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Cardiology228 papers

Veno-occlusive disease of the liver

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Veno-occlusive disease (VOD), also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), is a serious complication characterized by microvascular occlusion in the liver, often following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) or liver transplantation, leading to hepatomegaly, ascites, and potentially multi-organ dysfunction 1 2 5.

Diagnosis

Clinical Criteria: Hepatomegaly, painful enlargement of the liver, ascites, and laboratory evidence of liver dysfunction (elevated bilirubin, INR) 1 5.

Diagnostic Tests:

- Imaging: Ultrasound, CT, MRI showing characteristic findings such as portal venous thrombosis or reversed flow in portal branches 33 53. - Biomarkers: Elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) can aid in diagnosis 22 51.

Grading: Typically assessed using the modified Seattle criteria, categorizing severity into stages (mild, moderate, severe) 5 29.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Defibrotide: Recommended for severe VOD/SOS, particularly in patients with multi-organ dysfunction 6 8 16 26 31 57. Dosage varies but often includes continuous intravenous infusion 16 26. - Methylprednisolone: Early administration in pediatric patients has shown promise 45 44.

Adjunctive Therapies:

- N-acetylcysteine (NAC): Used in some institutions for treatment 10. - Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA): Combined with defibrotide for refractory cases 68. - Mechanical Support: In severe cases, consider extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or other mechanical circulatory support 39.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Refractory thrombocytopenia is a valid early diagnostic criterion 9. Early use of methylprednisolone shows efficacy 45.

Elderly and Comorbidities: Specific management strategies tailored to comorbidities are not extensively detailed in the abstracts, but close monitoring and supportive care are crucial 5 29.

Key Recommendations

Use Defibrotide for Severe VOD/SOS: Particularly in patients with multi-organ dysfunction following HCT (Evidence: Strong 6 8 16 26 31 57).

Consider Early Methylprednisolone in Pediatric Patients: For early-onset VOD/SOS to improve outcomes (Evidence: Moderate 45 44).

Monitor Biomarkers Like PAI-1: For early diagnosis and severity stratification in VOD/SOS (Evidence: Moderate 22 51).

Utilize Imaging Techniques: Such as Doppler ultrasonography for early diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic response (Evidence: Moderate 53 65).

Evaluate and Implement Mechanical Support: For patients with refractory or severe multi-organ dysfunction (Evidence: Weak 39).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 179 indexed papers.

