Overview
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a congenital heart defect characterized by underdevelopment of the left side of the heart, necessitating staged surgical palliation to maintain systemic circulation. 39Diagnosis
Management
Special Populations
Key Recommendations
References
Showing 100 most recent of 487 indexed papers.
1 Fricke K, Övermo Tydén K, Bergman G, Hedström E. The Nutmeg Lung Pattern in a Fetus with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Turner Syndrome. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 2 Dannesbo S, Ho G, Seed M, Guerra V, Chaturvedi R, Cook AC et al.. Fetal Diagnosis of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With Restrictive Atrial Septum-Atrial Septal Morphology, Associated Lung Disease and Outcomes. Prenatal diagnosis 2026. link 3 Thomas C, Uzark K, Yu S, Zampi JD, Trucco SM, Sood E et al.. Early Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Patients Who Undergo Hybrid Stage I Palliation Compared to Norwood Stage I Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 4 Kugler LR, Jacobs JP, Philip J, Fudge JC, Coppola JA, Gupta D et al.. Cardiac Transplantation After HYBRID+VAD Support in Patients With HLHS: Technical Considerations and Outcomes. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2026. link 5 Purlee MS, Jacobs JP, Philip J, Fudge JC, Vyas HV, Narasimhulu SS et al.. A Learning Curve is Associated With Combined Hybrid Procedure and Single Ventricle-Ventricular Assist Device Insertion in Neonates With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2026. link 6 Said SM, Essa Y, Mashadi AH, Rajendran G, Silber A, Mittnacht A et al.. Open Atrial Septectomy on Placental Support: A Novel and Logistic Approach for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome with Intact Atrial Septum. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 7 Bates KE, Huang L, Mangeot C, Anderson JB, Hanke SP, Pasquali SK et al.. Evaluating Hospital Resource Utilization for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Through Linkage of a Clinical Registry and an Administrative Database. Pediatric cardiology 2026. link 8 Kaushal S, Hare JM, Mahle WT, Khan A, Ohye RG, Slesnick TC et al.. Phase I Randomized Study of Cardiac Stem Cells in Patients With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: The CHILD Trial. JACC. Heart failure 2026. link 9 Haddad RN, Valdeolmillos E, Belli E, Hascoët S. Recanalization of Thrombosed Atrial Flow Regulator in Failing Fontan: A Bridge to Transplant. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2026. link 10 Uzark K, Yu S, Afton K, Atz AM, Floh A, Kasparian NA et al.. Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Changes over Time and Associations with Neurodevelopmental and Clinical Factors. The Journal of pediatrics 2026. link 11 Onorato AC, Fleishman C, Nadorlik H, Brown D, Alvarado C, Conroy S et al.. Update of How Pediatric Cardiologists Noninvasively Evaluate Patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: 2013 vs. 2023. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 12 DeCarlo DM, Cha C, Pierce K, Singh RK, Srinivasan R. Fetal Right Heart Strain in Systemic Right Ventricles and Impact on Post-surgical Outcomes. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 13 Oktay A, Arnaz A, Ayabakan C, Sarioglu T, Yalcinbas YK. Short and Mid-term Outcomes of Ductal Graft with Bilateral Pulmonary Banding in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Variants. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 14 Leiva CL, Chetan D, Saprungruang A, Fan CS, Signorile M, Villemain O et al.. Long-term enlargement of the neo-aortic root and aortic arch following arch reconstruction in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2025. link 15 Cambaztepe B, Demirci O, Ayhan I, Alpınar A, Yücel İK. Fetal hypoplastic left heart syndrome: key factors shaping prognosis. Journal of perinatal medicine 2025. link 16 Ittleman B, Lowenstein S, Edwards LA, Caris E, Bhat A, Conwell J et al.. Fetal Echocardiographic Evaluation of Tricuspid Valve and Right Ventricular Function Including Global Longitudinal Strain in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Association with Postnatal Outcomes. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 17 Melik I, Brackett DG, Sanders SP, Carreon CK. Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery From Pulmonary Trunk in a Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome With 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Microdeletion: A Novel Association. Pediatric and developmental pathology : the official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society 2025. link 18 Bacha EA, Nguyen SN, Goldstone AB, Kalfa D. A Perspective on Neonatal Management of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. Pediatric cardiac surgery annual 2025. link 19 Kumar M, Nandni FNU, Davi S, Venjhraj FNU, Rehan F. Response to "Pulmonary Flow Management by Combination Therapy of Hemostatic Clipping and Balloon Angioplasty for Right Ventricular-Pulmonary Artery Shunt in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome". Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 20 Morales-Demori R, Chen B, Heinle J, Li M, Anders M. Assessment of B-Natriuretic Peptide Levels After Stage 1 Palliation in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Patients. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 21 Shigemitsu Y, Kondo M, Kurita Y, Fukushima Y, Kawamoto Y, Hirai K et al.. Pulmonary Flow Management by Combination Therapy of Hemostatic Clipping and Balloon Angioplasty for Right Ventricular-Pulmonary Artery Shunt in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 22 Durbin MD, Wynn JL, Chaudhry P, Posorske A, Voskoboynik E, Park WY et al.. Critical Organ Dysfunction and Preoperative Mortality in Newborns with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 23 Kikano S, Fuchs S, Vega AC, Kavanaugh-McHugh A, Bichell D, Killen SAS. Postoperative Morbidity and Interstage Hemodynamics Following Stage I Palliation in Patients with Turner Syndrome and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 24 Sanchez-Escobar IC, Giraldo-Pinto M, Quintero-Gomez A, Arias A, de la Peña A, García R et al.. Interatrial Septum Stenting for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome in Ex Utero Intrapartum Therapy. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2024. link 25 Nealon E, Phelps C, Krawczeski C, Alexander R, Stiver C, Ball MK et al.. Impact of Maternal-Fetal Environment on Outcomes Following the Hybrid Procedure in the Single Ventricle Population. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 26 Tikenoğulları OZ, Peirlinck M, Chubb H, Dubin AM, Kuhl E, Marsden AL. Effects of cardiac growth on electrical dyssynchrony in the single ventricle patient. Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering 2024. link 27 Ferrari F, Nacoti M, Carobbio A, Favarato M, Di Dedda GB, Bonanomi E. The impact of a standardized perioperative management on hospital mortality after the Norwood procedure in a low volume center: results and perspectives. Minerva pediatrics 2024. link 28 Cunningham TW, Bai S, Krawczeski CD, Spencer JD, Phelps C, Yates AR. Acute kidney injury in hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients following the comprehensive stage two palliation. Cardiology in the young 2024. link 29 Kim AY, Woo W, Saxena A, Tanidir IC, Yao A, Kurniawati Y et al.. Treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Cardiology in the young 2024. link 30 Abdulkarim M, Loomba RS, Zaidi SJ, Li Y, Wilson M, Roberson D et al.. Echocardiographic Strain to Predict Need for Transplant or Mortality in Fontan Patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 31 Kuntz M, Valencia E, Staffa S, Nasr V. Inpatient Resource Utilization for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome from Birth Through Fontan. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 32 Álvaro-Sánchez E. Nursing care in the postoperative period after Glenn surgery. A case report. Enfermeria intensiva 2024. link 33 Ponzoni M, Azzolina D, Vedovelli L, Gregori D, Vida VL, Padalino MA. Tricuspid Valve Repair Can Restore the Prognosis of Patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation: A Meta-analysis. Pediatric cardiology 2024. link 34 Beqaj H, Goldshtrom N, Linder A, Buratto E, Setton M, DiLorenzo M et al.. Valved Sano conduit improves immediate outcomes following Norwood operation compared with nonvalved Sano conduit. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2024. link 35 Moon J, Lancaster T, Sood V, Si MS, Ohye RG, Romano JC. Long-term impact of anatomic subtype in hypoplastic left heart syndrome after Fontan completion. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2024. link 36 Mustafa HJ, Aghajani F, Jawwad M, Shah N, Abuhamad A, Khalil A. Fetal cardiac intervention in hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact or restrictive atrial septum, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Prenatal diagnosis 2024. link 37 Sahulee R, Singh RK, Pasternack DM. The Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies of the Airway or Lung in Infants with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Differences in Midterm Outcomes: A National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative Registry Analysis. Pediatric cardiology 2023. link 38 Taylor-LaPole AM, Colebank MJ, Weigand JD, Olufsen MS, Puelz C. A computational study of aortic reconstruction in single ventricle patients. Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology 2023. link 39 Ramonfaur D, Zhang X, Garza AP, García-Pons JF, Britton-Robles SC. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Review. Cardiology in review 2023. link 40 Lawrence KM, Burstein DS, Ahrens-Nicklas R, Gaynor JW, Nuri MA. Noonan syndrome associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 41 Schuermans A, Van den Eynde J, Jacquemyn X, Van De Bruaene A, Lewandowski AJ, Kutty S et al.. Preterm Birth Is Associated With Adverse Cardiac Remodeling and Worse Outcomes in Patients With a Functional Single Right Ventricle. The Journal of pediatrics 2023. link 42 Milligan C, Mills KI, Ge S, Michalowski A, Braudis N, Mansfield L et al.. Cardiovascular intensive care unit variables inform need for feeding tube utilization in infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2023. link 43 Schidlow DN, Gauvreau K, Bucholz EM, Bennett A, Lafranchi T, Pruetz J et al.. Prenatal care coordination, racial and socioeconomic inequities, and pre- and post-operative outcomes in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2023. link 44 Beshish AG, Aljiffry A, Aronoff E, Chauhan D, Zinyandu T, Basu M et al.. Milrinone for treatment of elevated lactate in the pre-operative newborn with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 45 King G, Buratto E, Daley M, Iyengar A, Alphonso N, Grigg L et al.. Impact of Aortic Atresia After Fontan Operation in Patients With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2023. link 46 Leo DG, Lane DA, Riley M, Lotto AA, Lotto RR. Facilitators and barriers of physical activity participation in children with a single ventricle physiology: a mixed-methods study. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 47 Theis JL, Shatila SH, Fogarty ZC, Bamlet WR, Olson TM. Genome-Wide Association and Inheritance-Based Analyses Implicate Unconventional Myosin Genes in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine 2023. link 48 Savorgnan F, Loomba RS, Flores S, Rusin CG, Zheng F, Hassan AM et al.. Descriptors of Failed Extubation in Norwood Patients Using Physiologic Data Streaming. Pediatric cardiology 2023. link 49 Mussatto KA, Trachtenberg FL, Wang K, Uzark K, Sood E, Lambert L et al.. The Relationship of Family Factors to Psychosocial Outcomes in Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome at 6 Years of Age. The Journal of pediatrics 2023. link 50 Wirth SH, Heydarian HC, Marcuccio E, Tepe BE, Stein LH, Hill GD. Increasing Use of the Right Ventricle-to-Pulmonary Artery Shunt for Stage 1 Palliation. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2023. link 51 Adhicary S, Ye S, Lin H, Texter K, Garg V, Zhao MT. Establishment of NCHi009-A, an iPSC line from a patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) carrying a heterozygous NOTCH1 mutation. Stem cell research 2023. link 52 Keizman E, Mishaly D, Ram E, Urtaev S, Tejman-Yarden S, Tirosh Wagner T et al.. Normothermic Versus Hypothermic Norwood Procedure. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2023. link 53 Handler SS, Chan T, Ghanayem NS, Rudd N, Wright G, Visotcky A et al.. Impact of Reintervention During Stage 1 Palliation Hospitalization: A National, Multicenter Study. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2023. link 54 Çelik M, Gökdemir M, Cındık N, Günaydın AÇ, Aygün F, Özkan M. New approach in stage 1 surgery for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: preliminary outcomes. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 55 Bleiweis MS, Philip J, Peek GJ, Fudge JC, Sullivan KJ, Co-Vu J et al.. Combined Hybrid Procedure and VAD Insertion in 9 High-Risk Neonates and Infants With HLHS. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2022. link 56 Elmahrouk AF, Ismail MF, Arafat AA, Dohain AM, Edrees AM, Jamjoom AA et al.. Combined Norwood and cavopulmonary shunt as the first palliation in late presenters with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and single-ventricle lesions. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 57 Spigel ZA, Kalustian AB, Zink J, Binsalamah ZM, Caldarone CA. Low parental socioeconomic position results in longer post-Norwood length of stay. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2022. link 58 Jadczak A, Respondek-Liberska M, Sokołowski Ł, Chrzanowski J, Rizzo G, Araujo Júnior E et al.. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with prenatally diagnosed foramen ovale restriction: diagnosis, management and outcome. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 59 Mah K, Khoo NS, Martin BJ, Maruyama M, Alvarez S, Rebeyka IM et al.. Insights from 3D Echocardiography in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Patients Undergoing TV Repair. Pediatric cardiology 2022. link 60 Patel M, Yu S, Romano JC, Bates K, Uzark K, Schumacher K et al.. Birth Location in Infants with Prenatally Diagnosed Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Pediatric cardiology 2022. link 61 Wilkes JK, Doan TT, Morris SA, Altman CA, Ayres NA, Schoppe L et al.. Right Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Fetuses with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Does Not Differ Between Those With and Without Genetic Conditions. Pediatric cardiology 2022. link 62 Wójtowicz A, Ochoda-Mazur A, Mroczek T, Huras H, Włoch A. Near-Term Cerebroplacental Doppler, Heart Morphology, and Neonatal Biometry in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2022. link 63 Kanade R, Shazly S, Ruano R. Interventions and neonatal outcomes of fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 64 Mah K, Khoo NS, Tham E, Yaskina M, Maruyama M, Martin BJ et al.. Tricuspid Regurgitation in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Provides Additional Information in Describing Jet Location. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography 2021. link 65 Theis JL, Hu JJ, Sundsbak RS, Evans JM, Bamlet WR, Qureshi MY et al.. Genetic Association Between Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Cardiomyopathies. Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine 2021. link 66 Lawrence KM, Ittenbach RF, Hunt ML, Kaplinski M, Ravishankar C, Rychik J et al.. Attrition between the superior cavopulmonary connection and the Fontan procedure in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 67 Hoffman GM, Niebler RA, Scott JP, Bertrandt RA, Wakeham MK, Thompson NE et al.. Interventions Associated With Treatment of Low Cardiac Output After Stage 1 Norwood Palliation. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 68 Chen X, Heitjan DF, Greil G, Jeon-Slaughter H. Estimating the optimal timing of surgery from observational data. Biometrics 2021. link 69 Çelik M, Özkan M. Alternate Approach to Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Stage 1 Surgery. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 70 Rajab TK, Mitchell MB. Native Aortic Root Thrombosis After Norwood Palliation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 71 Mueller M, Zajonz T, Mann V, Koerner C, Akintuerk H, Yoerueker U et al.. Interrelations of Intraoperative Changes in Cerebral Tissue Oxygen Saturation with Brain Volumes and Neurodevelopment Outcome After the Comprehensive Stage II Procedure in Infants With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2021. link 72 Spigel ZA, Kalustian A, Ghanayem N, Imamura M, Adachi I, McKenzie ED et al.. Predictors of Transplant-Free Survival After the Norwood Procedure. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 73 Vincenti M, O'Leary PW, Qureshi MY, Seisler DK, Burkhart HM, Cetta F et al.. Clinical Impact of Autologous Cell Therapy on Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome After Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Anastomosis. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2021. link 74 Siciliano RE, Murphy LK, Prussien KV, Henry LM, Watson KH, Patel NJ et al.. Cognitive and Attentional Function in Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings 2021. link 75 Januszewska K, Lehner A, Schmidt C, Stegger J, Nawrocki P, Malec E. Cobra-Head Cuffed Vascular Graft as Right Ventricle-to-Pulmonary Artery Shunt in Norwood Procedure. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 76 Herrick NL, Lamberti J, Grossfeld P, Murthy R. Successful Management of a Patient With Jacobsen Syndrome and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2021. link 77 Azakie A, Carney JP, Lahti MT, Bianco RW, Doyle MJ, Kalra R et al.. Porcine Model of the Arterial Switch Operation: Implications for Unique Strategies in the Management of Hypoplastic Left Ventricles. Pediatric cardiology 2021. link 78 Reyes Barron C, Katzman PJ. Myocardial Calcification and the Demise of an Infant With Surgically Treated Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. Pediatric and developmental pathology : the official journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society 2021. link 79 Binkley M, Kelly M, Hardy K. Cerebral arterial gas embolism in a patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome treated with emergent hyperbaric oxygen: case report. Undersea & hyperbaric medicine : journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc 2020. link 80 Tanem J, Rudd N, Rauscher J, Scott A, Frommelt MA, Hill GD. Survival After Norwood Procedure in High-Risk Patients. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2020. link 81 Matsuo S, Masaki N, Mizumoto M, Sai S. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with regressed ventriculocoronary fistulae after the Norwood operation. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 82 Bhattarai P, Zia A, Forbess JM, Guleserian KJ, Hupp SR, Pirolli T. Use of a Modified Classic BT Shunt in a Patient With Multiple Conduit Obstructions With Positive Lupus Anticoagulant. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2020. link 83 Weixler V, Marx GR, Hammer PE, Emani SM, Del Nido PJ, Friehs I. Flow disturbances and the development of endocardial fibroelastosis. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 84 Eschenbach LK, Kasnar-Samprec J, Ackermann K, Schreiber C, Lange R, Cleuziou J. Preoperative Venovenous ECMO in an Infant With Late Diagnosis of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2020. link 85 Wu PF, Li RZ, Zhang R, Zhang W, Li X, Zeng S et al.. Detailed Echocardiographic Measurements of Individual Chamber in a Chinese Cohort of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Comparison with Normal Fetuses via Z-score Modeling. Ultrasound in medicine & biology 2020. link 86 Staffa SJ, Zurakowski D. Competing risks analysis of time-to-event data for cardiovascular surgeons. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 87 Lodi FR, Palma LF, de Victo NC, Alonso LG, de Moraes LOC. Expression of connexin-43 in the cardiac muscle of children diagnosed with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a Western blot and confocal laser scanning microscopy study. Cardiology in the young 2020. link 88 Hamzah M, Othman HF, Baloglu O, Aly H. Outcomes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: analysis of National Inpatient Sample Database 1998-2004 versus 2005-2014. European journal of pediatrics 2020. link 89 Richards B, Freel L, Stiver C, Texter K, Cua CL. Serial fetal echocardiograms in hypoplastic left heart syndrome fetuses: Does it affect immediate post-natal care?. International journal of cardiology 2020. link 90 Góreczny S, McLennan D, Morgan GJ. Accessing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits to perform emergent interventional cardiac catheterisation. Cardiology in the young 2019. link 91 Anderson JB, Brown DW, Lihn S, Mangeot C, Bates KE, Van Bergen AH et al.. Power of a Learning Network in Congenital Heart Disease. World journal for pediatric & congenital heart surgery 2019. link 92 Kinnear C, Haranal M, Shannon P, Jaeggi E, Chitayat D, Mital S. Abnormal fetal cerebral and vascular development in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis 2019. link 93 Krishnan A, Tague L, Rudra H, Pradhan S, Vezina G, Limperopoulos C. Clinical course of a fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and premature ductal constriction. Cardiology in the young 2019. link 94 Varghese J, Hammel JM, Ibrahimiye AN, Siecke R, Bisselou Moukagna KS, Kutty S. Outcomes related to immediate extubation after stage 1 Norwood palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2019. link 95 Cleveland D, Adam Banks C, Hara H, Carlo WF, Mauchley DC, Cooper DKC. The Case for Cardiac Xenotransplantation in Neonates: Is Now the Time to Reconsider Xenotransplantation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?. Pediatric cardiology 2019. link 96 Ho AB, Kaarne M, Mullen M, Hayes N. Hybrid transcatheter tricuspid valve-in-valve placement of an Edwards Sapien XT valve in palliated hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2019. link 97 Ceballos A, Prather R, Divo E, Kassab AJ, DeCampli WM. Patient-Specific Multi-Scale Model Analysis of Hemodynamics Following the Hybrid Norwood Procedure for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Effects of Reverse Blalock-Taussig Shunt Diameter. Cardiovascular engineering and technology 2019. link 98 Bates KE, Yu S, Lowery R, Pasquali SK, Brown DW, Manning PB et al.. Examining variation in interstage mortality rates across the National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative: do lower-mortality centres have lower-risk patients?. Cardiology in the young 2018. link 99 Morray BH, Albers EL, Jones TK, Kemna MS, Permut LC, Law YM. Hybrid stage 1 palliation as a bridge to cardiac transplantation in patients with high-risk single ventricle physiology. Pediatric transplantation 2018. link 100 Salehi Ravesh M, Scheewe J, Attmann T, Al Bulushi A, Jussli-Melchers MJ, Jerosch-Herold M et al.. Improved Lung Perfusion After Left Pulmonary Artery Patch Enlargement During the Norwood Operation. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2018. link