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Gastroenterology504 papers

Ulcerative colitis

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disorder affecting the colon, characterized by recurrent mucosal inflammation and ulceration 6 64.

Diagnosis

Clinical symptoms: Diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal pain 6.

Endoscopic evaluation: Visualization of continuous mucosal inflammation and ulceration 6.

Histological assessment: Biopsy showing crypt architectural distortion, basal plasmacytosis, and crypt abscesses 11.

Biomarkers: Elevated fecal calprotectin for assessing disease activity 24 49.

Imaging: Rarely needed but may include CT or MRI for complications 5 55.

Management

First-line treatments:

- Aminosalicylates (e.g., mesalamine) for mild to moderate disease 49 51. - Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) for moderate to severe flares 6 67.

Second-line treatments:

- Immunomodulators (e.g., azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine) for maintenance 6 17. - Biologics (e.g., anti-TNF agents like infliximab, vedolizumab) for refractory cases 6 17 40.

Advanced therapies:

- JAK inhibitors (e.g., upadacitinib, tofacitinib) for moderate to severe UC 4 18 33 41. - S1P receptor modulators (e.g., etrasimod) for maintenance therapy 22 29.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Use of aminosalicylates and corticosteroids is generally considered safe; avoid biologics unless necessary 6 17.

Pediatrics: Early aggressive treatment with aminosalicylates and immunomodulators; biologics may be considered for refractory cases 7 8.

Elderly: Tailored treatment approach considering comorbidities; focus on safety and efficacy of medications 6.

Comorbidities: Careful monitoring and management of thromboembolic risk with advanced therapies like JAK inhibitors 4 29.

Key Recommendations

Initiate aminosalicylates for mild to moderate UC (Evidence: Strong 49 51).

Use corticosteroids for moderate to severe flares (Evidence: Strong 6 67).

Consider immunomodulators for maintenance therapy in moderate to severe UC (Evidence: Moderate 6 17).

Employ biologics for patients with refractory UC (Evidence: Moderate 6 17 40).

Evaluate and manage thromboembolic risk in patients on advanced therapies (Evidence: Moderate 4 29).

Tailor treatment in elderly patients considering comorbidities (Evidence: Expert opinion 6).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 293 indexed papers.

