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Dermatology115 papers

SAPHO syndrome

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome is a rare multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by the association of osteoarticular manifestations with dermatological features such as acne and pustulosis, often linked to underlying infections, particularly Propionibacterium acnes 1232930.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Criteria: Presence of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis 130.
  • Imaging: Bone scans (99m Tc-MDP) and PET/CT (68 Ga-FAPI-04) can help identify multifocal lesions 13.
  • Laboratory Tests: Elevated inflammatory markers; cultures may identify Propionibacterium acnes 129.
  • Ultrasound: Entheseal abnormalities can be detected 31.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatments:
    • - Bisphosphonates: Effective for managing bone lesions 2832. - Antibiotics: Particularly targeting Propionibacterium acnes, though transient effects noted 29.
  • Adjunctive Treatments:
    • - Biologics: Tofacitinib and ixekizumab have shown efficacy 615. - Immunosuppressants: Consideration for refractory cases 5.

    Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Recognizes distinct disease phenotypes influenced by skin manifestations 2923.
  • Pregnancy: Limited data; case reports suggest cautious management with existing treatments 48.
  • Comorbidities: SAPHO syndrome can coexist with conditions like fibromyalgia and spondyloarthropathy 2018.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Use bisphosphonates for managing bone lesions in SAPHO syndrome (Evidence: Strong 2832).
  • Consider biologic agents like tofacitinib or ixekizumab for refractory cases (Evidence: Moderate 615).
  • Evaluate entheseal involvement via ultrasound to guide treatment and monitor disease progression (Evidence: Moderate 31).
  • Monitor for and manage potential comorbidities such as fibromyalgia in SAPHO patients (Evidence: Expert opinion).
  • Consider imaging with PET/CT for comprehensive assessment of multifocal lesions (Evidence: Moderate 13).

    • References

    1 Cai Y, Shao L. Response to "Conclusions about a link between SAPHO syndrome, IgA nephropathy and dental amalgams can only be drawn after extensive analysis" by Delrieu et al. BMC nephrology 2026. link 2 Matucci-Cerinic C, Attico A, Malattia C, Consolaro A, Rosina S, Breda L et al.. Towards the definition of disease phenotypes in paediatric SAPHO syndrome: a national multicentric study. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2025. link 3 Li L, Du M, Xu H, Hou X, Li C. SAPHO syndrome complicated by multiple venous thrombosis of left lower limb: A case report and literature review. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2024. link 4 Ruan DD, Wang RL, Hu YN, Lin X, Luo JW, Yu QH et al.. Clinical and imaging features of six Han patients with SAPHO syndrome. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2024. link 5 Li SWS, Roberts E, Hedrich C. Treatment and monitoring of SAPHO syndrome: a systematic review. RMD open 2023. link 6 Ru C, Qian T, Liu X, Wang C, Li W, Hou X et al.. SAPHO syndrome with Takayasu arteritis successfully treated with tofacitinib. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2023. link 7 Kang T, Xi Y, Li Y, Wei S, Hou X, Li C. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis syndrome with invisible organizing pneumonia: A case report. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2023. link 8 Li Y, Hou X, Liu S, Lu S, Du M, Dong X et al.. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome with cranial bone involvement: Case report and literature review. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2023. link 9 Matucci-Cerinic C, Malattia C, Pistorio A, Rosina S, Consolaro A, Viola S et al.. Skin manifestations help identifying different phenotypes of paediatric SAPHO syndrome. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2023. link 10 Oyama R, Iida K, Saiwai H, Matsumoto Y, Nakashima Y. Destructive cervical spondylitis due to Cutibacterium acnes with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: A case report. Modern rheumatology case reports 2023. link 11 Liu Y, Wu X, Cao Y, Liu S, Ma M, Li C. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome with mandibular involvement: Would surgical operation help?. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2023. link 12 Hattori K, Takahashi N, Suzuki M, Kojima T, Imagama S. A case of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome with isolated lesions of the thoracic spine. Modern rheumatology case reports 2023. link 13 Xu T, Ding H, Fan D, Shu Q, Liu G, Zhang S et al.. Prospective Comparison of the Imaging Value of 99m Tc-MDP Bone Scan and 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT in Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis Syndrome. Clinical nuclear medicine 2023. link 14 Li C, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Huang G. Sexual function assessment in patients with SAPHO syndrome: a cross-sectional study. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 2023. link 15 Xia R, Diao Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Yin Z. Successful treatment of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome with ixekizumab. Clinical and experimental dermatology 2022. link 16 Slouma M, Bettaieb H, Rahmouni S, Litaiem N, Dhahri R, Gharsallah I et al.. Pharmacological Management of Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis Syndrome Syndrome: A Proposal of a Treatment Algorithm. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2022. link 17 Adachi-Katayama M, Kondo Y, Okamoto S, Sato R, Morinaka S, Nishiyama T et al.. Synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis Syndrome with Bilateral Pleural Effusion. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2022. link 18 Furer V, Kishimoto M, Tomita T, Elkayam O, Helliwell PS. Pro and contra: is synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) a spondyloarthritis variant?. Current opinion in rheumatology 2022. link 19 Kishimoto M, Taniguchi Y, Tsuji S, Ishihara Y, Deshpande GA, Maeda K et al.. SAPHO syndrome and pustulotic arthro-osteitis. Modern rheumatology 2022. link 20 Xiang Y, Jiao R, Cao Y, Liang D, Zhang W, Yu Y et al.. Fibromyalgia in patients with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: prevalence and screening. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 21 Qiu C, Cheng L, Hou H, Liu T, Xu B, Xiao X et al.. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome of femoral neoplasm-like onset: a case-based review. The Journal of international medical research 2021. link 22 Wang L, Gong L, Zhang X, Cao Y, Long P, Zhang W et al.. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. in the treatment of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome: a clinical trial. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 23 Wu N, Shao Y, Huo J, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Jing H et al.. Clinical characteristics of pediatric synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: the first Chinese case series from a single center. Clinical rheumatology 2021. link 24 Xiang Y, Wang Y, Cao Y, Li Z, Xiong D, Wang L et al.. Tonsillitis as a possible predisposition to synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2021. link 25 Shao S, Wang W, Qian Y. SAPHO Syndrome Involving the Mandible Treated With 99Tc-MDP. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2020. link 26 Li Y, Li C, Wu N, Li F, Wu Z, Sun X et al.. Demographic, clinical, and scintigraphic comparison of patients affected by palmoplantar pustulosis and severe acne: a retrospective study. Clinical rheumatology 2020. link 27 Valiallah N, Denny J, Worsnop F, Natkunarajah J. Images of the month 3: The 'bull's head' sign of SAPHO syndrome. Clinical medicine (London, England) 2019. link 28 Li C, Zhao Y, Zuo Y, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Liu S et al.. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in patients with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome: a prospective open study. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2019. link 29 Berthelot JM, Corvec S, Hayem G. SAPHO, autophagy, IL-1, FoxO1, and Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes. Joint bone spine 2018. link 30 Carneiro S, Sampaio-Barros PD. SAPHO syndrome. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2013. link 31 Queiro R, Alonso S, Alperi M, Fernández M, Tejón P, Riestra JL et al.. Entheseal ultrasound abnormalities in patients with SAPHO syndrome. Clinical rheumatology 2012. link 32 Ichikawa J, Sato E, Haro H, Ando T, Maekawa S, Hamada Y. Successful treatment of SAPHO syndrome with an oral bisphosphonate. Rheumatology international 2009. link 33 Govoni M, Colina M, Massara A, Trotta F. "SAPHO syndrome and infections". Autoimmunity reviews 2009. link 34 Colina M, Govoni M, Orzincolo C, Trotta F. Clinical and radiologic evolution of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome: a single center study of a cohort of 71 subjects. Arthritis and rheumatism 2009. link 35 Ozyemisci-Taskiran O, Bölükbasi N, Gögüs F. A hidradenitis suppurativa related SAPHO case associated with features resembling spondylarthropathy and proteinuria. Clinical rheumatology 2007. link 36 Spyridonidis T, Giannakenas C, Papandrianos N, Barla P, Apostolopoulos DJ. Two cases of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, osteitis--SAPHO syndrome. Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine 2007. link 37 Watanuki M, Hatori M, Kokubun S. SAPHO syndrome with a tumour-like bony proliferative lesion in distal femur. A case report. Upsala journal of medical sciences 2006. link 38 Iqbal M, Kolodney MS. Acne fulminans with synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome treated with infliximab. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2005. link 39 Roldán JC, Terheyden H, Dunsche A, Kampen WU, Schroeder JO. Acne with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis involving the mandible as part of the SAPHO syndrome: case report. The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery 2001. link 40 Miyamoto M, Shirai Y, Nakayama Y, Gembun Y, Kitagawa Y, Nanbu A. A case report of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome presenting with spondylodiscitis. Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi 2000. link 41 Orion E, Brenner S. Stress-induced SAPHO syndrome. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 1999. link 42 Koh ET. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: a brief review of a rare condition. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 1998. link 43 Sugimoto H, Tamura K, Fujii T. The SAPHO syndrome: defining the radiologic spectrum of diseases comprising the syndrome. European radiology 1998. link 44 Toussirot E, Dupond JL, Wendling D. Spondylodiscitis in SAPHO syndrome. A series of eight cases. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 1997. link 45 Kotilainen P, Gullichsen RE, Saario R, Manner I, Kotilainen E. Aseptic spondylitis as the initial manifestation of the SAPHO syndrome. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 1997. link 46 Bölükbaş N, Bölükbaş S, Erel A, Talí ET. Sapho syndrome associated with acne fulminans and prominent acromioclavicular joint involvement. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology 1996. link 47 Claudepierre P, Clerc D, Cariou D, Lavabre C, Venencie PY, Bisson M. SAPHO syndrome and pyoderma gangrenosum: is it fortuitous?. The Journal of rheumatology 1996. link 48 Pons JC, Nekhlyudov L, Delfraissy JF. The course of the SAPHO syndrome during pregnancy. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology 1996. link02588-x) 49 Suei Y, Taguchi A, Tanimoto K. Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible: its characteristics and possible relationship to synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 1996. link90349-3) 50 Suei Y, Taguchi A, Tanimoto K, Yamada T, Otani K, Fukuda T. Case report. synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome. Dento maxillo facial radiology 1996. link 51 Kotilainen P, Merilahti-Palo R, Lehtonen OP, Manner I, Helander I, Möttönen T et al.. Propionibacterium acnes isolated from sternal osteitis in a patient with SAPHO syndrome. The Journal of rheumatology 1996. link 52 Reith JD, Bauer TW, Schils JP. Osseous manifestations of SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis) syndrome. The American journal of surgical pathology 1996. link 53 Cotten A, Flipo RM, Mentre A, Delaporte E, Duquesnoy B, Chastanet P. SAPHO syndrome. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 1995. link 54 Maugars Y, Berthelot JM, Ducloux JM, Prost A. SAPHO syndrome: a followup study of 19 cases with special emphasis on enthesis involvement. The Journal of rheumatology 1995. link 55 Kahn MF, Khan MA. The SAPHO syndrome. Bailliere's clinical rheumatology 1994. link80022-7) 56 Kahn MF, Hayem F, Hayem G, Grossin M. Is diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible part of the synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome? Analysis of seven cases. Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology 1994. link90170-8) 57 Vohradníková O, Záruba F, Polásková S, Hoza J, Leiská A. The SAPHO syndrome. Acta dermato-venereologica 1993. link 58 Jana H, Pavel K. The SAPHO syndrome in a 16-year-old boy: coincidence of acne conglobata and osteoarthritis. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 1993. link90096-8) 59 Brandsen RE, Dekel S, Yaron M, Caspi D, Ophir J, Brenner S. SAPHO syndrome. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 1993. link 60 Kahn MF, Chamot AM. SAPHO syndrome. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 1992. link 61 Vecchio PC, Marlton PV, Webb J. Noninfectious osteitis: part of the SAPHO syndrome. Clinical rheumatology 1992. link 62 Trotta F, La Corte R, Bajocchi G, Manicardi S. Hyperostosis and multifocal osteitis: a purely rheumatological subset of the SAPHO syndrome. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 1990. link

    Original source

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      Response to "Conclusions about a link between SAPHO syndrome, IgA nephropathy and dental amalgams can only be drawn after extensive analysis" by Delrieu et al. — Cai Y, Shao L BMC nephrology (2026)
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      Towards the definition of disease phenotypes in paediatric SAPHO syndrome: a national multicentric study. — Matucci-Cerinic C, Attico A, Malattia C, Consolaro A, Rosina S, Breda L et al. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025)
    3. [3]
      SAPHO syndrome complicated by multiple venous thrombosis of left lower limb: A case report and literature review. — Li L, Du M, Xu H, Hou X, Li C International journal of rheumatic diseases (2024)
    4. [4]
      Clinical and imaging features of six Han patients with SAPHO syndrome. — Ruan DD, Wang RL, Hu YN, Lin X, Luo JW, Yu QH et al. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) (2024)
    5. [5]
      Treatment and monitoring of SAPHO syndrome: a systematic review. — Li SWS, Roberts E, Hedrich C RMD open (2023)
    6. [6]
      SAPHO syndrome with Takayasu arteritis successfully treated with tofacitinib. — Ru C, Qian T, Liu X, Wang C, Li W, Hou X et al. International journal of rheumatic diseases (2023)
    7. [7]
      Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis syndrome with invisible organizing pneumonia: A case report. — Kang T, Xi Y, Li Y, Wei S, Hou X, Li C International journal of rheumatic diseases (2023)
