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Cardiology238 papers

Rheumatic fever

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease triggered by Group A streptococcal infection, leading to multisystem involvement including carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, and erythema marginatum. It often progresses to chronic rheumatic heart disease if untreated 1 6 66.

Diagnosis

Clinical Criteria: Based on Jones criteria, including major manifestations (carditis, polyarthritis, chorea, subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum) and minor manifestations (fever, arthralgia, elevated ESR/CRP) 66.

Laboratory Tests: Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titers, anti-DNAse B, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels often elevated 69.

Echocardiography: Essential for detecting carditis, including subclinical valvulitis 44 55 77.

Electrocardiogram (ECG): Useful for detecting conduction disturbances and other cardiac abnormalities 6 67.

Management

Antibiotics: Penicillin for primary infection and secondary prophylaxis 4 22 74.

Anti-inflammatory Therapy: Aspirin or other NSAIDs for controlling inflammation; corticosteroids for severe cases 24 66.

Secondary Prophylaxis: Long-term penicillin therapy to prevent recurrence and further valvular damage 22 74.

Monitoring: Regular echocardiograms to assess valvular involvement and response to treatment 5 7 77.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Higher incidence in children, especially Indigenous populations; early diagnosis crucial 1 6 17.

Comorbidities: Coexistence with autoimmune diseases like Graves' disease noted; requires multidisciplinary care 10 15.

Key Recommendations

Initiate Prompt Antibiotic Therapy for confirmed Group A streptococcal infection to prevent progression to rheumatic fever (Evidence: Strong 1).

Use Echocardiography Routinely for diagnosis and monitoring of carditis in patients with suspected rheumatic fever (Evidence: Moderate 5 55).

Implement Long-term Penicillin Prophylaxis in patients with a history of rheumatic fever to prevent recurrence (Evidence: Strong 22).

Regular Clinical and Laboratory Monitoring is essential for early detection of recurrence and subclinical valvulitis (Evidence: Moderate 7 77).

Tailored Care for Indigenous Populations due to higher incidence and disparities in outcomes (Evidence: Expert opinion 1).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 236 indexed papers.

