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Neurosurgery2968 papers

Degeneration of lumbosacral intervertebral disc

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a leading cause of low back pain, characterized by structural and functional changes in the lumbar spine discs, often involving inflammation, extracellular matrix breakdown, and cellular senescence 1 3 10 25.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Chronic low back pain, often exacerbated by mechanical stress 1.

Imaging: MRI is essential for assessing disc morphology; Pfirrmann grading system aids in severity assessment 5 6.

Signal Voids: MRI signal voids may indicate mineralization or gas, requiring careful interpretation 5.

Biomarkers: Serum proteomic panels, including specific proteins like those identified in recent studies, can aid in grading and predicting degeneration 8.

Management

Conservative Treatment: Physical therapy, pain management (e.g., NSAIDs), and lifestyle modifications 1.

Cell-Based Therapies: Emerging therapies include nucleus pulposus cell regeneration and scaffold-based treatments 13 33.

Targeted Therapies: Agents targeting specific pathways such as ferroptosis (e.g., Nrf2 activators), autophagy (e.g., resveratrol), and inflammation (e.g., eugenol) show promise 22 48 37.

Biologics and Biomaterials: Hydrogels and engineered gels targeting extracellular matrix repair and cellular senescence are under investigation 37 63.

Special Populations

Elderly: Increased prevalence and complexity of degeneration; conservative management often prioritized 1 25.

Pregnancy: Limited data; conservative approaches recommended due to potential risks of surgical interventions 30.

Comorbidities: Conditions like diabetes may exacerbate degeneration; management should consider metabolic impacts 25 50.

Key Recommendations

Utilize MRI with Pfirrmann grading for accurate assessment of disc degeneration severity (Evidence: Moderate 5 6).

Consider conservative management as first-line treatment, including physical therapy and NSAIDs (Evidence: Strong 1).

Explore targeted therapies addressing specific molecular pathways (e.g., ferroptosis, autophagy) in advanced cases (Evidence: Moderate 22 48).

Monitor elderly patients closely due to higher risk and complexity of degeneration (Evidence: Expert opinion 1 25).

In pregnant women, prioritize conservative treatments due to limited evidence for surgical interventions (Evidence: Expert opinion 30).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 2777 indexed papers.

