Dalati S, Thornton A, Reda H, Alnabelsi T, Gurley J, Stoner BJ et al.. Beyond a team: The comprehensive interdisciplinary endocarditis program in the United States. International journal of cardiology 2024. link 18 Thornhill MH, Gibson TB, Yoon F, Dayer MJ, Prendergast BD, Lockhart PB et al.. Endocarditis, invasive dental procedures, and antibiotic prophylaxis efficacy in US Medicaid patients. Oral diseases 2024. link 19 Moore RA, Witten JC, Lowry AM, Shrestha NK, Blackstone EH, Unai S et al.. Isolated mitral valve endocarditis: Patient, disease, and surgical factors that influence outcomes. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2024. link 20 Mathew GG, Kompella KK, Jayabalan R, Rajkumar V. Catheter related atrial thrombus caused by Abiotrophia defectiva: A case series and review of literature. The journal of vascular access 2024. link 21 Hansen L, Ozga AK, Klusmeier M, Hillebrand M, Tulun A, Pannek N et al.. The Freestyle Valve in Severe Necrotizing Aortic Root Endocarditis: Comorbidity Upon Outcome. The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon 2023. link 22 Li J, Zilz C, Floerchinger B, Holzamer A, Camboni D, Schach C et al.. Long-Term Results of Patch Repair in Destructive Valve Endocarditis. The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon 2023. link 23 Sabourin E, Podglajen I, Fournier PE, Mainardi JL. Clinical and biological diagnosis and follow-up of patients treated for endovascular infections due to Coxiellaburnetii. Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2023. link 24 Wang L, Volkow ND, Berger NA, Davis PB, Kaelber DC, Xu R. Association of COVID-19 with endocarditis in patients with cocaine or opioid use disorders in the US. Molecular psychiatry 2023. link 25 van der Vaart TW, Heerschop LL, Bouma BJ, Freudenburg W, Bonten MJM, Prins JM et al.. Value of diagnosing immunological phenomena in patients with suspected endocarditis. Infection 2023. link 26 Boctor D, Bakke B, Chorba JS. The Silent Threat: Bartonella quintana Endocarditis Unveiling Heart Failure and Severe Pulmonary Hypertension. The American journal of case reports 2023. link 27 Ramos A, Mathias IS, Al-Mallah M, Quinones M. Endocarditis Presenting as Right Atrial Mass, Diagnosed with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET: A Case Report. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 2023. link 28 Kahraman N, Topal D, Altunal AM, Tiryakioğlu SK, Taner T, Demir D et al.. A rare complication of double prosthetic valve endocarditis; reconstructive surgical treatment of mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa pseudoaneurysm and left atrial fistula. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2023. link 29 Meena DS, Kumar D, Agarwal M, Bohra GK, Choudhary R, Samantaray S et al.. Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment outcome of fungal endocarditis: A systematic review of reported cases. Mycoses 2022. link 30 Brescia AA, Watt TMF, Rosenbloom LM, Williams AM, Bolling SF, Romano MA. Patient and Surgeon Predictors of Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Repair for Infective Endocarditis. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 31 Everett AE, Barrios P, Karamlou T, Phillips A, Ahmad M, Najm HK. Unexpected Septal and Truncal Valve Endocarditis After Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 32 Helmers MR, Fowler C, Kim ST, Shin M, Han JJ, Arguelles G et al.. Repair of Isolated Native Mitral Valve Endocarditis: A Propensity Matched Study. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 33 Johnstad C, Bomareddi S, Hermsen JL, Smith JW, Fiedler AG. Unconventional use of total artificial heart in a patient with severe, destructive prosthetic valve endocarditis. Journal of cardiac surgery 2022. link 34 Caceres Polo M, Thibault D, Jawitz OK, Zwischenberger BA, O'Brien SM, Thourani VH et al.. Aortic Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: Analysis of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 35 Weber C, Petrov G, Luehr M, Aubin H, Tugtekin SM, Borger MA et al.. Surgical results for prosthetic versus native valve endocarditis: A multicenter analysis. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 36 Bearpark L, Sartipy U, Franco-Cereceda A, Glaser N. Surgery for Endocarditis in Intravenous Drug Users. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 37 Yang B, Caceres J, Farhat L, Le T, Brown B, St Pierre E et al.. Root abscess in the setting of infectious endocarditis: Short- and long-term outcomes. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 38 Lakkas L, Serim BD, Fotopoulos A, Iakovou I, Doumas A, Korkmaz U et al.. Infection of cardiac prosthetic valves and implantable electronic devices: early diagnosis and treatment. Acta cardiologica 2021. link 39 Aldman MH, Rasmussen M, Olaison L, Påhlman LI. Endocarditis due to Staphylococcus lugdunensis-a retrospective national registry-based study. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2021. link 40 Saadat BN, Haltom MB, Burroughs-Ray DC, Jackson CD. Culture Negative Endocarditis Masquerading as Recurrent Supraventricular Tachycardia. Journal of the National Medical Association 2021. link 41 Ioannou P, Alexakis K, Kofteridis DP. Endocarditis in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review. Journal of chemotherapy (Florence, Italy) 2021. link 42 Luehr M, Bauernschmitt N, Peterss S, Li Y, Heyn O, Dashkevich A et al.. Incidence and Surgical Outcomes of Patients With Native and Prosthetic Aortic Valve Endocarditis. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2020. link 43 Muretti M, Keiralla A, Jeffery K, Krasopoulos G. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: An uncommon infection with potentially fatal consequences. Journal of cardiac surgery 2020. link 44 Tyerman Z, Shah S, Mehaffey JH, Wanchek T, Hawkins RB, Rogawski McQuade ET et al.. Cost-Effectiveness of Postoperative Drug Rehabilitation for Injection Drug Users. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2020. link 45 El-Dalati S, Khurana I, Soper N, Cronin D, Shea M, Weinberg RL et al.. Physician perceptions of a multidisciplinary endocarditis team. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2020. link 46 Yamashita G, Kanemitsu N, Nakashima Y, Matsuo T, Nakane T, Honda M et al.. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation in Libman-Sacks endocarditis. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 47 Figueras-Coll M, Sabaté-Rotés A, Cañete-Abajo N, Domènech-Ximenos B. The Chiari Network-Only an Embryonic Remnant or a Confusing Finding?. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2020. link 48 Ichikawa T, Oshima M, Yamagishi J, Muramatsu C, Asai T. Changes in antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes in Streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs in the Tokai area of Japan. The Journal of veterinary medical science 2020. link 49 Furukawa H, Honda T, Yamasawa T, Kanaoka Y, Tanemoto K. A surgical case of triple valve replacement for triple valve endocarditis with multiple vegetations. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 50 Yew MS, Leong AMWM. Contemporary management and outcomes of infective tunnelled haemodialysis catheter-related right atrial thrombi: a case series and literature review. Singapore medical journal 2020. link 51 Lewis PO, Jones A, Amodei RJ, Youssef D. Continuous Infusion Ampicillin for the Outpatient Management of Enterococcal Endocarditis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Journal of pharmacy practice 2020. link 52 Davis AZ, Jaffe DA, Honadel TE, Lapsley WD, Wilber-Raymond JL, Kasten RW et al.. Prevalence of Bartonella sp. in United States military working dogs with infectious endocarditis: a retrospective case-control study. Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology 2020. link 53 Hakim A, Braun H, Thornton D, Strymish J. Successful treatment of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus tricuspid-valve endocarditis with dalbavancin as an outpatient in a person who injects drugs: A case report. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2020. link 54 Beckerman Z, Martínez-Bravo LE, Johnson G, Holt B, Fraser CD. Rare Presentation of Endocarditis and Mycotic Brain Aneurysm. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2020. link 55 Gülses A, Açil Y, Wiltfang J. Oral surgery related fungal endocarditis: The need for a novel concept in endocarditis prophylaxy. Medical hypotheses 2020. link 56 Yamamoto J, Endo A, Sugawara H, Izumi T, Takahashi K, Yamamoto S et al.. Native Valve Endocarditis due to Staphylococcus warneri Developing in a Patient with Type 1 Diabetes. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2020. link 57 Sánchez Quirós B, Ruiz López N, López Herrero R, Bartolomé Bartolomé C. Marantic endocarditis. Revista espanola de anestesiologia y reanimacion 2020. link 58 Zhu X, Cao S, Xia M, Ding C, Wang R. Fungal endocarditis with heart valve replacement and atrial fibrillation posing a treatment challenge: A case report. Medicine 2020. link 59 Noureddine-López M, de la Torre-Lima J, Ruiz-Morales J, Gálvez-Acebal J, Hidalgo-Tenorio C, de Alarcón González CA. Left endocarditis, changes in the new millennium. Medicina clinica 2019. link 60 Zheng S, Soh JXJ, Shafi H. Quadruple valve infective endocarditis presenting with suspected Austrian syndrome: a case report and a case series of quadruple valve infective endocarditis. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 2019. link 61 Bin Mahmood SU, Nguemeni Tiako MJ, Mori M, Elefteriades JA, Bonde P, Geirsson A et al.. Isolated Tricuspid Valvectomy: A Series of cases with Intravenous Drug Abuse Associated Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis. The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon 2019. link 62 Fleißner F, Salman J, Naqizadah J, Avsar M, Meier J, Warnecke G et al.. Minimally Invasive Surgery in Mitral Valve Endocarditis. The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon 2019. link 63 Martel-Arquette A, Tjostheim SS, Miller J, Carlson J, Mans C. Aortocavitary fistula secondary to vegetative endocarditis in a rabbit. Journal of veterinary cardiology : the official journal of the European Society of Veterinary Cardiology 2019. link 64 Shah S, King M, Rose L. Medical Management of Endocarditis Caused by . Journal of pharmacy practice 2019. link 65 Hermanns H, Wiegerinck EMA, Lagrand WK, Baan J, Cocchieri R, Kaya A. Two Cases of Endocarditis After MitraClip Procedure Necessitating Surgical Mitral Valve Replacement. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2019. link 66 Carneiro H, Rasalingam R. Fungal prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis and endarteritis: An unusual cause of aortic root vegetations. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, N.Y.) 2019. link 67 Hasby Saad MA, Watany MM. Schistosoma mansoni and endocarditis: from egg to free DNA detection in Egyptian patients and infected BALB/c mice. Journal of helminthology 2019. link 68 Khalique Z, Hatipoğlu S, Rosendahl U, Mohiaddin R. Unusual Complicated Fungal Endocarditis in a Patient With Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2019. link 69 Ivanovic B, Trifunovic D, Matic S, Petrovic J, Sacic D, Tadic M. Prosthetic valve endocarditis - A trouble or a challenge?. Journal of cardiology 2019. link 70 Zafalon-Silva B, Soares FAC, Pavarini SP, Goulart MA, Snel GGM, González FHD et al.. Bacterial endocarditis and increased cardiac troponin I levels in a brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) with an interventricular septal defect. Journal of medical primatology 2019. link 71 Asai N, Shiota A, Ohashi W, Watanabe H, Shibata Y, Kato H et al.. The SOFA score could predict the severity and prognosis of infective endocarditis. Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 2019. link 72 Kuan W, Dulnuan K, Guglin ME, El Haddad H, Kolodziej AR, Leventhal A et al.. A "Cat"-astrophic Case of Bartonella henselae infective endocarditis followed by cardiac transplantation salvage therapy. Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society 2019. link 73 Diaconu R, Golumbeanu E, Constantin A, Donoiu I. Native valve endocarditis with . BMJ case reports 2019. link 74 Steele JM, Seabury RW, Hale CM, Mogle BT. Unsuccessful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis with dalbavancin. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 2018. link 75 Yadav K, Sharma M, Agarwal S, Bhatia N, Yadav N. Aortic pseudoaneurysm & endocarditis caused by Aerococcus viridans: A case report and literature review. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 2018. link 76 Raut N, Potdar A, Sharma S. Tricuspid valve endocarditis in non-drug abusers: A case series from India. Indian heart journal 2018. link 77 Holvoet W, Al Younis I, Meeder JG. Prosthetic valve endocarditis: positron emission tomography/computed tomography as a new golden grail. Acta cardiologica 2018. link 78 Krasemann T, van Beynum IM, Frohn-Mulder IME, Dalinghaus M. Endocarditis of a congenital coronary fistula in a child. Cardiology in the young 2018. link 79 Ioffe V, Amir G, Zalzstein E, Krymko H, Levitas A. Streptobacillus moniliformis Endocarditis: An Unusual Case of Pulmonary Valve Erosion Resulting in Free Pulmonary Regurgitation and Aneurysm. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2018. link 80 Hatori K, Ohki S, Obayashi T, Yasuhara K, Hirai H, Miki T. Surgical case of isolated pulmonary valve endocarditis in a patient without predisposing factors. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2018. link 81 Sorrentino A, Trotta S, Colucci AP, Aventaggiato L, Marzullo A, Solarino B. Lethal endomyocarditis caused by chronic "Krokodil" intoxication. Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 2018. link 82 Siciliano RF, Gualandro DM, Sejas ONE, Ignoto BG, Caramelli B, Mansur AJ et al.. Outcomes in patients with fungal endocarditis: A multicenter observational cohort study. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2018. link 83 Haponiuk I, Chojnicki M, Jaworski R, Steffens M, Paczkowski K, Szofer-Sendrowska A et al.. Paediatric Melody® mitral valve replacement in acute endocarditis - alternative surgical-hybrid technique. Kardiologia polska 2017. link 84 Salomäki SP, Saraste A, Kemppainen J, Bax JJ, Knuuti J, Nuutila P et al.. (no title). Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2017. link 85 Guillaume MP, Dubos F, Godart F. Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis in children. Cardiology in the young 2017. link 86 Stępień-Pyśniak D, Wilczyński J, Marek A, Śmiech A, Kosikowska U, Hauschild T. Staphylococcus simulans associated with endocarditis in broiler chickens. Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A 2017. link 87 Sims JR, Enriquez-Sarano M, Michelena HI. Postoperative dyspnoea. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2017. link 88 Boeder NF, Dörr O, Rixe J, Weipert K, Bauer T, Bayer M et al.. Endocarditis after interventional repair of the mitral valve: Review of a dilemma. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 2017. link 89 Gaci R, Alauzet C, Selton-Suty C, Lozniewski A, Pulcini C, May T et al.. Francisella tularensis endocarditis: two case reports and a literature review. Infectious diseases (London, England) 2017. link 90 Mukaihara K, Matsumoto K, Kadono J, Imoto Y. A surgical case of mycotic aneurysm with Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2017. link 91 Lin CT, Tranmer B, Durham S, Johnson D, Hamlin M, Bolman RM. Ruptured Mycotic Aneurysm and Cerebral Vasospasm in the Setting of Endocarditis and Heart Failure Requiring Cardiothoracic Surgery: Case Report and Literature Review. World neurosurgery 2017. link 92 Aalaei-Andabili SH, Martin T, Hess P, Hoh B, Anderson M, Klodell CT et al.. Management of Septic emboli in patients with infectious endocarditis. Journal of cardiac surgery 2017. link 93 Chieng D, Janssen J, Benson S, Passage J, Lenzo N. 18-FDG PET/ CT Scan in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Chronic Q fever Aortic Valve Endocarditis. Heart, lung & circulation 2016. link 94 Singla A, Fargen K, Blackburn S, Neal D, Martin TD, Hess PJ et al.. National treatment practices in the management of infectious intracranial aneurysms and infective endocarditis. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2016. link 95 Tascini C, Cardinali G, Barletta V, Di Paolo A, Leonildi A, Zucchelli G et al.. First Case of Trichoderma longibrachiatum CIED (Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device)-Associated Endocarditis in a Non-immunocompromised Host: Biofilm Removal and Diagnostic Problems in the Light of the Current Literature. 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Original source

[1]
Staphylococcus saprophyticus Endocarditis Possibly Originating from a Rectal Ulcer Diagnosed after Recurrent Ischemic Strokes. — Tani N, Yoshino S, Mukai T, Fukushima Y, Harada Y Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2026)
[2]
Ruptured mitral chordae and widespread calcified intracranial emboli: An unusual presentation of native valve endocarditis. — Bokhari O, AlMashuf F, Thorne M Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association (2026)
[3]
Mitral valve repair versus replacement for endocarditis: A propensity-score matched analysis of early postoperative outcomes. — Al-Zubaidi FI, Shafiq U, Smith H, Navaratnarajah M, Pufulete M, Angelini GD et al. Perfusion (2026)
[4]
Candida endocarditis: current perspectives on diagnosis and therapy. — Ben-Ami R, Bassetti M, Bouza E, Kosman A, Vena A Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2026)
[5]
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