1 Miyaguchi K, Ishimoto K, Matsumoto H, Shiomi R, Hamada M, Tsuzuki Y et al.. Ulcerative colitis complicated by granulomatosis with polyangiitis treated with tacrolimus. Arab journal of gastroenterology : the official publication of the Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology 2026. link 2 Tatsuta K, Honkura N, Morooka N, Sakata M, Kurachi K, Sugimoto K et al.. Microthrombi growth in ADAMTS13 deficiency exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease via mucosal and endothelial dysfunction. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2026. link 3 Tanaka T, Tominaga K, Matsumoto K, Yamazaki Y, Kojimahara S, Kanazawa M et al.. A case of refractory pouchitis leading to cardiopulmonary arrest. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2026. link 4 Mo R, Yu S, Xu H, Hao J. Upadacitinib in refractory ulcerative colitis patients with high thromboembolic risk: two case reports. Frontiers in immunology 2026. link 5 Takahashi Y, Inaba Y, Minegishi S, Endo H, Kubota H. A case of ascending aortic mural thrombosis complicating ulcerative colitis. Journal of cardiothoracic surgery 2026. link 6 Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, Barnes EL, Long MD. ACG Clinical Guideline Update: Ulcerative Colitis in Adults. The American journal of gastroenterology 2025. link 7 Assa A, Aloi M, Van Biervliet S, Bronsky J, di Carpi JM, Gasparetto M et al.. Management of paediatric ulcerative colitis, part 2: Acute severe colitis-An updated evidence-based consensus guideline from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2025. link 8 Wine E, Aloi M, Van Biervliet S, Bronsky J, di Carpi JM, Gasparetto M et al.. Management of paediatric ulcerative colitis, part 1: Ambulatory care-An updated evidence-based consensus guideline from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2025. link 9 Shehab M, Alrashed F, Alsayegh A, Aldallal U, Ma C, Narula N et al.. Comparative Efficacy of Biologics and Small Molecule in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2025. link 10 Khan AU, Ali M, Wahab MA. Comparative efficacy of pharmacologic interventions in ulcerative colitis: a network meta analysis. Inflammopharmacology 2025. link 11 Parra-Izquierdo V, De Avila J, Gómez O, Barrero N, Duarte M, Romero-Sánchez C. Non-Invasive vs. Invasive Markers in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review of Intestinal Ultrasound, Biopsy, and Faecal Calprotectin. International journal of molecular sciences 2025. link 12 Modilevsky S, Bel S. A bacterial toxin disarms gut defenses against inflammation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 2025. link 13 Kawai Y, Kurata Y, Hamano H, Niimura T, Goda M, Zamami Y et al.. Incidence of Myocarditis Caused by Drugs Used for Ulcerative Colitis as Examined Using VigiBase, a Spontaneous Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Database. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 2025. link 14 Guo Q, Shan M, Gao W. Safety evaluation of etrasimod for ulcerative colitis based on the FAERS database. Scientific reports 2025. link 15 Wada J, Kawashima K, Onizawa M, Gunji N, Watahiki Y, Sakuma C et al.. Ulcerative Colitis with Acute Pericarditis after Dose Escalation of Mesalazine. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2025. link 16 Chu Y, Li J, Gong L, Shao S, Chen H, He P et al.. Casual effect of ulcerative colitis on chronic heart failure: results from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. BMC gastroenterology 2025. link 17 Singh S, Loftus EV, Limketkai BN, Haydek JP, Agrawal M, Scott FI et al.. AGA Living Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Management of Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2024. link 18 Ananthakrishnan AN, Murad MH, Scott FI, Agrawal M, Haydek JP, Limketkai BN et al.. Comparative Efficacy of Advanced Therapies for Management of Moderate-to-Severe Ulcerative Colitis: 2024 American Gastroenterological Association Evidence Synthesis. Gastroenterology 2024. link 19 Barnes EL, Agrawal M, Syal G, Ananthakrishnan AN, Cohen BL, Haydek JP et al.. AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Pouchitis and Inflammatory Pouch Disorders. Gastroenterology 2024. link 20 Rokkas T, Gisbert JP, Ekmektzoglou K, Dassopoulos T, Niv Y, O'Morain C. Comparative maintenance performance of all biologic agents and small molecules in ulcerative colitis: a network meta-analysis. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 2024. link 21 Estevinho MM, Sousa-Pinto B, Moreira PL, Solitano V, Mesquita P, Costa C et al.. Network Meta-Analysis: Histologic and Histo-Endoscopic Improvement and Remission With Advanced Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 2024. link 22 Zhang S, Zhao L, Shen H, Tang Z, Qin D, Li J et al.. International clinical practice guideline on the use of traditional Chinese medicine for ulcerative colitis by Board of Specialty Committee of Digestive System Disease of World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies (2023). Phytotherapy research : PTR 2024. link 23 Iyengar P, Godoy-Brewer G, Maniyar I, White J, Maas L, Parian AM et al.. Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024. link 24 Yakut A. Contribution of Fecal Calprotectin and Fecal Immunochemical Tests to the Evaluation of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology 2024. link 25 Harindranath S, Singh A. Tofacitinib in ulcerative colitis - Small molecule but large effect. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 2024. link 26 Barber GE, Zhuo J, Okafor PN, Streett S. Gastroenterology Clinic Follow-Up Reduces Gastroenterology-Specific Readmissions Among Patients With Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2024. link 27 Hu T, Zhang Z, Song F, Zhang W, Yang J. RE: Contribution of Fecal Calprotectin and Fecal Immunochemical Tests to the Evaluation of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology 2024. link 28 Sachan A, Thungapathra M, Kaur H, Prasad KK, Jassal RS, Sharma V et al.. Comprehensive assessment of nutritional and functional status of patients with ulcerative colitis and their impact on quality of life. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology 2024. link 29 Armuzzi A, Cross RK, Lichtenstein GR, Hou J, Deepak P, Regueiro M et al.. Cardiovascular Safety of Ozanimod in Patients With Ulcerative Colitis: True North and Open-Label Extension Analyses. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2024. link 30 Singh S, Ananthakrishnan AN, Nguyen NH, Cohen BL, Velayos FS, Weiss JM et al.. AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on the Role of Biomarkers for the Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2023. link 31 Herrador-López M, Martín-Masot R, Navas-López VM. Dietary Interventions in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review of the Evidence with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023. link 32 Welsh S, Sam Z, Seenan JP, Nicholson GA. The Role of Appendicectomy in Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2023. link 33 Fuxman C, Sicilia B, Linares ME, García-López S, González Sueyro R, González-Lamac Y et al.. GADECCU 2022 Guideline for the treatment of Ulcerative Colitis. Adaptation and updating of the GETECCU 2020 Guideline. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia 2023. link 34 Chen KYY, Kamiya S, Yap S, Neave H, Walmsley RS, Schauer C et al.. Biomarkers in the early prediction of rescue therapy in acute severe colitis-a single-centre retrospective study. The New Zealand medical journal 2023. link 35 Meijboom RW, Barbier L, Druedahl LC, Sarnola K, Tolonen HM, Gardarsdottir H et al.. Recommendations on TNFα inhibitor biosimilar use in clinical practice: a comparison of European gastroenterology IBD guidance. Expert opinion on biological therapy 2023. link 36 Kutschera M, Novacek G, Reinisch W, Högenauer C, Petritsch W, Haas T et al.. Tofacitinib in the treatment of ulcerative colitis : A position paper issued by the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Working Group of the Austrian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (ÖGGH). Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2023. link 37 Głąbska D, Guzek D, Lech G. Analysis of the Nutritional Value of Diets and Food Choices in Polish Female Ulcerative Colitis Individuals Compared with a Pair-Matched Control Sample. Nutrients 2023. link 38 Guo Y, Zhang T, Xu Y, Karrar E, Cao M, Sun X et al.. Effects of Medium- and Long-Chain Structured Triacylglycerol on the Therapeutic Efficacy of Vitamin D on Ulcerative Colitis: A Consideration for Efficient Lipid Delivery Systems. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2023. link 39 Desai V, Sajjana G, Kakadiya R, Jena A, Gupta P, Sharma V. Mondor's disease in a patient with ulcerative colitis. The journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 2023. link 40 Vermeire S, Sands BE, Tilg H, Tulassay Z, Kempinski R, Danese S et al.. ABX464 (obefazimod) for moderate-to-severe, active ulcerative colitis: a phase 2b, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled induction trial and 48 week, open-label extension. The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology 2022. link00233-3) 41 Macaluso FS, Maida M, Ventimiglia M, Orlando A. Effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: A single-arm meta-analysis of observational studies. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 2022. link 42 Rufino MN, da Costa AL, Jorge EN, Paiano VF, Camparoto ML, Keller R et al.. Synbiotics improve clinical indicators of ulcerative colitis: systematic review with meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews 2022. link 43 Danese S, Vermeire S, Zhou W, Pangan AL, Siffledeen J, Greenbloom S et al.. Upadacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results from three phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomised trials. Lancet (London, England) 2022. link00581-5) 44 Rodríguez C, Elosua A, Prieto C, Pérez E, Irisarri R, Campillo A et al.. Colectomy rate in ulcerative colitis 15 years after diagnosis: Results from the 2001-2003 Navarra cohort. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia 2022. link 45 Tan Y, Peng L, Wen L, Yang L, Zhu Y, Lai Y et al.. Correlations of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Intestinal Mucosa, Serum Inflammation, Oxidative Stresses and Immune Changes with Vitamin Deficiency in Ulcerative Colitis Patients. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France) 2022. link 46 Syed A, Seoud T, Carleton NM, Thakkar S, Kiran RP, Shen B. Association Between Portal Vein Thrombosis and Pouchitis in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Digestive diseases and sciences 2022. link 47 Kim ES, Kim KO, Jang BI, Kim EY, Lee YJ, Lee HS et al.. Comparison of 1-Year Colectomy Risk Between the US and Korean Patients with Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Digestive diseases and sciences 2022. link 48 Leppkes M, Lindemann A, Gößwein S, Paulus S, Roth D, Hartung A et al.. Neutrophils prevent rectal bleeding in ulcerative colitis by peptidyl-arginine deiminase-4-dependent immunothrombosis. Gut 2022. link 49 Barberio B, Segal JP, Quraishi MN, Black CJ, Savarino EV, Ford AC. Efficacy of Oral, Topical, or Combined Oral and Topical 5-Aminosalicylates, in Ulcerative Colitis: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 2021. link 50 Mesonero F, Juliá B, Saldaña R, Savini C, Cañas M, Cea-Calvo L et al.. Self-medication with oral corticosteroids reported by patients with ulcerative colitis: characteristics, reasons and patients' behaviors. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 2021. link 51 Ma C, Sedano R, Almradi A, Vande Casteele N, Parker CE, Guizzetti L et al.. An International Consensus to Standardize Integration of Histopathology in Ulcerative Colitis Clinical Trials. Gastroenterology 2021. link 52 Rosiou K, Selinger CP. Acute severe ulcerative colitis: management advice for internal medicine and emergency physicians. Internal and emergency medicine 2021. link 53 Tiu SPT, Hajirawala LN, Leonardi C, Davis KG, Orangio GR, Barton JS. Delayed Surgery Does Not Increase Risk in Urgent Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis. The American surgeon 2021. link 54 Hanioka Y, Shimizu K, Yamagami K, Yao S, Nakamura R, Nakamura T et al.. Exacerbation of Ulcerative Colitis with Tocilizumab: A Report of Two Cases, One with Takayasu Arteritis and the Other with Relapsing Polychondritis. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2021. link 55 Carvello M, Watfah J, Włodarczyk M, Spinelli A. The Management of the Hospitalized Ulcerative Colitis Patient: the Medical-Surgical Conundrum. Current gastroenterology reports 2020. link 56 Din S, Kent A, Pollok RC, Meade S, Kennedy NA, Arnott I et al.. Adaptations to the British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of acute severe UC in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a RAND appropriateness panel. Gut 2020. link 57 Singh S, Allegretti JR, Siddique SM, Terdiman JP. AGA Technical Review on the Management of Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2020. link 58 Brookes MJ, Waller J, Cappelleri JC, Modesto I, DiBonaventura MD, Bohm N et al.. Living with Ulcerative Colitis Study (LUCY) in England: a retrospective study evaluating healthcare resource utilisation and direct healthcare costs of postoperative care in ulcerative colitis. BMJ open gastroenterology 2020. link 59 Murphy B, Kavanagh DO, Winter DC. Modern surgery for ulcerative colitis. Updates in surgery 2020. link 60 Waked B, Favere K, Marrannes J, De Wulf D, Decaestecker J. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement for symptomatic non- bleeding anorectal varices in nodular regenerative hyperplasia. Acta gastro-enterologica Belgica 2020. link 61 Emami MR, Sharifi A, Yaseri M, Derakhshanian H, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ. Vitamin D suppresses proangiogenic factors in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 2020. link 62 Sandborn WJ, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Zhang J, Chiorean M, Vermeire S, Lee SD et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Etrasimod in a Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2020. link 63 Kahyaoglu M, Gunay N, Bayam E, Yilmaz Y, Gecmen C, Ozdil K et al.. Atrial peak longitudinal strain may be predictive of pancolitis in patients with ulcerative colitis. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2020. link 64 Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, Sauer BG, Long MD. ACG Clinical Guideline: Ulcerative Colitis in Adults. The American journal of gastroenterology 2019. link 65 Bedrikovetski S, Dudi-Venkata N, Kroon HM, Liu J, Andrews JM, Lewis M et al.. Systematic review of rectal stump management during and after emergency total colectomy for acute severe ulcerative colitis. ANZ journal of surgery 2019. link 66 . Updated S3-Guideline Ulcerative Colitis. German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS). Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2019. link 67 D'Haens GRAM, Lindsay JO, Panaccione R, Schreiber S. Ulcerative Colitis: Shifting Sands. Drugs in R&D 2019. link 68 Singh S, Feuerstein JD, Binion DG, Tremaine WJ. AGA Technical Review on the Management of Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2019. link 69 Leeds IL, Sundel MH, Gabre-Kidan A, Safar B, Truta B, Efron JE et al.. Outcomes for Ulcerative Colitis With Delayed Emergency Colectomy Are Worse When Controlling for Preoperative Risk Factors. Diseases of the colon and rectum 2019. link 70 Larner DP, Jenkinson C, Chun RF, Westgate CSJ, Adams JS, Hewison M. Free versus total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a murine model of colitis. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2019. link 71 Turner D, Ruemmele FM, Orlanski-Meyer E, Griffiths AM, de Carpi JM, Bronsky J et al.. Management of Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis, Part 1: Ambulatory Care-An Evidence-based Guideline From European Crohn's and Colitis Organization and European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2018. link 72 Kato S, Ishibashi A, Kani K, Yakabi K. Optimized Management of Ulcerative Proctitis: When and How to Use Mesalazine Suppository. Digestion 2018. link 73 Abou Khalil M, Boutros M, Nedjar H, Morin N, Ghitulescu G, Vasilevsky CA et al.. Incidence Rates and Predictors of Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis in the Era of Biologics: Results from a Provincial Database. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2018. link 74 Hiraoka S, Inokuchi T, Nakarai A, Takashima S, Takei D, Sugihara Y et al.. Fecal Immunochemical Test and Fecal Calprotectin Results Show Different Profiles in Disease Monitoring for Ulcerative Colitis. Gut and liver 2018. link 75 Nakarai A, Hiraoka S, Takahashi S, Inaba T, Higashi R, Mizuno M et al.. Simultaneous Measurements of Faecal Calprotectin and the Faecal Immunochemical Test in Quiescent Ulcerative Colitis Patients Can Stratify Risk of Relapse. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 2018. link 76 Dai C, Jiang M, Sun MJ, Cao Q. Fecal immunochemical test for predicting mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2018. link 77 Garg M, Hendy P, Ding JN, Shaw S, Hold G, Hart A. The Effect of Vitamin D on Intestinal Inflammation and Faecal Microbiota in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 2018. link 78 Lipov E, Candido K. Efficacy and safety of stellate ganglion block in chronic ulcerative colitis. World journal of gastroenterology 2017. link 79 Tursi A, Allegretta L, Chiri S, Della Valle N, Elisei W, Forti G et al.. Effectiveness and safety of infliximab biosimilar CT-P13 in treating ulcerative colitis: a real‑life experience in IBD primary centers. Minerva gastroenterologica e dietologica 2017. link 80 López-Sanromán A, Carpio D, Calvet X, Romero C, Cea-Calvo L, Juliá B et al.. Perceived Emotional and Psychological Impact of Ulcerative Colitis on Outpatients in Spain: UC-LIFE Survey. Digestive diseases and sciences 2017. link 81 Parker B, Buchanan J, Wordsworth S, Keshav S, George B, East JE. Surgery versus surveillance in ulcerative colitis patients with endoscopically invisible low-grade dysplasia: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2017. link 82 Stepashina ES, Tarasova LV, Busalaeva EI. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GOLIMUMAB IN SEVERE ULCERATIVE COLITIS WITH EXTRAINTESTINAL MANIFESTATIONS. Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia gastroenterologiia = Experimental & clinical gastroenterology 2016. link 83 Whitehead L. The Impact of Biological Interventions for Ulcerative Colitis on Health-Related Quality of Life. The American journal of nursing 2016. link 84 Haase AM, Gregersen T, Christensen LA, Agnholt J, Dahlerup JF, Schlageter V et al.. Regional gastrointestinal transit times in severe ulcerative colitis. Neurogastroenterology and motility 2016. link 85 Gisbert JP, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Esteve M, García-Sánchez V, Gomollón F, Guardiola J et al.. Physician Perspectives on Unresolved Issues in the Management of Ulcerative Colitis: The UC Horizons Project. Inflammatory bowel diseases 2016. link 86 Bonnaud G, Haennig A, Levy J, Sigur N, Ledit A, Cabarrot P et al.. Implementation of the French national consensus for the management of ulcerative colitis into clinical practice. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver 2016. link 87 Bhoola PH, Shtofmakher G, Bahri A, Patel AA, Barlizo SR, Trepal M. Pedal Gangrenous Changes in the Digits of an Adolescent With Ulcerative Colitis: A Case Report. 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Intra-abdominal venous thrombosis after colectomy in pediatric patients with chronic ulcerative colitis: incidence, treatment, and outcomes. Journal of pediatric surgery 2014. link 96 Ward ST, Li KK, Trivedi PJ, Hejmadi RK, Suggett N, Iqbal T et al.. Patients newly diagnosed with ulcerative colitis receive earlier treatment in surgical clinics. Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland 2013. link 97 de Oliveira GT, Martins SS, Deboni M, Picciarelli P, Campos LM, Jesus AA et al.. Cutaneous vasculitis in ulcerative colitis mimicking Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 2013. link 98 Mukewar S, Hall P, Lashner BA, Lopez R, Kiran RP, Shen B. Risk factors for nephrolithiasis in patients with ileal pouches. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 2013. link 99 Ramakrishna BS, Makharia GK, Abraham P, Ghoshal UC, Jayanthi V, Agarwal BK et al.. Indian Society of Gastroenterology consensus on ulcerative colitis. 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Original source