1 Tang Y, Lin X, Som A, Zhang M. Cell and Hydrogel-Integrated Therapies for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration. Advanced healthcare materials 2026. link 2 Han C, Fu S, Wang H, Zhang K, Zhao J. Zmpste24 deficiency contributes to intervertebral disc degeneration by undermining the stability of the nuclear membrane of nucleus pulposus cells. PeerJ 2026. link 3 Wu W, Cheng Z, Chen X, Shi P, Zhang A, Gao H et al.. Pyroptosis: mechanism and therapeutic strategies with intervertebral disc degeneration. Experimental & molecular medicine 2026. link 4 Yang D, Yang J, Wang G. Beyond the hype: the glycolysis-pyroptosis axis in intervertebral disc degeneration and the path to therapeutic translation. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 2026. link 5 Vali Y, Daniel C, Ludewig E, Schwarz T. MRI Signal Void in Degenerated Canine Intervertebral Disks May Represent Mineralization or Gas. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association 2026. link 6 Minin A, Leonova O, Krutko A, Elgaeva E, Antonets D, Shtokalo D et al.. SpineScan: a deep learning model for lumbar spine MRI annotation and Pfirrmann grading assessment. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2026. link 7 Hou Y, Liu L, Guo Y, Shi J. Epigenetic crossroads in intervertebral disc degeneration: Unlocking novel therapeutic avenues (Review). Molecular medicine reports 2026. link 8 Zhou Z, Li Y, Zhu L, Li H, Wang N, Zhou H et al.. Plasma Proteomic Profiling Identifies a Six-Protein Panel for Grading and Predicting Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Journal of proteome research 2026. link 9 Tang S, Liu T, Wu L, Xu X, Huan L, Sun X et al.. Upregulation of MYBL2 ameliorates senescence of nucleus pulposus cells in degenerative intervertebral discs based on RNA-sequencing analysis. Journal of molecular histology 2026. link 10 Xu Y, Wu Y, Xie Z, Wang J, Xu R, Xu T et al.. SPP1 secreted by nucleus pulposus cells mediates inflammatory infiltration and contributes to intervertebral disc degeneration. International immunopharmacology 2026. link 11 Akhlaghi P, Doodkorte R, Lafranca P, Schlösser T, van Rietbergen B, Ito K. Annulus fibrosus micro-damage in Mild intervertebral disc degeneration. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2026. link 12 Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Liu C, Chen M, Zhang Y, Bian Z et al.. SOD1 lactylation impair its enzymatic activity by conformational change to aggravate intervertebral disc degeneration. Nature communications 2026. link 13 Balasubramanian RV, Muerner M, Kopinski-Grünwald O, Grad S, Fernández-Pérez J, Ovsianikov A. Exploring Injectable Scaffolded Spheroids for Nucleus Pulposus Therapy in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs. ACS applied materials & interfaces 2026. link 14 Augustin JA, Burt KG, Barrett C, Fainor M, Orozco BS, Schaer TP et al.. Neuroimmune Activation in a Goat Model of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Cells 2026. link 15 Wu J, Ma T, Zhu Y, Li J, Tu X, Lu Z et al.. Nodakenin attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by regulaing ferroptosis via the Notch-c-Myc-SLC7A11 axis. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2026. link 16 Chen S, Wang Z, Zhu D, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhang Y et al.. POSTN drives STAT3/NF-κB-mediated CXCL5 feedback to promote macrophage polarization in IDD. International immunopharmacology 2026. link 17 Sun H, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Liu C, Gao D, Zhao Q et al.. Excessive compression induces cartilage endplate degeneration via the Piezo1/NAT10/mTOR signaling axis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage 2026. link 18 Liu X, Song X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, Cui L et al.. Exploring the mechanisms underlying quercetin, a key component of . Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 19 Venkatachala Babu J, Puvanesarajah V, Mesfin A, Japa JP, Yoon K, Ehioghae M et al.. TRPC6-Mediated Ca. Cells 2026. link 20 Cai L, Ru B, Ren H, Cai F, Zeng L, Yang J et al.. Gas therapy: an innovative application for intervertebral disc degeneration. Medical gas research 2026. link 21 Yang F, Liu X, Zhang Y, Qiu X, Lei S, Zhang C et al.. The STAT3/S100A6/P53/SLC7A11 axis mediates intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells and the metabolism of the extracellular matrix. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society 2026. link 22 Zheng S, Li T, Li Q. The role of icariin in promoting autophagic repair of intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Tissue & cell 2026. link 23 Zhou Y, Mei Y, Wang H, Hao P, Song C, Liu Z et al.. Targeting mitophagy and ferroptosis: A new direction for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Tissue & cell 2026. link 24 Joyce K, Scheper AF, Phyo AM, Flaherty RO, Drake R, Devitt A et al.. Inhibition of Hypersialylation in Human Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Modulates Inflammation and Metabolism. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026. link 25 Hao P, He Y, Li F, Luo Y, Song C, Liu Z et al.. Research on the molecular mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Tissue & cell 2026. link 26 Cheng M, Liu Y, Suo M, Wang K, Chen X, Li Z. Immunometabolism: A Novel Therapeutic Target and Its Pharmacological Modulation for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. International journal of molecular sciences 2026. link 27 Gong Y, Xiang J, Wang B, Hu L, Shao S, Wu Y et al.. Apelin-13 activates TFEB-mediated autophagy via AMPK to attenuate senescence and pyroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells during intervertebral disc degeneration. Mechanisms of ageing and development 2026. link 28 Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang K, Wang Z, Wei Z et al.. From accumulation to degeneration: Microplastics as emerging risk factors for intervertebral disc health. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 2026. link 29 He S, Ma J, Yao C, Ye Y, Yang C, Xu Z et al.. HYAL2-generated low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid promotes intervertebral disc degeneration via the CD44/AKT signaling axis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2026. link 30 Pan C, Li Y, Li L, Wang B. Associations between the serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and intervertebral disc degeneration severity during the menopausal transition. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2026. link 31 Zhou LP, Wang JQ, Kang L, Hou YX, Yan X, Zhao CH et al.. Acid-sensing ion channel 1a contributes to the calcium/calmodulin-dependent ferroptosis and aggravates intervertebral disc degeneration. Redox report : communications in free radical research 2026. link 32 Tong B, Zhang X, Zhu D, Wang Y, Wei J, Ou Z et al.. Extracellular vesicle-based targeted protein degradation platform for multiple extracellular proteins. EMBO molecular medicine 2026. link 33 Zhang W, Yin H, Wang C, Ma X, Miao D, Li G et al.. Controlled release of hypoxic exosomes from PLGA microspheres attenuates IVDD progression through activating PPAR-γ and suppressing oxidative stress-mediated NPCs senescence. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2026. link 34 Xia J, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Li T, Dong H, Zhu L et al.. HACE1 alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells. Scientific reports 2026. link 35 Jia Y, Huang S, Li T, Xu B. Intervertebral disc puncture predisposes the disc to Cutibacterium acnes infection via hematogenous and contiguous routes: a rat model study. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2026. link 36 Li S, Yang Q, Huang L, Pan C, Wang J, Wei Q et al.. Comprehensive serum CircRNA profiling identifies CircRNA_103372 as a novel diagnostic biomarker for intervertebral disc degeneration. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2026. link 37 Kai W, Renji W, Jiarui C, Yiguang H, Ruoyu L, Xiaodong W et al.. Self-stiffening polysaccharide hydrogel targeting ferroptosis reverses intervertebral disc degeneration via iron ions chelation and Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. International journal of biological macromolecules 2026. link 38 Dong ZR, Wang J, Huang YK, Ding W, He HX, Yuan GC et al.. Ciliary IFT88 inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration under excessive mechanical stress by regulating endplate cartilage calcification. Journal of advanced research 2026. link 39 Zheng F, Fu J, Hu Z, Luo M, Yue W, Ma Y et al.. Transcriptome data combined with two-sample Mendelian randomization reveal IRF1 and PRKD1 as UPR-related key regulators in intervertebral disc degeneration. Medicine 2026. link 40 Chen X, Cao K, Feng H. miR-145-5p combined with miR-140-5p regulates the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into nucleus pulposus cells and its mechanism in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 2026. link 41 Zhang S, Du J, Aikeremu D, Ma Z, Wang H. D-Galactose induces the senescence and senescence-related secretory phenotype switch of nucleus pulposus cells. Experimental gerontology 2026. link 42 Song C, Wu X, Chen C, Shen B, He Y, Liu F et al.. Resveratrol Alleviates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Targeting NCOA4-Mediated Ferritinophagy Through Dual Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Drug design, development and therapy 2026. link 43 Wu Z, Xu Y, Qin L, Ling Z, Mai Y, Guo XT et al.. ROS-Responsive Wedelolactone Hydrogel Promotes Intervertebral Disc Repair by Disrupting the NF-κB-LCN2 Inflammatory Feedback Loop. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026. link 44 Jin Y, Chen K, Chen H, Ding H, Chen X, Jiang L et al.. Nobiletin ameliorates intervertebral disc degeneration by upregulating HIF-1α to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. European journal of pharmacology 2026. link 45 Ren L, Li C, Sun J, Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Zheng J et al.. Propionibacterium acnes evades microbicidal phagocytosis by inhibiting the mitochondrial biogenesis of nucleus pulposus cells. The FEBS journal 2026. link 46 Chen S, Zhou X, Wang W, Zheng Y, Kang R, Xi Z et al.. Danggui Sini decoction attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells via the GJA1/cGAS/STING signaling axis. International immunopharmacology 2026. link 47 Kang Y, Li M, Hu B, Lv Y, Du J, Zhang D et al.. Machine Learning Identifies Key Cells and Therapeutic Targets in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: SASP-Driven Matrix Catabolism, Inflammation Amplification, and Metabolic Collapse. Inflammation 2026. link 48 Sun S, Lu X, Yang S, Liang H, Lyu G, Chen Y et al.. Eugenol attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting nucleus pulposus cell ferroptosis via the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. Free radical biology & medicine 2026. link 49 Tian J, Wang Z, Liu R, Qiu X, He D, Shan N et al.. GOLGB1 deficiency accelerates intervertebral disc degeneration by activating the MAPK pathway. Scientific reports 2026. link 50 Liu Z, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang G, Fu C, Sun Y et al.. Biomaterial-based treatments for structural reconstruction in intervertebral disc degeneration. Biomaterials 2026. link 51 Wei X, Vo N, Sowa GA. The tandem-random transition of cellular patterning: proposed roles of N-cadherin-based orientational cell adhesions in the development, maintenance, and degeneration of the nucleus pulposus. Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 2026. link 52 Li S, Yang T, Lu R, Chen S, Jia S, Zhang L et al.. Natural products targeting programmed cell death: a novel therapeutic strategy for intervertebral disc degeneration. International journal of surgery (London, England) 2026. link 53 Liang J, Mao J, Tan Z, Li J. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes repair degenerative intervertebral discs by modulating macrophage M1/M2 phenotype. Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society 2026. link 54 Hu T, Yan M, Chen Y, Chen S, Song Z, Jing X et al.. VDAC1-mediated cytosolic leakage of mtDNA triggers pyroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by activating the TLR9 signaling pathway. Cellular signalling 2026. link 55 Wang K, Ji H, Gao J, Wang Z, Gao Y, Lian X et al.. DDIT3 drives nucleus pulposus cell PANoptosis and intervertebral disc degeneration progression. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 2026. link 56 Tu K, Liao D, Chen Z, Wang Z, Zhao K, Zhong H et al.. Friedelin Ameliorates Nucleus Pulposus Inflammation by Increasing p65 Autophagic Degradation to Inhibit NF-κB Signalling Pathway. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2026. link 57 Li Q, Bo K, Shen C. SPP1-CD44 signaling contributes to the mechanisms and therapeutic implications in intervertebral disc degeneration. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2026. link 58 Li H, Yu C, Li Z, Yao S, Mo K, Peng G et al.. Leptin Regulates Intervertebral Disc Calcification and Ossification by Promoting Glycolysis Through OCN/HIF-1α Axis. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2026. link 59 Wang Y, Xu T, Wang H, Cai X, Gao S, Liang W et al.. Engineered microalgae-driven gel platform promotes the repairing of senescence-associated intervertebral disc degeneration in rats and goats. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 2026. link 60 Yuan J, Ye J, Huang Y, Cai C, Wang Y, Chen X et al.. Targeting MT-tsRNA IDDMT with Nanoparticles to Annulus Fibrosus: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Advanced healthcare materials 2026. link 61 Qu G, Zeng Z, Luo B, Zhao L, Yuan J. Unraveling the ferroptosis landscape in intervertebral disc degeneration through integrated bioinformatics and single-cell sequencing. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 2026. link 62 Li Q, Jin P, Zhao C, Zhang R, Shen C. SPP1 in notochord cells modulates intervertebral disc degeneration through CD44 recognition by macrophages based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. International journal of surgery (London, England) 2026. link 63 Yang L, Dai Z, Fan X, Jin Y, Wang J, Yu C et al.. Injectable ROS-Scavenging Trimetallic Nanocomposite Hydrogel Modulates Oxidative Microenvironment for Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Advanced healthcare materials 2026. link 64 Wu ZL, Ran R, Xie QQ, Zhang C, Chen YJ, Cheng P et al.. FGF21-Mediated Upregulation of SIRT1 Delays Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Promoting PINK1/Parkin Dependent Mitophagy Through Deacetylation of FOXO3. Aging cell 2026. link 65 He J, Li W, Chen F, Yin G, Tang L, Fan Q. The role of autophagy in intervertebral disc degeneration and the regulation mechanism of AP-2α on autophagy. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 2026. link 66 Zhang F, Wu W, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Zhang W. CSF1 regulates inflammation and apoptosis in intervertebral disc degeneration. Scientific reports 2026. link 67 Li H, Han C, Zheng J, Li Z, Wang X, Zhu L et al.. Exploring the Mechanistic Role of Bushen Huoxue Decoction in Treating Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Through Efferocytosis Regulation. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM 2026. link 68 Shi Y, Li F, Zhao T, Sun K, Zhang D, Yan C et al.. CRISPLD2 Attenuates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Suppressing Oxidative Stress-Induced Ferroptosis through the miR-548I-IL17A Axis. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026. link 69 Chen J, Luo Y, Li F, He Y, Zhou Y, Peng L et al.. The pivotal role and intervention strategies of BMAL1 mediated circadian clock dysregulation in intervertebral disc degeneration. Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] 2026. link 70 Wu Z, Jiang Z, Hong C, Yang S, Jin S, Wu C et al.. Acetylation Regulates ACSL4 Degradation Through Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy to Alleviate Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026. link 71 Wu W, Cheng Z, Shi P, Gao H, Chen Y, Zhang A et al.. Ultrasound-responsive piezoelectric hydrogel attenuates oxidative stress-induced nucleus pulposus senescence via AMPK-FOXO1a-mediated mitophagy for intervertebral disc regeneration. Biomaterials 2026. link 72 Kang L, Wang J, Zhao C, Li Q, Zhang Z, Zhang H et al.. PACS-2 Mitigates NPSC Apoptosis and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Preserving MAM Integrity via the SP1/LRRK2/Mfn2 Axis. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2026. link 73 Qiu S, Xu W, Yu C, Cen S, Duan Y, Li J et al.. EGR1/miR-4306/MAT2A axis aggravates pyroptosis and extracellular matrix degradation of nucleus pulposus cells in intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell biology and toxicology 2026. link 74 Wu O, Jin Y, Weng S, Zhang Z, Tu K, Sun J et al.. METTL3 regulates α-KG-dependent mitophagy and apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells through the MALAT1/miR-23c/IDH1 axis. Cell reports 2026. link 75 Liang H, Yang S, Huang Y, Zhu Y, Wu Q, Wu Z et al.. PTPN22 as a therapeutic target in intervertebral disc degeneration: Modulating mitophagy and pyroptosis through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis. Journal of advanced research 2026. link 76 Lyu G, Gao Z, Cao Z, Zhou Q, Chen Y, Yang S et al.. Synergistic microenvironment therapy: a dual-function nanogel of supramolecular collagen ll-mimetic matrix and antioxidant MXene for attenuating intervertebral disc degeneration. Journal of nanobiotechnology 2026. link 77 Cheng J, Li J, Yu C, Kuang W, Luo R, Zhou Z et al.. Duhuo Jisheng decoction alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting nucleus pulposus cell pyroptosis via gallic acid-mediated downregulation of HIF-1α. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2026. link 78 Wang L, Yang K, Zhu H, Wang D, Wang F, Du X. Circular RNAs in intervertebral disc degeneration: Current insights into mechanisms and therapeutic potentials (Review). Molecular medicine reports 2026. link 79 Zhang T, Feng P, Alexander PG, Lee JY, Sowa GA, Vo NV. Lactate Metabolism in the Intervertebral Disc: Mechanistic Insights and Pathological Implications. Biomolecules 2026. link 80 Humbert P, Danet L, Carrot E, Etienne F, Halgand B, Blanchard F et al.. Transcriptomic and Functional Comparison of Cells Isolated From Healthy and Degenerated Ovine Intervertebral Discs. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 2026. link 81 Xu Y, Qian Z, Ji M, Lu J. Multi-layered integrated shielding: engineering ferroptosis-resistant mesenchymal stem cells for precision therapy of intervertebral disc degeneration. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 2026. link 82 Song Z, Gao Y, Yu J, Zhang Y, Xuan W, Rong Y et al.. Calreticulin attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation through PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. International immunopharmacology 2026. link 83 Li Z, Mao Z, Wan B, Zhang X. Clinical application of intervertebral disc to spinal cord signal ratio based on T2-weighted imaging in assessing disc degeneration. Medicine 2026. link 84 Zhang Q, Hu J, Liu Z, Wu S, Liu F, Tan Y et al.. PIM3 enhances nucleus pulposus cell function and extracellular matrix integrity via kinase-dependent activation of the Akt/mTOR signaling axis in intervertebral disc degeneration. Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 2026. link 85 Lin Z, Mai L, Luo H, Wang Z, Lin Y, Wang H et al.. Smart responsive injectable hydrogel loaded with icariin inhibits ferroptosis and promotes nucleus pulposus repair in intervertebral disc degeneration. Biomaterials advances 2026. link 86 Cheng H, A C, Shu Z, Zhao H, Wang L, Huang C et al.. Microenvironment-targeted strontium delivery system reshapes redox homeostasis to halt degenerative cascades in intervertebral discs. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 2026. link 87 Jin Y, Zhou R, Wang X, Liu H, Zhao X, Jing D et al.. Methylmalonic Acid, an Aging-Associated Metabolite, Accelerates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Inducing Disc Vascularization via the CCL7/JAK2-STAT3/VEGF Signaling Axis. Aging cell 2026. link 88 Qin C, Li X, Xiong M. The causal relationship and metabolic mediation between telomere length and intervertebral disc degeneration: A two-stage network Mendelian randomization study. Medicine 2026. link 89 Li H, Han C, Wen H, Zhu L, Feng M. Integrative LC-MS/MS, Bioinformatics, and Molecular Dynamics Reveal Multitarget Antioxidant Mechanisms of Bushen Huoxue Decoction in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Biomedical chromatography : BMC 2026. link 90 Brans VA, Constantinou AP, Kibble MJ, Nele V, Reumann D, Bau L et al.. Ultrasound-Triggered Gelation for Restoring Biomechanical Properties of Degenerated Functional Spinal Units. Advanced healthcare materials 2026. link 91 Yu L, Chen Y, Lu X, Chen Y, Zhang S, Miao J et al.. Glutarate ameliorates intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating ferroptosis through Nrf2 glutarylation. Free radical biology & medicine 2026. link 92 Lu S, Liu J, Sheng J, Wang R, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Epigallocatechin gallate alleviates intervertebral disc degeneration by suppressing ferroptosis-driven innate immune activation in nucleus pulposus cells. International immunopharmacology 2026. link 93 Yang K, Cheng Y, Yang D. Albiflorin Relieves Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Through Inhibiting Nucleus Pulposus Cell via the p38 MAPK/NF-κB Pathway. Immunity, inflammation and disease 2026. link 94 Schol J, Ambrosio L, Ruiz-Fernandez C, Schlagenhof L, Voskamp C, Laagland LT et al.. TIE2-positive cells in the nucleus pulposus with a purpose: the who, what and why. Journal of biomedical science 2026. link 95 Qi W, Yuan M, He D, Dou F, Zhang D, Lv K et al.. A novel nanotherapeutic strategy: rescuing nucleus pulposus cells from fatty acid metabolic disorder and pyroptosis through ACOT13 by Chinese herbal formula nanoparticles. Journal of nanobiotechnology 2026. link 96 Laagland LT, Salzer E, Fabra GT, Tong X, Poramba-Liyanage DWL, Warin J et al.. A bioactive hydrogel harnessing the regenerative potential of notochordal cells serves as instructive cell carrier for nucleus pulposus repair. Biomaterials 2026. link 97 Zhou H, Ning H, Liu Q, Tan Q, Zeng D, Feng X et al.. A Single-Cell-Inspired Self-Enrichment Therapeutic Strategy Delays Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Inhibiting Pyroptosis. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 2026. link 98 Chen H, Lu K, Li X, Chen K, Jin Y, Chen X et al.. Duhuo mitigates intervertebral disc degeneration by activating PI3K/AKT to inhibit ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2026. link 99 Dou Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Sun X, Liu X, Li B et al.. Role of macrophage in intervertebral disc degeneration. Bone research 2025. link 100 Wu ZL, Liu Y, Song W, Zhou KS, Ling Y, Zhang HH. Role of mitophagy in intervertebral disc degeneration: A narrative review. Osteoarthritis and cartilage 2025. link