1 Martin S, Stein E, Arya B, Tressel W, Deen JF. Inequities in Indigenous Youth with Rheumatic Fever in the USA: A Single-Center Study. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities 2026. link 2 Sonder GJ, Pledger M, Hill PC, Ryan D. Resurgence of rheumatic fever among Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand: A 2010-2023 analysis of hospitalisation data with implications for equity policy. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health 2026. link 3 Ang SP, Chia JE, Misra K, Krittanawong C, Iglesias J, Gewirtz D et al.. Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Angiology 2026. link 4 Minhas D. Pain mechanisms for the practicing rheumatologist. Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology 2024. link 5 Oh J, Jo H, Park J, Lee H, Kim HJ, Lee H et al.. Global burden of vaccine-associated rheumatic diseases and their related vaccines, 1967-2023: A comprehensive analysis of the international pharmacovigilance database. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2024. link 6 Silvilairat S, Sornwai A, Sethasathien S, Saengsin K, Makonkawkeyoon K, Sittiwangkul R et al.. Outcome following acute and recurrent rheumatic fever. Paediatrics and international child health 2024. link 7 Kwok TSH, Widdifield J. Improving access to care for rheumatology services in Canada. Clinical rheumatology 2023. link 8 Athanassiou L, Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Koutsilieris M, Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Biomolecules 2023. link 9 Parperis K, Achilleos S, Costi E, Vardas M. Autoimmune rheumatic diseases associated with granulomatous mastitis. Rheumatology international 2023. link 10 Onsoi W, Srilanchakon K, Aroonparkmongkol S, Supornsilchai V. Coexistence of Graves' disease with acute rheumatic fever treated as thyroid storm in young Thai patient. Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM 2023. link 11 Świecka M, Maślińska M. Liquid Biopsy and Its Emerging Role in Rheumatology. Critical reviews in immunology 2022. link 12 Kronzer VL, Davis JM, Crowson CS. Epidemiologic Opportunities and Challenges in Studying Environmental Risk Factors for Rheumatic Diseases. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2022. link 13 Farias Teixeira ME, Bonjorno LP, Menezes PISO, Gigante SLG, Dib SM, Oliveira FR et al.. Diagnostic Agreement Among General Practitioners, Residents, and Senior Rheumatologists for Rheumatic Diseases. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2022. link 14 Tieu J, Cheah JT, Black RJ, Christensen R, Ghosh N, Richards P et al.. Improving benefit-harm assessment of glucocorticoid therapy incorporating the patient perspective: The OMERACT glucocorticoid core domain set. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2021. link 15 Manolis AS, Tzioufas AG. Cardio-Rheumatology: Two Collaborating Disciplines to Deal with the Enhanced Cardiovascular Risk in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Current vascular pharmacology 2020. link 16 Hartmann FJ, Bendall SC. Immune monitoring using mass cytometry and related high-dimensional imaging approaches. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2020. link 17 Miller T, Aung Y, Blundell D, Kona ASESA. Unusual presentation of rheumatic fever in a 3-year-old child in the UK. BMJ case reports 2020. link 18 Manara M, Ughi N, Ariani A, Bortoluzzi A, Parisi S, Prevete I et al.. Providing updated guidelines for the management of rheumatic diseases in Italy with the ADAPTE methodology: a project by the Italian Society for Rheumatology. Reumatismo 2019. link 19 Ranjan A, Thiagarajan S, Garg S, Danda D. Progress towards universal health coverage in the context of rheumatic diseases in India. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2019. link 20 Fabi M, Calicchia M, Miniaci A, Balducci A, Tronconi E, Bonetti S et al.. Carditis in Acute Rheumatic Fever in a High-Income and Moderate-Risk Country. The Journal of pediatrics 2019. link 21 Emre İE, Erol N, Ayhan Yİ, Özkan Y, Erol Ç. The analysis of the effects of acute rheumatic fever in childhood on cardiac disease with data mining. International journal of medical informatics 2019. link 22 Amarilyo G, Chodick G, Zalcman J, Koren G, Levinsky Y, Somekh I et al.. Poor long-term adherence to secondary penicillin prophylaxis in children with history of rheumatic fever. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2019. link 23 Khan A, Sutcliffe N, Jawad AS. An old disease re-emerging: acute rheumatic fever. Clinical medicine (London, England) 2018. link 24 Torres RPA, Torres RFA, Torres RA, Torres RSLA. Pulse therapy combined with oral corticosteroids in the management of severe rheumatic carditis and rebound. Cardiology in the young 2018. link 25 Rocha B, Ruiz-Romero C, Blanco FJ. Mass spectrometry imaging: a novel technology in rheumatology. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2017. link 26 Gadabanahalli K, Bhat V, Narayana S. Mitral valve enhancement in a patient with active Rheumatic Fever: An uncommon phenomenon on the MRI examination with possible clinical significance. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2017. link 27 Michaud K. The National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases (NDB). Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2016. link 28 Tiseo BC, Cocuzza M, Bonfa E, Srougi M, Silva CA. Male fertility potential alteration in rheumatic diseases: a systematic review. International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology 2016. link 29 Ertel AW, Romano S, Farzaneh-Far A. A 28-year-old man with chest and joint pains. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2016. link 30 Louthrenoo W. An insight into rheumatology in Thailand. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2015. link 31 Li ZG. A new look at rheumatology in China--opportunities and challenges. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2015. link 32 Karataş Z, Baysal T, Şap F, Alp H, Mehmetoğlu I. Increased ischaemia-modified albumin is associated with inflammation in acute rheumatic fever. Cardiology in the young 2014. link 33 Toker A, Karatas Z, Altın H, Karaarslan S, Cicekler H, Alp H. Evaluation of serum ischemia modified albumin levels in acute rheumatic fever before and after therapy. Indian journal of pediatrics 2014. link 34 Ciftel M, Turan O, Simşek A, Kardelen F, Akçurin G, Ertuğ H. Assessment of atrial electromechanical delay in children with acute rheumatic fever. Cardiology in the young 2014. link 35 Kuzulugil D, Sheldrick K, Wood A, Whitehall J. Hallucinations in severe, repeated Sydenham's chorea in an Indigenous girl in North-West Queensland. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2013. link 36 Webb R, Wilson N. Rheumatic fever in New Zealand. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2013. link 37 da Rocha Araújo FD, de Andrade Goulart EM, Meira ZM. Use of Doppler echocardiography to support the decision to discontinue secondary prophylaxis for patients with rheumatic fever and normal cardiac auscultation. Pediatric cardiology 2013. link 38 Li R, Sun J, Ren LM, Wang HY, Liu WH, Zhang XW et al.. Epidemiology of eight common rheumatic diseases in China: a large-scale cross-sectional survey in Beijing. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2012. link 39 Breda L, Marzetti V, Gaspari S, Del Torto M, Chiarelli F, Altobelli E. Population-based study of incidence and clinical characteristics of rheumatic fever in Abruzzo, central Italy, 2000-2009. The Journal of pediatrics 2012. link 40 Pastore S, De Cunto A, Benettoni A, Berton E, Taddio A, Lepore L. The resurgence of rheumatic fever in a developed country area: the role of echocardiography. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2011. link 41 Gomez Rubin MC, Tur R, Dobarro D, Oliver JM, Gonzalez A, Sanchez Recalde A et al.. Acute rheumatic fever in a grown up with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: the role of acquired diseases in patients with congenital heart diseases. International journal of cardiology 2011. link 42 Olgunturk R, Okur I, Cirak MY, Oguz AD, Akalin N, Turet S et al.. The role of viral agents in aetiopathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever. Clinical rheumatology 2011. link 43 Yazici H. Thought barriers to understanding rheumatic diseases--Halstead R. Holman revisited. Bulletin of the NYU hospital for joint diseases 2010. link 44 Anagnostopoulos I, Zinzaras E, Alexiou I, Papathanasiou AA, Davas E, Koutroumpas A et al.. The prevalence of rheumatic diseases in central Greece: a population survey. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2010. link 45 Cann MP, Sive AA, Norton RE, McBride WJ, Ketheesan N. Clinical presentation of rheumatic fever in an endemic area. Archives of disease in childhood 2010. link 46 Seckeler MD, Barton LL, Brownstein R. The persistent challenge of rheumatic fever in the Northern Mariana Islands. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2010. link 47 Lories RJ, Luyten FP. Osteoimmunology: Wnt antagonists: for better or worse?. Nature reviews. Rheumatology 2009. link 48 Omurzakova NA, Yamano Y, Saatova GM, Shukurova SM, Mirzakhanova MI, Kydyralieva RB et al.. Rheumatologic services in Central Asian countries: current state of development of rheumatology in Central Asia. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2009. link 49 Kasitanon N, Sukitawut W, Louthrenoo W. Acute rheumatic fever in adults: case report together with an analysis of 25 patients with acute rheumatic fever. Rheumatology international 2009. link 50 Chen L, Xie X, Gu J, Xu L, Yang X, Yu B. Changes of manifestations of 122 patients with rheumatic fever in South China during last decade. Rheumatology international 2009. link 51 Nirmal H, Vani P, Chhabra M, Ron N. Rheumatic fever in a 2-year-old child. Pediatric cardiology 2008. link 52 Barash J, Mashiach E, Navon-Elkan P, Berkun Y, Harel L, Tauber T et al.. Differentiation of post-streptococcal reactive arthritis from acute rheumatic fever. The Journal of pediatrics 2008. link 53 Zeng QY, Chen R, Darmawan J, Xiao ZY, Chen SB, Wigley R et al.. Rheumatic diseases in China. Arthritis research & therapy 2008. link 54 Beg A, Sadiq M. Subclinical valvulitis in children with acute rheumatic Fever. Pediatric cardiology 2008. link 55 Vijayalakshmi IB, Vishnuprabhu RO, Chitra N, Rajasri R, Anuradha TV. The efficacy of echocardiographic criterions for the diagnosis of carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Cardiology in the young 2008. link 56 Anderson Y, Wilson N, Nicholson R, Finucane K. Fulminant mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendinae in acute rheumatic fever. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2008. link 57 Schafranski MD, Pereira Ferrari L, Scherner D, Torres R, de Messias-Reason IJ. Functional MASP2 gene polymorphism in patients with history of rheumatic fever. Human immunology 2008. link 58 Herrold K, Herrold EM, Bograd AJ, Richmond M, Flynn PA, Cooper RS et al.. The malignant course of acute rheumatic Fever in the modern era: implications for early surgical intervention in cases of bivalvular insufficiency with impaired ventricular function. Pediatric cardiology 2008. link 59 Brown A, McDonald MI, Calma T. Rheumatic fever and social justice. The Medical journal of Australia 2007. link 60 Panamonta M, Chaikitpinyo A, Auvichayapat N, Weraarchakul W, Panamonta O, Pantongwiriyakul A. Evolution of valve damage in Sydenham's chorea during recurrence of rheumatic fever. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 61 Caldas AM, Terreri MT, Moises VA, Silva CM, Carvalho AC, Hilário MO. The case for utilizing more strict quantitative Doppler echocardiographic criterions for diagnosis of subclinical rheumatic carditis. Cardiology in the young 2007. link 62 Ramasawmy R, Faé KC, Spina G, Victora GD, Tanaka AC, Palácios SA et al.. Association of polymorphisms within the promoter region of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha with clinical outcomes of rheumatic fever. Molecular immunology 2007. link 63 Tubridy-Clark M, Carapetis JR. Subclinical carditis in rheumatic fever: a systematic review. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 64 Benedek TG. The history of bacteriologic concepts of rheumatic fever and rheumatoid arthritis. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2006. link 65 Singh JA, Solomon DH, Dougados M, Felson D, Hawker G, Katz P et al.. Development of classification and response criteria for rheumatic diseases. Arthritis and rheumatism 2006. link 66 Olgunturk R, Canter B, Tunaoglu FS, Kula S. Review of 609 patients with rheumatic fever in terms of revised and updated Jones criteria. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 67 Polat TB, Yalcin Y, Akdeniz C, Zeybek C, Erdem A, Celebi A. QT dispersion in acute rheumatic fever. Cardiology in the young 2006. link 68 Schaller JG. The history of pediatric rheumatology. Pediatric research 2005. link 69 Roodpeyma S, Kamali Z, Zare R. Rheumatic fever: the relationship between clinical manifestations and laboratory tests. Journal of paediatrics and child health 2005. link 70 El-Menyar A, Al-Hroob A, Numan MT, Gendi SM, Fawzy IM. Unilateral pulmonary edema: unusual presentation of acute rheumatic fever. Pediatric cardiology 2005. link 71 Mohindra R, Pannu HS, Mohan B, Kumar N, Dhooria HS, Sehgal A et al.. Syncope in a middle aged male due to acute rheumatic fever. Indian heart journal 2004. link 72 Kadir IS, Barker TA, Clarke B, Denley H, Grötte GJ. Recurrent acute rheumatic fever: a forgotten diagnosis?. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2004. link01376-6) 73 Brunner HI, Giannini EH. Health-related quality of life in children with rheumatic diseases. Current opinion in rheumatology 2003. link 74 Peloso UC, De Souza JC, Botino MA, Miniti A. Penicillin concentrations in sera and tonsils after intramuscular administration of benzathine penicillin G to children. The Pediatric infectious disease journal 2003. link 75 Lanna CC, Tonelli E, Barros MV, Goulart EM, Mota CC. Subclinical rheumatic valvitis: a long-term follow-up. Cardiology in the young 2003. link 76 Zalzstein E, Maor R, Zucker N, Katz A. Advanced atrioventricular conduction block in acute rheumatic fever. Cardiology in the young 2003. link 77 Ozkutlu S, Hallioglu O, Ayabakan C. Evaluation of subclinical valvar disease in patients with rheumatic fever. Cardiology in the young 2003. link 78 Karaaslan S, Demirören S, Oran B, Baysal T, Başpinar O, Uçar C. Criteria for judging the improvement in subclinical rheumatic valvitis. Cardiology in the young 2003. link 79 Chockalingam A, Gnanavelu G, Elangovan S, Chockalingam V. Current profile of acute rheumatic fever and valvulitis in southern India. The Journal of heart valve disease 2003. link 80 Yaman IH, Dagdemir A, Baysal K. Serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in acute rheumatic fever. Annals of tropical paediatrics 2003. link 81 Tani LY, Veasy LG, Minich LL, Shaddy RE. Rheumatic fever in children younger than 5 years: is the presentation different?. Pediatrics 2003. link 82 Khriesat I, Najada A, Al-Hakim F, Abu-Haweleh A. Acute rheumatic fever in Jordanian children. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit 2003. link 83 Kamblock J, Payot L, Iung B, Costes P, Gillet T, Le Goanvic C et al.. Does rheumatic myocarditis really exists? Systematic study with echocardiography and cardiac troponin I blood levels. European heart journal 2003. link00825-4) 84 Williams RV, Minich LL, Shaddy RE, Veasy LG, Tani LY. Evidence for lack of myocardial injury in children with acute rheumatic carditis. Cardiology in the young 2002. link 85 Diab KA, Timani MA, Bitar FF. Treatment of rheumatic carditis with intravenous gammaglobulin: is there a beneficial effect?. Cardiology in the young 2001. link 86 Rullan E, Sigal LH. Rheumatic fever. Current rheumatology reports 2001. link 87 Brandt ER, Yarwood PJ, McMillan DJ, Vohra H, Currie B, Mammo L et al.. Antibody levels to the class I and II epitopes of the M protein and myosin are related to group A streptococcal exposure in endemic populations. International immunology 2001. link 88 Stollerman GH. Rheumatic fever in the 21st century. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2001. link 89 Oen K. Comparative epidemiology of the rheumatic diseases in children. Current opinion in rheumatology 2000. link 90 Haidan A, Talay SR, Rohde M, Sriprakash KS, Currie BJ, Chhatwal GS. Pharyngeal carriage of group C and group G streptococci and acute rheumatic fever in an Aboriginal population. Lancet (London, England) 2000. link02765-3) 91 Roberts-Thomson RA, Roberts-Thomson PJ. Rheumatic disease and the Australian aborigine. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 1999. link 92 Narula J, Malhotra A, Yasuda T, Talwar KK, Reddy KS, Chopra P et al.. Usefulness of antimyosin antibody imaging for the detection of active rheumatic myocarditis. The American journal of cardiology 1999. link00476-2) 93 Elevli M, Celebi A, Tombul T, Gökalp AS. Cardiac involvement in Sydenham's chorea: clinical and Doppler echocardiographic findings. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 1999. link 94 Denbow CE, Barton EN, Smikle MF. The prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever in a pair of monozygotic twins. The public health implications. The West Indian medical journal 1999. link 95 Agarwal PK, Misra M, Sarkari NB, Gupta AK, Agarwal P. Usefulness of echocardiography in detection of subclinical carditis in acute rheumatic polyarthritis and rheumatic chorea. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 1998. link 96 Zaman MM, Rouf MA, Haque S, Khan LR, Chowdhury NA, Razzaque SA et al.. Does rheumatic fever occur usually between the ages of 5 and 15 years?. International journal of cardiology 1998. link00140-5) 97 Barold SS, Sischy D, Punzi J, Kaplan EL, Chessin L. Advanced atrioventricular block in a 39-year-old man with acute rheumatic fever. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 1998. link 98 Minich LL, Tani LY, Pagotto LT, Shaddy RE, Veasy LG. Doppler echocardiography distinguishes between physiologic and pathologic "silent" mitral regurgitation in patients with rheumatic fever. Clinical cardiology 1997. link 99 Vasan RS, Shrivastava S, Vijayakumar M, Narang R, Lister BC, Narula J. Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic carditis. Circulation 1996. link 100 Akasheh MS, al-Lozi M, Affarah HB, Hajjiri FK, al-Jitawi S. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis complicating acute rheumatic fever. Postgraduate medical journal 1995. link