    8. [8]
      Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome with cranial bone involvement: Case report and literature review. — Li Y, Hou X, Liu S, Lu S, Du M, Dong X et al. International journal of rheumatic diseases (2023)
    9. [9]
      Skin manifestations help identifying different phenotypes of paediatric SAPHO syndrome. — Matucci-Cerinic C, Malattia C, Pistorio A, Rosina S, Consolaro A, Viola S et al. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2023)
    10. [10]
      Destructive cervical spondylitis due to Cutibacterium acnes with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: A case report. — Oyama R, Iida K, Saiwai H, Matsumoto Y, Nakashima Y Modern rheumatology case reports (2023)
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      Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome with mandibular involvement: Would surgical operation help? — Liu Y, Wu X, Cao Y, Liu S, Ma M, Li C International journal of rheumatic diseases (2023)
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      A case of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome with isolated lesions of the thoracic spine. — Hattori K, Takahashi N, Suzuki M, Kojima T, Imagama S Modern rheumatology case reports (2023)
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      Prospective Comparison of the Imaging Value of 99m Tc-MDP Bone Scan and 68 Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT in Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis Syndrome. — Xu T, Ding H, Fan D, Shu Q, Liu G, Zhang S et al. Clinical nuclear medicine (2023)
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      Sexual function assessment in patients with SAPHO syndrome: a cross-sectional study. — Li C, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Huang G Orphanet journal of rare diseases (2023)
    15. [15]
      Successful treatment of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome with ixekizumab. — Xia R, Diao Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Yin Z Clinical and experimental dermatology (2022)
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      Pharmacological Management of Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis Syndrome Syndrome: A Proposal of a Treatment Algorithm. — Slouma M, Bettaieb H, Rahmouni S, Litaiem N, Dhahri R, Gharsallah I et al. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases (2022)
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      Synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis Syndrome with Bilateral Pleural Effusion. — Adachi-Katayama M, Kondo Y, Okamoto S, Sato R, Morinaka S, Nishiyama T et al. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2022)
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      Pro and contra: is synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) a spondyloarthritis variant? — Furer V, Kishimoto M, Tomita T, Elkayam O, Helliwell PS Current opinion in rheumatology (2022)
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      SAPHO syndrome and pustulotic arthro-osteitis. — Kishimoto M, Taniguchi Y, Tsuji S, Ishihara Y, Deshpande GA, Maeda K et al. Modern rheumatology (2022)
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      Fibromyalgia in patients with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: prevalence and screening. — Xiang Y, Jiao R, Cao Y, Liang D, Zhang W, Yu Y et al. Clinical rheumatology (2021)
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      Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome of femoral neoplasm-like onset: a case-based review. — Qiu C, Cheng L, Hou H, Liu T, Xu B, Xiao X et al. The Journal of international medical research (2021)
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      Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. in the treatment of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome: a clinical trial. — Wang L, Gong L, Zhang X, Cao Y, Long P, Zhang W et al. Clinical rheumatology (2021)
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      Clinical characteristics of pediatric synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome: the first Chinese case series from a single center. — Wu N, Shao Y, Huo J, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Jing H et al. Clinical rheumatology (2021)
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      Tonsillitis as a possible predisposition to synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome. — Xiang Y, Wang Y, Cao Y, Li Z, Xiong D, Wang L et al. International journal of rheumatic diseases (2021)
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      SAPHO Syndrome Involving the Mandible Treated With 99Tc-MDP. — Shao S, Wang W, Qian Y The Journal of craniofacial surgery (2020)
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      Demographic, clinical, and scintigraphic comparison of patients affected by palmoplantar pustulosis and severe acne: a retrospective study. — Li Y, Li C, Wu N, Li F, Wu Z, Sun X et al. Clinical rheumatology (2020)