1 Miyazaki Y, Narumi H, Azuma T, Tanimoto K, Masuda Y, Kato J et al.. Impact of Oral Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Veno-Occlusive Disease/Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome Onset Prevention: Single-Center Retrospective Analysis. Transplantation and cellular therapy 2026. link 2 Yoon JH, Kwag D, Min GJ, Park SS, Park S, Lee SE et al.. Real-World Outcome of Defibrotide Treatment for Severe Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease/Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Transplantation and cellular therapy 2026. link 3 Kuroha T, Furukawa T, Yoshikawa S, Kaihatsu A, Nemoto H, Usuda H et al.. A case of late-onset sinusoidal obstruction syndrome diagnosed histologically before meeting diagnostic criteria. International journal of hematology 2025. link 4 Rahim MQ, Rahrig AL, Dinora D, Harrison J, Green R, Carter A et al.. The benefits of prophylactic defibrotide: Are the tides turning?. Pediatric blood & cancer 2025. link 5 Endo Y, Shinoda M, Maehara J, Hibi T, Hasegawa Y, Obara H et al.. Early-onset hepatic veno-occlusive disease after liver transplantation: an institutional experience and analysis of a literature-based cohort. Surgery today 2024. link 6 Mohty M, Blaise D, Peffault de Latour R, Labopin M, Bourhis JH, Bruno B et al.. Real-world use of defibrotide for veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome: the DEFIFrance Registry Study. Bone marrow transplantation 2023. link 7 Putta S, Young BA, Levine JE, Reshef R, Nakamura R, Strouse C et al.. Prognostic Biomarkers for Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease/Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome in Myeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Results from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network 1202 Study. Transplantation and cellular therapy 2023. link 8 Richardson PG, Smith AR, Kernan NA, Lehmann L, Soiffer RJ, Ryan RJ et al.. Pooled analysis of Day 100 survival for defibrotide-treated patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and ventilator or dialysis dependence following haematopoietic cell transplantation. British journal of haematology 2020. link 9 Embaby MM, Rangarajan HG, Abu-Arja R, Auletta JJ, Stanek J, Pai V et al.. Refractory Thrombocytopenia Is a Valid Early Diagnostic Criteria for Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease in Children. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2020. link 10 Lee AC, Aung L. Treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in children with N-acetylcysteine. Pediatric blood & cancer 2019. link 11 Patrono D, Marola S, David E, Chiusa L, Martini S, Mirabella S et al.. Long-Term Outcome of Veno-Occlusive Disease After Liver Transplant: A Retrospective Single-Center Experience. Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation 2019. link 12 Philippe M, Neely M, Rushing T, Bertrand Y, Bleyzac N, Goutelle S. Maximal concentration of intravenous busulfan as a determinant of veno-occlusive disease: a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis in 293 hematopoietic stem cell transplanted children. Bone marrow transplantation 2019. link 13 Kim MG, Kwak A, Choi B, Ji E, Oh JM, Kim K. Effect of glutathione S-transferase genetic polymorphisms on busulfan pharmacokinetics and veno-occlusive disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A meta-analysis. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology 2019. link 14 Ovchinsky N, Frazier W, Auletta JJ, Dvorak CC, Ardura M, Song E et al.. Consensus Report by the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators and Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Consortium Joint Working Committees on Supportive Care Guidelines for Management of Veno-Occlusive Disease in Children and Adolescents, Part 3: Focus on Cardiorespiratory Dysfunction, Infections, Liver Dysfunction, and Delirium. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2018. link 15 Gloude NJ, Jodele S, Teusink-Cross A, Grimley M, Davies SM, Lane A et al.. Combination of High-Dose Methylprednisolone and Defibrotide for Veno-Occlusive Disease in Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2018. link 16 Richardson PG, Carreras E, Iacobelli M, Nejadnik B. The use of defibrotide in blood and marrow transplantation. Blood advances 2018. link 17 Kernan NA, Grupp S, Smith AR, Arai S, Triplett B, Antin JH et al.. Final results from a defibrotide treatment-IND study for patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. British journal of haematology 2018. link 18 Yang S, Wu J, Lei S. CT Features of Hepatic Veno-occlusive Disease: A Meta-analysis. Academic radiology 2018. link 19 Bagal B, Chandrasekharan A, Chougle A, Khattry N. Low, fixed dose defibrotide in management of hepatic veno-occlusive disease post stem cell transplantation. Hematology/oncology and stem cell therapy 2018. link 20 Navas Tejedor P, Palomino Doza J, Tenorio Castaño JA, Enguita Valls AB, Rodríguez Reguero JJ, Martínez Meñaca A et al.. Variable Expressivity of a Founder Mutation in the EIF2AK4 Gene in Hereditary Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease and Its Impact on Survival. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2018. link 21 Nossent EJ, Antigny F, Montani D, Bogaard HJ, Ghigna MR, Lambert M et al.. Pulmonary vascular remodeling patterns and expression of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation 2018. link 22 Aziz MT, Kakadiya PP, Kush SM, Weigel K, Lowe DK. Defibrotide: An Oligonucleotide for Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 2018. link 23 Veenstra DL, Guzauskas GF, Villa KF, Boudreau DM. The budget impact and cost-effectiveness of defibrotide for treatment of veno-occlusive disease with multi-organ dysfunction in patients post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Journal of medical economics 2017. link 24 Al Jefri AH, Abujazar H, Al-Ahmari A, Al Rawas A, Al Zahrani Z, Alhejazi A et al.. Veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Middle East/North Africa regional consensus on prevention, diagnosis and management. Bone marrow transplantation 2017. link 25 Arai S. Long-awaited news for hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Blood 2016. link 26 Corbacioglu S, Carreras E, Mohty M, Pagliuca A, Boelens JJ, Damaj G et al.. Defibrotide for the Treatment of Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease: Final Results From the International Compassionate-Use Program. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2016. link 27 Strouse C, Richardson P, Prentice G, Korman S, Hume R, Nejadnik B et al.. Defibrotide for Treatment of Severe Veno-Occlusive Disease in Pediatrics and Adults: An Exploratory Analysis Using Data from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2016. link 28 Richardson PG, Riches ML, Kernan NA, Brochstein JA, Mineishi S, Termuhlen AM et al.. Phase 3 trial of defibrotide for the treatment of severe veno-occlusive disease and multi-organ failure. Blood 2016. link 29 Dalle JH, Giralt SA. Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Risk Factors and Stratification, Prophylaxis, and Treatment. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2016. link 30 Shen T, Tang X, Xiang H, Zheng S. Graft Failure From Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease After a Liver Transplant: A Case Report. Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation 2016. link 31 Myers KC, Dandoy C, El-Bietar J, Davies SM, Jodele S. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver in the absence of elevation in bilirubin in pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2015. link 32 Qiao J, Fu J, Fang T, Huang Y, Mi H, Yang N et al.. Evaluation of the effects of preconditioning regimens on hepatic veno-occlusive disease in mice after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Experimental and molecular pathology 2015. link 33 Mineo G, Attinà D, Mughetti M, Balacchi C, De Luca F, Niro F et al.. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: the role of CT. La Radiologia medica 2014. link 34 Myers KC, Lawrence J, Marsh RA, Davies SM, Jodele S. High-dose methylprednisolone for veno-occlusive disease of the liver in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2013. link 35 Richardson PG, Corbacioglu S, Ho VT, Kernan NA, Lehmann L, Maguire C et al.. Drug safety evaluation of defibrotide. Expert opinion on drug safety 2013. link 36 Perros F, Cohen-Kaminsky S, Gambaryan N, Girerd B, Raymond N, Klingelschmitt I et al.. Cytotoxic cells and granulysin in pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 2013. link 37 Oancea I, Png CW, Das I, Lourie R, Winkler IG, Eri R et al.. A novel mouse model of veno-occlusive disease provides strategies to prevent thioguanine-induced hepatic toxicity. Gut 2013. link 38 Sartori MT, Cesaro S, Peruzzo M, Messina C, Saggiorato G, Calore E et al.. Contribution of fibrinolytic tests to the differential diagnosis of veno-occlusive disease complicating pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatric blood & cancer 2012. link 39 Hoopes CW, Gurley JC, Zwischenberger JB, Diaz-Guzman E. Mechanical support for pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: combined atrial septostomy and venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Seminars in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2012. link 40 Coppell JA, Richardson PG, Soiffer R, Martin PL, Kernan NA, Chen A et al.. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease following stem cell transplantation: incidence, clinical course, and outcome. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2010. link 41 Richardson PG, Soiffer RJ, Antin JH, Uno H, Jin Z, Kurtzberg J et al.. Defibrotide for the treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease and multiorgan failure after stem cell transplantation: a multicenter, randomized, dose-finding trial. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation 2010. link 42 Lee SH, Yoo KH, Sung KW, Koo HH, Kwon YJ, Kwon MM et al.. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. Bone marrow transplantation 2010. link 43 Schouten van der Velden AP, Punt CJ, Van Krieken JH, Derleyn VA, Ruers TJ. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease after neoadjuvant treatment of colorectal liver metastases with oxaliplatin: a lesson of the month. European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology 2008. link 44 Benimetskaya L, Wu S, Voskresenskiy AM, Echart C, Zhou JF, Shin J et al.. Angiogenesis alteration by defibrotide: implications for its mechanism of action in severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Blood 2008. link 45 Al Beihany A, Al Omar H, Sahovic E, Chaudhri N, Al Mohareb F, Al Sharif F et al.. Successful treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by early administration of a short course of methylprednisolone. Bone marrow transplantation 2008. link 46 Ho VT, Revta C, Richardson PG. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: update on defibrotide and other current investigational therapies. Bone marrow transplantation 2008. link 47 Cutler C, Stevenson K, Kim HT, Richardson P, Ho VT, Linden E et al.. Sirolimus is associated with veno-occlusive disease of the liver after myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2008. link 48 Bouligand J, Deroussent A, Simonnard N, Opolon P, Morizet J, Connault E et al.. Induction of glutathione synthesis explains pharmacodynamics of high-dose busulfan in mice and highlights putative mechanisms of drug interaction. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 2007. link 49 Guan YS. A case report of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after ingesting dainties. World journal of gastroenterology 2006. link 50 Kuroda T, Hirota H, Masaki M, Sugiyama S, Oshima Y, Terai K et al.. Sildenafil as adjunct therapy to high-dose epoprostenol in a patient with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Heart, lung & circulation 2006. link 51 Batsis I, Yannaki E, Kaloyannidis P, Sakellari I, Smias C, Georgoulis I et al.. Veno-occlusive disease prophylaxis with fresh frozen plasma and heparin in bone marrow transplantation. Thrombosis research 2006. link 52 Pihusch M, Wegner H, Goehring P, Salat C, Pihusch V, Hiller E et al.. Diagnosis of hepatic veno-occlusive disease by plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 plasma antigen levels: a prospective analysis in 350 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Transplantation 2005. link 53 Hashiguchi M, Okamura T, Yoshimoto K, Ono N, Imamura R, Yakushiji K et al.. Demonstration of reversed flow in segmental branches of the portal vein with hand-held color Doppler ultrasonography after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation 2005. link 54 Tang W, Ziring D, Gershman G, French S. Role of macrophages and stellate cells in the pathogenesis of veno-occlusive disease: an electron microscopic case study. Experimental and molecular pathology 2003. link00094-7) 55 Saito A, Takizawa H, Ito K, Yamamoto K, Oka T. A case of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease associated with systemic sclerosis. Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) 2003. link 56 Wadleigh M, Ho V, Momtaz P, Richardson P. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Current opinion in hematology 2003. link 57 Richardson PG, Murakami C, Jin Z, Warren D, Momtaz P, Hoppensteadt D et al.. Multi-institutional use of defibrotide in 88 patients after stem cell transplantation with severe veno-occlusive disease and multisystem organ failure: response without significant toxicity in a high-risk population and factors predictive of outcome. Blood 2002. link 58 Litzow MR, Repoussis PD, Schroeder G, Schembri-Wismayer D, Batts KP, Anderson PM et al.. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after blood and marrow transplantation: analysis of pre- and post-transplant risk factors associated with severity and results of therapy with tissue plasminogen activator. Leukemia & lymphoma 2002. link 59 Kim ID, Egawa H, Marui Y, Kaihara S, Haga H, Lin YW et al.. A successful liver transplantation for refractory hepatic veno-occlusive disease originating from cord blood transplantation. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons 2002. link 60 Okumura H, Nagaya N, Kyotani S, Sakamaki F, Nakanishi N, Fukuhara S et al.. Effects of continuous IV prostacyclin in a patient with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Chest 2002. link 61 Lee JH, Lee KH, Lee JH, Kim S, Seol M, Park CJ et al.. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is an independent diagnostic marker as well as severity predictor of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in adults conditioned with busulphan and cyclophosphamide. British journal of haematology 2002. link 62 D'Antiga L, Baker A, Pritchard J, Pryor D, Mieli-Vergani G. Veno-occlusive disease with multi-organ involvement following actinomycin-D. European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) 2001. link00097-1) 63 Mor E, Pappo O, Bar-Nathan N, Shaharabani E, Shapira Z, Tur-Kaspa R et al.. Defibrotide for the treatment of veno-occlusive disease after liver transplantation. Transplantation 2001. link 64 Tefferi A, Kumar S, Wolf RC, Lacy MQ, Inwards DJ, Gloor JM et al.. Charcoal hemofiltration for hepatic veno-occlusive disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation 2001. link 65 Yoshimoto K, Yakushiji K, Ijuin H, Ono N, Hashiguchi M, Imamura R et al.. Colour Doppler ultrasonography of a segmental branch of the portal vein is useful for early diagnosis and monitoring of the therapeutic course of veno-occlusive disease after allogenic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. British journal of haematology 2001. link 66 Holcomb BW, Loyd JE, Ely EW, Johnson J, Robbins IM. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: a case series and new observations. Chest 2000. link 67 Kajiume T, Yoshimi S, Nagita A, Kobayashi K, Kataoka N. Application of nitric oxide for a case of veno-occlusive disease after peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Pediatric hematology and oncology 2000. link 68 Jenner MJ, Micallef IN, Rohatiner AZ, Kelsey SM, Newland AC, Cavenagh JD. Successful therapy of transplant-associated veno-occlusive disease with a combination of tissue plasminogen activator and defibrotide. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 2000. link 69 Chopra R, Eaton JD, Grassi A, Potter M, Shaw B, Salat C et al.. Defibrotide for the treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease: results of the European compassionate-use study. British journal of haematology 2000. link 70 Tanikawa S, Mori S, Ohhashi K, Akiyama H, Sasaki T, Kaku H et al.. Predictive markers for hepatic veno-occlusive disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adults: a prospective single center study. Bone marrow transplantation 2000. link 71 Sebagh M, Debette M, Samuel D, Emile JF, Falissard B, Cailliez V et al.. "Silent" presentation of veno-occlusive disease after liver transplantation as part of the process of cellular rejection with endothelial predilection. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 1999. link 72 Toh HC, McAfee SL, Sackstein R, Cox BF, Colby C, Spitzer TR. Late onset veno-occlusive disease following high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation 1999. link 73 Mertens R, Brost H, Granzen B, Nowak-Göttl U. Antithrombin treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease in children with cancer. European journal of pediatrics 1999. link 74 Richardson PG, Elias AD, Krishnan A, Wheeler C, Nath R, Hoppensteadt D et al.. Treatment of severe veno-occlusive disease with defibrotide: compassionate use results in response without significant toxicity in a high-risk population. Blood 1998. link 75 Azoulay D, Castaing D, Lemoine A, Samuel D, Majno P, Reynes M et al.. Successful treatment of severe azathioprine-induced hepatic veno-occlusive disease in a kidney-transplanted patient with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Clinical nephrology 1998. link 76 Brown SA, Goringe A, Fegan C, Davies SV, Giddings J, Whittaker JA et al.. Parenteral glutamine protects hepatic function during bone marrow transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation 1998. link 77 Lee JH, Lee KH, Kim S, Lee JS, Kim WK, Park CJ et al.. Relevance of proteins C and S, antithrombin III, von Willebrand factor, and factor VIII for the development of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a prospective study. Bone marrow transplantation 1998. link 78 Oh H, Tahara T, Bouvier M, Farrand A, McDonald GB. Plasma thrombopoietin levels in marrow transplant patients with veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Bone marrow transplantation 1998. link 79 Hägglund H, Remberger M, Klaesson S, Lönnqvist B, Ljungman P, Ringdén O. Norethisterone treatment, a major risk-factor for veno-occlusive disease in the liver after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1998. link 80 Baron F, Deprez M, Beguin Y. The veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Haematologica 1997. link 81 Remberger M, Ringdén O. Serum levels of cytokines after bone marrow transplantation: increased IL-8 levels during severe veno-occlusive disease of the liver. European journal of haematology 1997. link 82 Lassau N, Leclère J, Auperin A, Bourhis JH, Hartmann O, Valteau-Couanet D et al.. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease after myeloablative treatment and bone marrow transplantation: value of gray-scale and Doppler US in 100 patients. Radiology 1997. link 83 Arsène O, Delain M, Linassier C, Bremond JL, Colombat P. A case of veno-occlusive disease complicated by severe hemorrhagic cystitis successfully treated with recombinant plasminogen activator. Hematology and cell therapy 1997. link 84 Terra SG, Spitzer TR, Tsunoda SM. A review of tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of veno-occlusive liver disease after bone marrow transplantation. Pharmacotherapy 1997. link 85 Bisogno G, de Kraker J, Weirich A, Masiero L, Ludwig R, Tournade MF et al.. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver in children treated for Wilms tumor. Medical and pediatric oncology 1997. link1096-911x(199710)29:4<245::aid-mpo2>3.0.co;2-m) 86 Korte W. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after bone marrow transplantation: is hypercoagulability really part of the problem?. Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis 1997. link 87 Styler MJ, Crilley P, Biggs J, Moul J, Copelan E, Topolsky D et al.. Hepatic dysfunction following busulfan and cyclophosphamide myeloablation: a retrospective, multicenter analysis. Bone marrow transplantation 1996. link 88 Schiavetti A, Matrunola M, Varrasso G, Padula A, Castello MA. Ultrasound in the management of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in three children treated with dactinomycin and vincristine. Pediatric hematology and oncology 1996. link 89 Salat C, Holler E, Göhring P, Poley S, Kolb HJ, Pihusch R et al.. Protein C, protein S and antithrombin III levels in the course of bone marrow and subsequent liver transplantation due to veno-occlusive disease. European journal of medical research 1996. link 90 Kuga T, Kohda K, Hirayama Y, Matsumoto S, Nakazawa O, Ando M et al.. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease accompanied by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 1 year after a second bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. International journal of hematology 1996. link00467-7) 91 de la Rubia J, Carral A, Montes H, Urquijo JJ, Sanz GF, Sanz MA. Successful treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in a peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant patient with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt (TIPS). Haematologica 1996. link 92 Goldberg SL, Shubert J, Rao AK, Redei I, Klumpp TR, Mangan KF. Treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease with low-dose tissue plasminogen activator: impact on coagulation profile. Bone marrow transplantation 1996. link 93 Lévy V, Azoulay D, Rio B, Vincent F, Rabbat A, Hunault M et al.. Successful treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt (TIPS). Bone marrow transplantation 1996. link 94 Smith FO, Johnson MS, Scherer LR, Faught P, Breitfeld PP, Albright E et al.. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS) for treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Bone marrow transplantation 1996. link 95 Rosenthal J, Sender L, Secola R, Killen R, Millerick M, Murphy L et al.. Phase II trial of heparin prophylaxis for veno-occlusive disease of the liver in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Bone marrow transplantation 1996. link 96 Shah IA, Lewin KJ, Iqbal J, Mukherjee R. Veno-occlusive disease of the small bowel. An entity in search of identity. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 1996. link 97 Bearman SI. The syndrome of hepatic veno-occlusive disease after marrow transplantation. Blood 1995. link 98 Davis LL, deBoisblanc BP, Glynn CE, Ramirez C, Summer WR. Effect of prostacyclin on microvascular pressures in a patient with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Chest 1995. link 99 Espigado I, Rodríguez JM, Parody R, Carmona M, Digón J, Olloqui E. Reversal of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease by combined plasma exchange and rt-PA treatment. Bone marrow transplantation 1995. link 100 Remberger M, Ringdén O. Increased levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in veno-occlusive disease of the liver after allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1995. link