Original source

[1]
Cell and Hydrogel-Integrated Therapies for Intervertebral Disc Regeneration. — Tang Y, Lin X, Som A, Zhang M Advanced healthcare materials (2026)
[2]
Zmpste24 deficiency contributes to intervertebral disc degeneration by undermining the stability of the nuclear membrane of nucleus pulposus cells. — Han C, Fu S, Wang H, Zhang K, Zhao J PeerJ (2026)
[3]
Pyroptosis: mechanism and therapeutic strategies with intervertebral disc degeneration. — Wu W, Cheng Z, Chen X, Shi P, Zhang A, Gao H et al. Experimental & molecular medicine (2026)
[4]
Beyond the hype: the glycolysis-pyroptosis axis in intervertebral disc degeneration and the path to therapeutic translation. — Yang D, Yang J, Wang G Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death (2026)
[5]
MRI Signal Void in Degenerated Canine Intervertebral Disks May Represent Mineralization or Gas. — Vali Y, Daniel C, Ludewig E, Schwarz T Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association (2026)
[6]
SpineScan: a deep learning model for lumbar spine MRI annotation and Pfirrmann grading assessment. — Minin A, Leonova O, Krutko A, Elgaeva E, Antonets D, Shtokalo D et al. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2026)
[7]
Epigenetic crossroads in intervertebral disc degeneration: Unlocking novel therapeutic avenues (Review). — Hou Y, Liu L, Guo Y, Shi J Molecular medicine reports (2026)
[8]
Plasma Proteomic Profiling Identifies a Six-Protein Panel for Grading and Predicting Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. — Zhou Z, Li Y, Zhu L, Li H, Wang N, Zhou H et al. Journal of proteome research (2026)
[9]
Upregulation of MYBL2 ameliorates senescence of nucleus pulposus cells in degenerative intervertebral discs based on RNA-sequencing analysis. — Tang S, Liu T, Wu L, Xu X, Huan L, Sun X et al. Journal of molecular histology (2026)
[10]
SPP1 secreted by nucleus pulposus cells mediates inflammatory infiltration and contributes to intervertebral disc degeneration. — Xu Y, Wu Y, Xie Z, Wang J, Xu R, Xu T et al. International immunopharmacology (2026)
[11]
Annulus fibrosus micro-damage in Mild intervertebral disc degeneration. — Akhlaghi P, Doodkorte R, Lafranca P, Schlösser T, van Rietbergen B, Ito K The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2026)
[12]
SOD1 lactylation impair its enzymatic activity by conformational change to aggravate intervertebral disc degeneration. — Zhang Y, Zhai Y, Liu C, Chen M, Zhang Y, Bian Z et al. Nature communications (2026)
[13]
Exploring Injectable Scaffolded Spheroids for Nucleus Pulposus Therapy in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs. — Balasubramanian RV, Muerner M, Kopinski-Grünwald O, Grad S, Fernández-Pérez J, Ovsianikov A ACS applied materials & interfaces (2026)
[14]
Neuroimmune Activation in a Goat Model of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. — Augustin JA, Burt KG, Barrett C, Fainor M, Orozco BS, Schaer TP et al. Cells (2026)
[15]
Nodakenin attenuates intervertebral disc degeneration by regulaing ferroptosis via the Notch-c-Myc-SLC7A11 axis. — Wu J, Ma T, Zhu Y, Li J, Tu X, Lu Z et al. Journal of ethnopharmacology (2026)
[16]
POSTN drives STAT3/NF-κB-mediated CXCL5 feedback to promote macrophage polarization in IDD. — Chen S, Wang Z, Zhu D, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhang Y et al. International immunopharmacology (2026)
[17]
Excessive compression induces cartilage endplate degeneration via the Piezo1/NAT10/mTOR signaling axis. — Sun H, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Liu C, Gao D, Zhao Q et al. Osteoarthritis and cartilage (2026)
[18]
Exploring the mechanisms underlying quercetin, a key component of — Liu X, Song X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, Cui L et al. Frontiers in immunology (2026)
[19]
TRPC6-Mediated Ca — Venkatachala Babu J, Puvanesarajah V, Mesfin A, Japa JP, Yoon K, Ehioghae M et al. Cells (2026)
[20]
Gas therapy: an innovative application for intervertebral disc degeneration. — Cai L, Ru B, Ren H, Cai F, Zeng L, Yang J et al. Medical gas research (2026)
[21]
The STAT3/S100A6/P53/SLC7A11 axis mediates intervertebral disc degeneration by regulating ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells and the metabolism of the extracellular matrix. — Yang F, Liu X, Zhang Y, Qiu X, Lei S, Zhang C et al. The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society (2026)
[22]
The role of icariin in promoting autophagic repair of intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells via the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. — Zheng S, Li T, Li Q Tissue & cell (2026)
[23]
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