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      Images of the month 3: The 'bull's head' sign of SAPHO syndrome. — Valiallah N, Denny J, Worsnop F, Natkunarajah J Clinical medicine (London, England) (2019)
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      Efficacy of bisphosphonates in patients with synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome: a prospective open study. — Li C, Zhao Y, Zuo Y, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Liu S et al. Clinical and experimental rheumatology (2019)
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      SAPHO, autophagy, IL-1, FoxO1, and Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes. — Berthelot JM, Corvec S, Hayem G Joint bone spine (2018)
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      SAPHO syndrome. — Carneiro S, Sampaio-Barros PD Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America (2013)
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      Entheseal ultrasound abnormalities in patients with SAPHO syndrome. — Queiro R, Alonso S, Alperi M, Fernández M, Tejón P, Riestra JL et al. Clinical rheumatology (2012)
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      Two cases of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, osteitis--SAPHO syndrome. — Spyridonidis T, Giannakenas C, Papandrianos N, Barla P, Apostolopoulos DJ Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine (2007)
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      SAPHO syndrome with a tumour-like bony proliferative lesion in distal femur. A case report. — Watanuki M, Hatori M, Kokubun S Upsala journal of medical sciences (2006)
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      Acne fulminans with synovitis-acne-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome treated with infliximab. — Iqbal M, Kolodney MS Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2005)
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      Acne with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis involving the mandible as part of the SAPHO syndrome: case report. — Roldán JC, Terheyden H, Dunsche A, Kampen WU, Schroeder JO The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery (2001)
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      A case report of synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis syndrome presenting with spondylodiscitis. — Miyamoto M, Shirai Y, Nakayama Y, Gembun Y, Kitagawa Y, Nanbu A Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi (2000)
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      Aseptic spondylitis as the initial manifestation of the SAPHO syndrome. — Kotilainen P, Gullichsen RE, Saario R, Manner I, Kotilainen E European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (1997)
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      Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible: its characteristics and possible relationship to synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome. — Suei Y, Taguchi A, Tanimoto K Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (1996)
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      Case report. synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome. — Suei Y, Taguchi A, Tanimoto K, Yamada T, Otani K, Fukuda T Dento maxillo facial radiology (1996)
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      Propionibacterium acnes isolated from sternal osteitis in a patient with SAPHO syndrome. — Kotilainen P, Merilahti-Palo R, Lehtonen OP, Manner I, Helander I, Möttönen T et al. The Journal of rheumatology (1996)
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      Osseous manifestations of SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis) syndrome. — Reith JD, Bauer TW, Schils JP The American journal of surgical pathology (1996)
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      SAPHO syndrome: a followup study of 19 cases with special emphasis on enthesis involvement. — Maugars Y, Berthelot JM, Ducloux JM, Prost A The Journal of rheumatology (1995)
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      The SAPHO syndrome. — Kahn MF, Khan MA Bailliere's clinical rheumatology (1994)
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      Is diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis of the mandible part of the synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome? Analysis of seven cases. — Kahn MF, Hayem F, Hayem G, Grossin M Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology (1994)
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      The SAPHO syndrome in a 16-year-old boy: coincidence of acne conglobata and osteoarthritis. — Jana H, Pavel K The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine (1993)
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      Noninfectious osteitis: part of the SAPHO syndrome. — Vecchio PC, Marlton PV, Webb J Clinical rheumatology (1992)
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      Hyperostosis and multifocal osteitis: a purely rheumatological subset of the SAPHO syndrome. — Trotta F, La Corte R, Bajocchi G, Manicardi S Clinical and experimental rheumatology (1990)
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