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Infectious Disease1040 papers

AIDS

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a condition characterized by severe immunodeficiency due to HIV infection, leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignancies. 1232248

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Criteria: Presence of opportunistic infections or specific AIDS-defining illnesses.
  • Laboratory Tests: CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/mm3 or HIV RNA >10,000 copies/mL.
  • Recommended Tests: Regular monitoring of CD4+ counts and viral load assessments. 248
  • Management

  • Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): Initiate combination ART immediately upon diagnosis to suppress viral replication and restore immune function.
  • Prophylactic Measures: Consider prophylaxis for opportunistic infections based on CD4+ count and clinical risk factors.
  • Management of Comorbidities: Address cardiovascular issues, mental health (e.g., depression), and other comorbidities as indicated. 121948
  • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Early initiation of ART is crucial for better long-term outcomes. Monitor growth and development closely. 161
  • Elderly: Increased risk of comorbidities and polypharmacy; tailored ART regimens and vigilant monitoring are essential. 47
  • Comorbidities: Focus on managing conditions like hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and mental health issues, which can impact HIV progression. 4950
  • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate ART Immediately: Start combination antiretroviral therapy upon diagnosis to improve survival and reduce transmission risk. (Evidence: Strong 2)
  • Regular Monitoring: Conduct routine CD4+ counts and viral load assessments to guide treatment adjustments and manage complications. (Evidence: Strong 248)
  • Address Comorbid Conditions: Tailor management to include treatment for comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, depression, and metabolic syndrome to improve overall outcomes. (Evidence: Moderate 4950)
  • Prophylactic Measures: Implement prophylaxis for opportunistic infections based on CD4+ count and clinical risk factors to prevent AIDS-defining illnesses. (Evidence: Moderate 1)
  • Support Services: Provide comprehensive care addressing social determinants, including mental health support and access to specialized services for vulnerable populations like homeless individuals. (Evidence: Expert opinion 733)
  • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 433 indexed papers.

    1 Nong L, Ma J, Zheng Y, Zhu Q, Wei C, Chen J et al.. Cardiovascular system characteristics in HIV/AIDS patients with talaromycosis. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 2026. link 2 Sayın Kutlu S, Gülten E, Altunsoy A, Nazlı A, Altunal LN, Taşdelen Fışgın N et al.. Causes of death in people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Türkiye: a multicentre retrospective study. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology 2026. link 3 Roush K. PEPFAR on a Precipice. The American journal of nursing 2025. link 4 Li J, Hong D, Dong J, Zhao Q, Wang H. Potentially Inappropriate Medication and Associated Factors Among Older Patients with HIV/AIDS: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical interventions in aging 2025. link 5 Khowaja-Punjwani S, Ahmad S, Nanji S. Should Colour Vision Deficiency be a Factor for Considering Admission to Nursing Education Programs?. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2024. link 6 Ferreira AM, Meneses G, Queiroga FL, Martins A, Cruz Z, Silvestre-Ferreira AC. Validation of a hematology analyzer in donkey medicine. Journal of equine veterinary science 2024. link 7 Lendrum EC, Peterson KR, Camara S, DeBlasio D, Shah AN. A Community Initiative to Help Children Who Are Homeless. Pediatrics 2024. link 8 Tomlinson M, Marlow M, Stewart J, Makhetha M, Sekotlo T, Mohale S et al.. A community-based child health and parenting intervention to improve child HIV testing, health, and development in rural Lesotho (Early Morning Star): a cluster-randomised, controlled trial. The lancet. HIV 2024. link00265-5) 9 Senjam SS, Tandon R, Vashist P, Mounica B, Gupta V, Aggarwal S. Guidelines for setting up low-vision and rehabilitation services in India. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 10 Li S, Yu S, Yang Q, Yin J, Zhu H, Jiang Y et al.. Prevalence of suicide ideation among HIV/AIDS patients in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in public health 2023. link 11 Garzón-Rodríguez MC, Reyes-Figueredo LS, Velandia-Rodríguez LÁ, Méndez-Ruiz OD, Gómez-Rodríguez MA, Esguerra-Ochoa LT et al.. Causes of low vision in children: A systematic review. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2023. link 12 Guo X, Boland MV, Swenor BK, Goldstein JE. Low Vision Rehabilitation Service Utilization Before and After Implementation of a Clinical Decision Support System in Ophthalmology. JAMA network open 2023. link 13 Mavedatnia D, Hathi K, Feschuk AM, Grose EM, Eskander A. Individuals Experiencing Homelessness: A Systematic Review of Otolaryngology-Related Health Needs and Community-Based Interventions. Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2023. link 14 Minakata K, Eckmann-Hansen C, Larsen M, Bek T, Beier S. The effect of serifs and stroke contrast on low vision reading. Acta psychologica 2023. link 15 Lo Y, Tsai TF. Angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in dermatology: a narrative review. Expert review of clinical pharmacology 2022. link 16 Goldstein JE, Guo X, Swenor BK, Boland MV, Smith K. Using Electronic Clinical Decision Support to Examine Vision Rehabilitation Referrals and Practice Guidelines in Ophthalmology. Translational vision science & technology 2022. link 17 Gui H, Tseng B, Hu W, Wang SY. Looking for low vision: Predicting visual prognosis by fusing structured and free-text data from electronic health records. International journal of medical informatics 2022. link 18 English SW, Barrett KM, Freeman WD, Demaerschalk BM, Dumitrascu OM. Improving the Telemedicine Evaluation of Patients With Acute Vision Loss: A Call to Eyes. Neurology 2022. link 19 Ayano G, Demelash S, Abraha M, Tsegay L. The prevalence of depression among adolescent with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS research and therapy 2021. link 20 Follmann D. Comment. Statistics in medicine 2021. link 21 Underwood DG. Impact of AIDS/HIV on Medical Directors. Journal of insurance medicine (New York, N.Y.) 2021. link 22 Theil JH, Johns JL, Chen P, Theil DM, Albertelli MA. Hematology and Culture Assessment of Cranially Implanted Rhesus Macaques (. Comparative medicine 2021. link 23 Milbar H, James WD. The Role of Dermatologists in the Early HIV/AIDS Epidemic: A Historical Review for the 40th Anniversary of HIV/AIDS. JAMA dermatology 2021. link 24 Guo X, Swenor BK, Smith K, Boland MV, Goldstein JE. Developing an Ophthalmology Clinical Decision Support System to Identify Patients for Low Vision Rehabilitation. Translational vision science & technology 2021. link 25 Wang S, Tseng B, Hernandez-Boussard T. Development and evaluation of novel ophthalmology domain-specific neural word embeddings to predict visual prognosis. International journal of medical informatics 2021. link 26 Knapp J, Betancur J, Nabors C, Pascual F. The Efficacy of the Geriatric Model of Care in Emergency Housing Programs for Homeless Veterans. Medical care 2021. link 27 Pallerla SR, Elion Assiana DO, Linh LTK, Cho FN, Meyer CG, Fagbemi KA et al.. Pharmacogenetic considerations in the treatment of co-infections with HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria in Congolese populations of Central Africa. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 2021. link 28 Fabijan J, Speight N, Boardman W, Hemmatzadeh F, Trott DJ, Woolford L. Haematological reference intervals of wild southern Australian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Australian veterinary journal 2020. link 29 Marcus TS, Heese J, Scheibe A, Shelly S, Lalla SX, Hugo JF. Harm reduction in an emergency response to homelessness during South Africa's COVID-19 lockdown. Harm reduction journal 2020. link 30 Atiya A, Hussaindeen JR, Kasturirangan S, Ramasubramanian S, Swathi K, Swaminathan M. Frequency of undetected binocular vision anomalies among ophthalmology trainees. Journal of optometry 2020. link 31 Wu V, Noel CW, Forner D, Mok F, Zirkle M, Eskander A et al.. Otolaryngology needs among an adult homeless population: a prospective study. Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale 2020. link 32 Ferreira JP, Miskolci R. Homosexuality and biomarkers of aging in the production of gerontological knowledge by American, British, and Brazilian authors. Cadernos de saude publica 2020. link 33 Costabile M, Nguyen H, Kenyon A. Manipulating leukocyte populations to mimic immune disease states: a novel active approach to teaching flow cytometry to undergraduate immunology students. Advances in physiology education 2020. link 34 Aljizeeri A, Small G, Malhotra S, Buechel R, Jain D, Dwivedi G et al.. The role of cardiac imaging in the management of non-ischemic cardiovascular diseases in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2020. link 35 Lee HJ, Kim DH, Na YJ, Kwon MR, Yoon HJ, Lee WJ et al.. Factors associated with HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination by medical professionals in Korea: A survey of infectious disease specialists in Korea. Nigerian journal of clinical practice 2019. link 36 Sandler BJ, Davis KA, Schuster KM. Symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients have poorer outcomes following emergency general surgery: A study of the nationwide inpatient sample. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery 2019. link 37 Li YY, Dong RJ, Cao LJ, Upadhyay P, Kuang YQ. Case of coincident severe acne and psoriasis in AIDS patient successfully treated with antiretroviral therapy. The Journal of dermatology 2019. link 38 Tran AQ, Staropoli P, Rong AJ, Lee WW. Filler-Associated Vision Loss. Facial plastic surgery clinics of North America 2019. link 39 Hopkins GR, Irvin BC. Optometric Applications for Three-dimensional Printing: A Technical Report from Low Vision Rehabilitation Practice. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 2019. link 40 Brandão BMGM, Angelim RCM, Marques SC, Oliveira DC, Oliveira RC, Abrão FMDS. Social representations of the elderly about HIV/AIDS. Revista brasileira de enfermagem 2019. link 41 Deviley JA, Oldenburg D, Berg LC, Agger WA. Recurrent strokes, central nervous system vasculitis, and acquired protein S deficiency secondary to varicella zoster in a child with AIDS. Journal of neurovirology 2019. link 42 Tang Q, Lu H. HIV/AIDS responses in China should focus on the impact of global integration. Bioscience trends 2018. link 43 Salhi BA, White MH, Pitts SR, Wright DW. Homelessness and Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2018. link 44 Laby DM. Case Report: Use of Sports and Performance Vision Training to Benefit a Low Vision Patient's Function. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 2018. link 45 Ito M, Iizuka-Koga M, Ando M, Yoshimura A. Development and Functional Modulation of Regulatory T Cells by Transcription Factors and Epigenetics. Cornea 2018. link 46 Bao S, Shao S. Otorhinolaryngological profile and surgical intervention in patients with HIV/AIDS. Scientific reports 2018. link 47 Guaraldi G, Malagoli A, Calcagno A, Mussi C, Celesia BM, Carli F et al.. The increasing burden and complexity of multi-morbidity and polypharmacy in geriatric HIV patients: a cross sectional study of people aged 65 - 74 years and more than 75 years. BMC geriatrics 2018. link 48 Goodkin K, Kompella S, Kendell SF. End-of-Life Care and Bereavement Issues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-AIDS. The Nursing clinics of North America 2018. link 49 Dragović G, Srdić D, Al Musalhi K, Soldatović I, Kušić J, Jevtović D et al.. Higher Levels of Cystatin C in HIV/AIDS Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 2018. link 50 Chepchirchir A, Jaoko W, Nyagol J. Risk indicators and effects of hypertension on HIV/AIDS disease progression among patients seen at Kenyatta hospital HIV care center. AIDS care 2018. link 51 da Silva Ferreira B, de Araújo Filho JA, Matos Pereira N, de Miranda Godoy L, Borges Lamounier B, Dias Nunes E et al.. Disseminated histoplasmosis in AIDS patients: an urban disease. Experience in a metropolis in the middle east of Brasil. Le infezioni in medicina 2017. link 52 Wehrwein P. Q&A: A Conversation With David France - The HIV/AID Plague Years and Where We Stand Now. Managed care (Langhorne, Pa.) 2017. link 53 Motchan BL. Safety Eyewear for Computer Vision Syndrome. Occupational health & safety (Waco, Tex.) 2017. link 54 Gabrielian S, Chen JC, Minhaj BP, Manchanda R, Altman L, Koosis E et al.. Feasibility and Acceptability of a Colocated Homeless-Tailored Primary Care Clinic and Emergency Department. Journal of primary care & community health 2017. link 55 Wang J, Ma X, Wu Y, Liao M, Liu L. The effectiveness of disc synoptoscope on patients with abnormal binocular vision: a prospective cohort study. International ophthalmology 2017. link 56 Fleisch SB, Nash R. Medical Care of the Homeless: An American and International Issue. Primary care 2017. link 57 Orsini J, Blaak C, Tam E, Rajayer S, Morante J. Disseminated Cryptococcal Infection Resulting in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as the Initial Clinical Presentation of AIDS. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2016. link 58 Dangott B. Specialized Laboratory Information Systems. Surgical pathology clinics 2015. link 59 Too W, Watson M, Harding R, Seymour J. Living with AIDS in Uganda: a qualitative study of patients' and families' experiences following referral to hospice. BMC palliative care 2015. link 60 Nkhoma K, Seymour J, Arthur A. An Educational Intervention to Reduce Pain and Improve Pain Management for Malawian People Living With HIV/AIDS and Their Family Carers: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of pain and symptom management 2015. link 61 Singh P, Hemal A, Agarwal S, Kumar D. Cardiac manifestations in HIV infected children. Indian journal of pediatrics 2015. link 62 Bush LM, Urrutia JG, Rodriguez EA, Perez MT. AIDS-Associated Cardiac Lymphoma-A Review: Apropos a Case Report. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care 2015. link 63 Doran KM, Curry LA, Vashi AA, Platis S, Rowe M, Gang M et al.. "Rewarding and challenging at the same time": emergency medicine residents' experiences caring for patients who are homeless. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2014. link 64 Tschachler E. The dermatologist and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Clinics in dermatology 2014. link 65 Ryan B. Models of low vision care: past, present and future. Clinical & experimental optometry 2014. link 66 Yen M, Ausayakhun S, Chen J, Ausayakhun S, Jirawison C, Heiden D et al.. Telemedicine diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis by nonophthalmologists. JAMA ophthalmology 2014. link 67 Tang XS, Li NH. Future view and development of immunology: exploring the immunology based on Chinese medicine and culture. Chinese journal of integrative medicine 2014. link 68 Sanz-Canalejas L, Gómez-Mampaso E, Cantón-Moreno R, Varona-Crespo C, Fortún J, Dronda F. Peliosis hepatis due to disseminated tuberculosis in a patient with AIDS. Infection 2014. link 69 Llitjos JF, Redheuil A, Puymirat E, Vedrenne G, Danchin N. AIDS-related primary cardiac lymphoma with right-sided heart failure and high-grade AV block: insights from magnetic resonance imaging. Annales de cardiologie et d'angeiologie 2014. link 70 Babu TM, Laguio M, Luque AE, Larppanichpoonphol P. Mycobacterium avium-complex pericarditis: a case of unmasking immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. International journal of STD & AIDS 2014. link 71 Airhihenbuwa CO, Ford CL, Iwelunmor JI. Why culture matters in health interventions: lessons from HIV/AIDS stigma and NCDs. Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education 2014. link 72 . "Once a collector, always a collector". IAVI report : newsletter on international AIDS vaccine research 2013. link 73 Fine AG, Zhang T, Hwang SW. Attitudes towards homeless people among emergency department teachers and learners: a cross-sectional study of medical students and emergency physicians. BMC medical education 2013. link 74 Wittich W, Canuto A, Overbury O. Overcoming barriers to low-vision rehabilitation services: improving the continuum of care. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2013. link 75 Vesely P, Synek S. Simple binocular vision examination on synoptophore determination of normative database of healthy adult subjects examination of binocular vision on synoptophore. Collegium antropologicum 2013. link 76 Tan JC, Poh EW, Srinivasan S, Lim TH. A pilot trial of tele-ophthalmology for diagnosis of chronic blurred vision. Journal of telemedicine and telecare 2013. link 77 Nkhoma K, Seymour J, Arthur A. An educational intervention to reduce pain and improve pain management for Malawian people living with HIV/AIDS and their family carers: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2013. link 78 Suzuki H, Hikiji W, Tanifuji T, Abe N, Fukunaga T. Medicolegal death of homeless persons in Tokyo Metropolis over 12 years (1999-2010). Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2013. link 79 Morrison A, Roman B, Borges N. Psychiatry and emergency medicine: medical student and physician attitudes toward homeless persons. Academic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry 2012. link 80 Picker LJ, Hansen SG, Lifson JD. New paradigms for HIV/AIDS vaccine development. Annual review of medicine 2012. link 81 Lee JS, Owshalimpur D, Schofield C. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole induced multiorgan dysfunction. BMJ case reports 2012. link 82 Owens R. Transcultural nursing course in Tanzania, Africa. Home healthcare nurse 2012. link 83 Makhele MF, Mulaudzi FM. The experiences of Batswana families regarding hospice care of AIDS patients in the Bophirima district, North West province, South Africa. SAHARA J : journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance 2012. link 84 Namisango E, Harding R, Atuhaire L, Ddungu H, Katabira E, Muwanika FR et al.. Pain among ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients: multicenter study of prevalence, intensity, associated factors, and effect. The journal of pain 2012. link 85 Euringer W, Südkamp M, Rylski B, Blanke P. Endovascular treatment of multiple HIV-related aneurysms using multilayer stents. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2012. link 86 Mehta NK, Doaty S, Spurney S, Ahari J. Much ado about nothing. The American journal of emergency medicine 2012. link 87 Rackal JM, Tynan AM, Handford CD, Rzeznikiewiz D, Agha A, Glazier R. Provider training and experience for people living with HIV/AIDS. 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