[1]
Ulcerative colitis complicated by granulomatosis with polyangiitis treated with tacrolimus. — Miyaguchi K, Ishimoto K, Matsumoto H, Shiomi R, Hamada M, Tsuzuki Y et al. Arab journal of gastroenterology : the official publication of the Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology (2026)
[2]
Microthrombi growth in ADAMTS13 deficiency exacerbates inflammatory bowel disease via mucosal and endothelial dysfunction. — Tatsuta K, Honkura N, Morooka N, Sakata M, Kurachi K, Sugimoto K et al. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH (2026)
[3]
A case of refractory pouchitis leading to cardiopulmonary arrest. — Tanaka T, Tominaga K, Matsumoto K, Yamazaki Y, Kojimahara S, Kanazawa M et al. Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2026)
[4]
Upadacitinib in refractory ulcerative colitis patients with high thromboembolic risk: two case reports. — Mo R, Yu S, Xu H, Hao J Frontiers in immunology (2026)
[5]
A case of ascending aortic mural thrombosis complicating ulcerative colitis. — Takahashi Y, Inaba Y, Minegishi S, Endo H, Kubota H Journal of cardiothoracic surgery (2026)
[6]
ACG Clinical Guideline Update: Ulcerative Colitis in Adults. — Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, Barnes EL, Long MD The American journal of gastroenterology (2025)
[7]
Management of paediatric ulcerative colitis, part 2: Acute severe colitis-An updated evidence-based consensus guideline from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization. — Assa A, Aloi M, Van Biervliet S, Bronsky J, di Carpi JM, Gasparetto M et al. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (2025)
[8]
Management of paediatric ulcerative colitis, part 1: Ambulatory care-An updated evidence-based consensus guideline from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. — Wine E, Aloi M, Van Biervliet S, Bronsky J, di Carpi JM, Gasparetto M et al. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (2025)
[9]
Comparative Efficacy of Biologics and Small Molecule in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. — Shehab M, Alrashed F, Alsayegh A, Aldallal U, Ma C, Narula N et al. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association (2025)
[10]
Comparative efficacy of pharmacologic interventions in ulcerative colitis: a network meta analysis. — Khan AU, Ali M, Wahab MA Inflammopharmacology (2025)
[11]
Non-Invasive vs. Invasive Markers in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review of Intestinal Ultrasound, Biopsy, and Faecal Calprotectin. — Parra-Izquierdo V, De Avila J, Gómez O, Barrero N, Duarte M, Romero-Sánchez C International journal of molecular sciences (2025)
[12]
A bacterial toxin disarms gut defenses against inflammation. — Modilevsky S, Bel S Science (New York, N.Y.) (2025)
[13]
Incidence of Myocarditis Caused by Drugs Used for Ulcerative Colitis as Examined Using VigiBase, a Spontaneous Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Database. — Kawai Y, Kurata Y, Hamano H, Niimura T, Goda M, Zamami Y et al. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin (2025)
[14]
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