Original source

[1]
Impact of Oral Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Veno-Occlusive Disease/Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome Onset Prevention: Single-Center Retrospective Analysis. — Miyazaki Y, Narumi H, Azuma T, Tanimoto K, Masuda Y, Kato J et al. Transplantation and cellular therapy (2026)
[2]
Real-World Outcome of Defibrotide Treatment for Severe Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease/Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. — Yoon JH, Kwag D, Min GJ, Park SS, Park S, Lee SE et al. Transplantation and cellular therapy (2026)
[3]
A case of late-onset sinusoidal obstruction syndrome diagnosed histologically before meeting diagnostic criteria. — Kuroha T, Furukawa T, Yoshikawa S, Kaihatsu A, Nemoto H, Usuda H et al. International journal of hematology (2025)
[4]
The benefits of prophylactic defibrotide: Are the tides turning? — Rahim MQ, Rahrig AL, Dinora D, Harrison J, Green R, Carter A et al. Pediatric blood & cancer (2025)
[5]
Early-onset hepatic veno-occlusive disease after liver transplantation: an institutional experience and analysis of a literature-based cohort. — Endo Y, Shinoda M, Maehara J, Hibi T, Hasegawa Y, Obara H et al. Surgery today (2024)
[6]
Real-world use of defibrotide for veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome: the DEFIFrance Registry Study. — Mohty M, Blaise D, Peffault de Latour R, Labopin M, Bourhis JH, Bruno B et al. Bone marrow transplantation (2023)
[7]
Prognostic Biomarkers for Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease/Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome in Myeloablative Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Results from the Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network 1202 Study. — Putta S, Young BA, Levine JE, Reshef R, Nakamura R, Strouse C et al. Transplantation and cellular therapy (2023)
[8]
Pooled analysis of Day 100 survival for defibrotide-treated patients with hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and ventilator or dialysis dependence following haematopoietic cell transplantation. — Richardson PG, Smith AR, Kernan NA, Lehmann L, Soiffer RJ, Ryan RJ et al. British journal of haematology (2020)
[9]
Refractory Thrombocytopenia Is a Valid Early Diagnostic Criteria for Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease in Children. — Embaby MM, Rangarajan HG, Abu-Arja R, Auletta JJ, Stanek J, Pai V et al. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (2020)
[10]
Treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in children with N-acetylcysteine. — Lee AC, Aung L Pediatric blood & cancer (2019)
[11]
Long-Term Outcome of Veno-Occlusive Disease After Liver Transplant: A Retrospective Single-Center Experience. — Patrono D, Marola S, David E, Chiusa L, Martini S, Mirabella S et al. Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation (2019)
[12]
Maximal concentration of intravenous busulfan as a determinant of veno-occlusive disease: a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis in 293 hematopoietic stem cell transplanted children. — Philippe M, Neely M, Rushing T, Bertrand Y, Bleyzac N, Goutelle S Bone marrow transplantation (2019)
[13]
Effect of glutathione S-transferase genetic polymorphisms on busulfan pharmacokinetics and veno-occlusive disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A meta-analysis. — Kim MG, Kwak A, Choi B, Ji E, Oh JM, Kim K Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology (2019)
[14]
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