Original source

[1]
Inequities in Indigenous Youth with Rheumatic Fever in the USA: A Single-Center Study. — Martin S, Stein E, Arya B, Tressel W, Deen JF Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities (2026)
[2]
Resurgence of rheumatic fever among Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand: A 2010-2023 analysis of hospitalisation data with implications for equity policy. — Sonder GJ, Pledger M, Hill PC, Ryan D Australian and New Zealand journal of public health (2026)
[3]
Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Ang SP, Chia JE, Misra K, Krittanawong C, Iglesias J, Gewirtz D et al. Angiology (2026)
[4]
Pain mechanisms for the practicing rheumatologist. — Minhas D Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology (2024)
[5]
Global burden of vaccine-associated rheumatic diseases and their related vaccines, 1967-2023: A comprehensive analysis of the international pharmacovigilance database. — Oh J, Jo H, Park J, Lee H, Kim HJ, Lee H et al. International journal of rheumatic diseases (2024)
[6]
Outcome following acute and recurrent rheumatic fever. — Silvilairat S, Sornwai A, Sethasathien S, Saengsin K, Makonkawkeyoon K, Sittiwangkul R et al. Paediatrics and international child health (2024)
[7]
Improving access to care for rheumatology services in Canada. — Kwok TSH, Widdifield J Clinical rheumatology (2023)
[8]
Vitamin D and Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. — Athanassiou L, Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Koutsilieris M, Shoenfeld Y Biomolecules (2023)
[9]
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases associated with granulomatous mastitis. — Parperis K, Achilleos S, Costi E, Vardas M Rheumatology international (2023)
[10]
Coexistence of Graves' disease with acute rheumatic fever treated as thyroid storm in young Thai patient. — Onsoi W, Srilanchakon K, Aroonparkmongkol S, Supornsilchai V Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM (2023)
[11]
Liquid Biopsy and Its Emerging Role in Rheumatology. — Świecka M, Maślińska M Critical reviews in immunology (2022)
[12]
Epidemiologic Opportunities and Challenges in Studying Environmental Risk Factors for Rheumatic Diseases. — Kronzer VL, Davis JM, Crowson CS Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America (2022)
[13]
Diagnostic Agreement Among General Practitioners, Residents, and Senior Rheumatologists for Rheumatic Diseases. — Farias Teixeira ME, Bonjorno LP, Menezes PISO, Gigante SLG, Dib SM, Oliveira FR et al. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases (2022)
[14]
Improving benefit-harm assessment of glucocorticoid therapy incorporating the patient perspective: The OMERACT glucocorticoid core domain set. — Tieu J, Cheah JT, Black RJ, Christensen R, Ghosh N, Richards P et al. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2021)
[15]
Cardio-Rheumatology: Two Collaborating Disciplines to Deal with the Enhanced Cardiovascular Risk in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. — Manolis AS, Tzioufas AG Current vascular pharmacology (2020)
[16]
Immune monitoring using mass cytometry and related high-dimensional imaging approaches. — Hartmann FJ, Bendall SC Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2020)
[17]
Unusual presentation of rheumatic fever in a 3-year-old child in the UK. — Miller T, Aung Y, Blundell D, Kona ASESA BMJ case reports (2020)
[18]
Providing updated guidelines for the management of rheumatic diseases in Italy with the ADAPTE methodology: a project by the Italian Society for Rheumatology. — Manara M, Ughi N, Ariani A, Bortoluzzi A, Parisi S, Prevete I et al. Reumatismo (2019)
[19]
Progress towards universal health coverage in the context of rheumatic diseases in India. — Ranjan A, Thiagarajan S, Garg S, Danda D International journal of rheumatic diseases (2019)
[20]
Carditis in Acute Rheumatic Fever in a High-Income and Moderate-Risk Country. — Fabi M, Calicchia M, Miniaci A, Balducci A, Tronconi E, Bonetti S et al. The Journal of pediatrics (2019)
[21]
The analysis of the effects of acute rheumatic fever in childhood on cardiac disease with data mining. — Emre İE, Erol N, Ayhan Yİ, Özkan Y, Erol Ç International journal of medical informatics (2019)
[22]
Poor long-term adherence to secondary penicillin prophylaxis in children with history of rheumatic fever. — Amarilyo G, Chodick G, Zalcman J, Koren G, Levinsky Y, Somekh I et al. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2019)
[23]
An old disease re-emerging: acute rheumatic fever. — Khan A, Sutcliffe N, Jawad AS Clinical medicine (London, England) (2018)
[24]
Pulse therapy combined with oral corticosteroids in the management of severe rheumatic carditis and rebound. — Torres RPA, Torres RFA, Torres RA, Torres RSLA Cardiology in the young (2018)
[25]
Mass spectrometry imaging: a novel technology in rheumatology. — Rocha B, Ruiz-Romero C, Blanco FJ Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2017)
[26]
Mitral valve enhancement in a patient with active Rheumatic Fever: An uncommon phenomenon on the MRI examination with possible clinical significance. — Gadabanahalli K, Bhat V, Narayana S The international journal of cardiovascular imaging (2017)
[27]
The National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases (NDB). — Michaud K Clinical and experimental rheumatology (2016)
[28]
Male fertility potential alteration in rheumatic diseases: a systematic review. — Tiseo BC, Cocuzza M, Bonfa E, Srougi M, Silva CA International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology (2016)
[29]
A 28-year-old man with chest and joint pains. — Ertel AW, Romano S, Farzaneh-Far A Heart (British Cardiac Society) (2016)
[30]
An insight into rheumatology in Thailand. — Louthrenoo W Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2015)
[31]
A new look at rheumatology in China--opportunities and challenges. — Li ZG Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2015)
[32]
Increased ischaemia-modified albumin is associated with inflammation in acute rheumatic fever. — Karataş Z, Baysal T, Şap F, Alp H, Mehmetoğlu I Cardiology in the young (2014)
[33]
Evaluation of serum ischemia modified albumin levels in acute rheumatic fever before and after therapy. — Toker A, Karatas Z, Altın H, Karaarslan S, Cicekler H, Alp H Indian journal of pediatrics (2014)
[34]
Assessment of atrial electromechanical delay in children with acute rheumatic fever. — Ciftel M, Turan O, Simşek A, Kardelen F, Akçurin G, Ertuğ H Cardiology in the young (2014)
[35]
Hallucinations in severe, repeated Sydenham's chorea in an Indigenous girl in North-West Queensland. — Kuzulugil D, Sheldrick K, Wood A, Whitehall J Journal of paediatrics and child health (2013)
[36]
Rheumatic fever in New Zealand. — Webb R, Wilson N Journal of paediatrics and child health (2013)
[37]
Use of Doppler echocardiography to support the decision to discontinue secondary prophylaxis for patients with rheumatic fever and normal cardiac auscultation. — da Rocha Araújo FD, de Andrade Goulart EM, Meira ZM Pediatric cardiology (2013)
[38]
Epidemiology of eight common rheumatic diseases in China: a large-scale cross-sectional survey in Beijing. — Li R, Sun J, Ren LM, Wang HY, Liu WH, Zhang XW et al. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2012)
[39]
Population-based study of incidence and clinical characteristics of rheumatic fever in Abruzzo, central Italy, 2000-2009. — Breda L, Marzetti V, Gaspari S, Del Torto M, Chiarelli F, Altobelli E The Journal of pediatrics (2012)
[40]
The resurgence of rheumatic fever in a developed country area: the role of echocardiography. — Pastore S, De Cunto A, Benettoni A, Berton E, Taddio A, Lepore L Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2011)
[41]
Acute rheumatic fever in a grown up with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: the role of acquired diseases in patients with congenital heart diseases. — Gomez Rubin MC, Tur R, Dobarro D, Oliver JM, Gonzalez A, Sanchez Recalde A et al. International journal of cardiology (2011)
[42]
The role of viral agents in aetiopathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever. — Olgunturk R, Okur I, Cirak MY, Oguz AD, Akalin N, Turet S et al. Clinical rheumatology (2011)
[43]
Thought barriers to understanding rheumatic diseases--Halstead R. Holman revisited. — Yazici H Bulletin of the NYU hospital for joint diseases (2010)
[44]
The prevalence of rheumatic diseases in central Greece: a population survey. — Anagnostopoulos I, Zinzaras E, Alexiou I, Papathanasiou AA, Davas E, Koutroumpas A et al. BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2010)
[45]
Clinical presentation of rheumatic fever in an endemic area. — Cann MP, Sive AA, Norton RE, McBride WJ, Ketheesan N Archives of disease in childhood (2010)
[46]
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