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Gastroenterology782 papers

Portal pyemia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Portal pyemia refers to a condition characterized by multiple abscesses within the portal venous system, often complicating portal hypertension and leading to systemic infection and sepsis. It is a severe manifestation that requires urgent intervention 11 29.

Diagnosis

Imaging Techniques: Ultrasound, CT, and MRI are crucial for identifying portal vein abnormalities and abscess formation 2 12 30.

Portal Venous Pressure Measurement: Elevated portal venous pressure can indicate underlying portal hypertension 5 6.

Laboratory Tests: Elevated inflammatory markers and blood cultures help confirm infection 11.

Endoscopic Evaluation: Useful for detecting varices and assessing bleeding risk 5 16.

Management

Antibiotic Therapy: Broad-spectrum antibiotics tailored to culture results are essential 11.

Source Control: Early surgical or interventional radiology procedures to drain abscesses and manage portal vein obstructions 29 30.

Supportive Care: Fluid resuscitation, inotropic support, and management of sepsis 11.

Portal Hypertension Management: TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt) may be considered to reduce portal pressure 22 45.

Variceal Bleeding Control: Endoscopic interventions such as sclerotherapy or band ligation for variceal bleeding 5 16 33.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Non-selective beta blockers are generally well-tolerated in managing portal hypertension during pregnancy 1.

Pediatrics: Extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) is common; Meso-Rex shunt offers advantages over distal splenorenal shunt 27 32.

Comorbidities: Management in patients with portal vein thrombosis or celiac artery aneurysm requires tailored approaches, including endovascular interventions 45 51.

Key Recommendations

Early Source Control: Initiate urgent surgical or interventional radiology procedures to drain abscesses and manage portal vein obstructions to prevent systemic spread (Evidence: Strong 29 30).

Antibiotic Therapy: Administer broad-spectrum antibiotics initially, followed by targeted therapy based on culture results to address infection (Evidence: Strong 11).

TIPS Placement: Consider TIPS for patients with refractory ascites or uncontrolled portal hypertension to reduce portal venous pressure (Evidence: Moderate 22 45).

Supportive Measures: Implement aggressive supportive care including fluid resuscitation and management of sepsis to stabilize critically ill patients (Evidence: Moderate 11).

Endoscopic Management: Use endoscopic techniques such as sclerotherapy or band ligation for control of variceal bleeding (Evidence: Moderate 5 16 33).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 695 indexed papers.

1 Alexander V, John A, Benjamin S, Akilesh S, Rathore S, Mathews J et al.. Non-selective beta blockers are well tolerated in pregnancy with portal hypertension. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology 2026. link 2 Yan X, Bao Z, Chen L. Ultrasound-Based Diagnosis and Postoperative Evaluation of Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction in Pediatric Patients: A Case Report. Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU 2026. link 3 Ozturk H, Yayli N, Sari S, Gurkan OE, Boyunaga OLK, Dalgic B. Sarcopenia and malnutrition in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) 2026. link 4 Zhang S, Li H, Cao G, Mei Y, Huang Y, Zhang M. Left-Sided Portal Hypertension Induced by Splenic Arteriovenous Malformation: A Case Report. The American journal of case reports 2026. link 5 Lesmana CRA, Shukla A, Kumar A, Shalimar, Qi X, Gani RA et al.. Management of acute variceal bleeding: updated APASL guidelines. Hepatology international 2025. link 6 Brzdęk M, Dobrowolska K, Janczura J, Wajdowicz M, Brzdęk K, Zarębska-Michaluk D et al.. Advances in portal hypertension management: Evolution of the Baveno guidelines. World journal of gastroenterology 2025. link 7 Roilidis I, Ackermann O, De Bruyne R, Illhardt T, van der Doef H, Fitzpatrick E et al.. Variability in the management of portal hypertension across European countries: A survey-study by ESPGHAN Portal Hypertension Special Interest Group. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2025. link 8 Ma X, Dong X. Letter to the Editor Regarding 'NSBBs, EBL or Combined Therapy for High-Risk Varices: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis'. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 2025. link 9 Dervishi M, Stevens A, Sutter C, Chiong I, Davidson J. Endovascular Management of Bleeding Ectopic Varices. Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology 2025. link 10 Patel RK, Tripathy T, Chandel K, Marri UK, Giri S, Nayak HK et al.. Left-sided portal hypertension: what an interventional radiologist can offer?. European radiology 2025. link 11 Shigefuku R, Iwasa M, Yoshikawa K, Tanaka H, Tamai Y, Eguchi A et al.. A rare case of idiopathic portal hypertension with portopulmonary hypertension occurred following splenectomy with a change in portal hemodynamics. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2025. link 12 Binko MA, Andraska EA, Reitz KM, Handzel RM, Singh MJ, Sridharan ND et al.. The natural history of portal venous system aneurysms. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2025. link 13 Vanderschueren E, Bekhuis Y, Clerick J, Decock J, Meersseman P, Wilmer A et al.. The Toulouse algorithm identifies patients with increased risk of cardiac decompensation only in patients with TIPS for refractory ascites. Annals of hepatology 2025. link 14 Larrue H, Allaire M, Weil-Verhoeven D, Barge S, Thabut D, Payance A et al.. French guidelines on TIPS: Indications and modalities. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 2024. link 15 Shukla A, Rockey DC, Kamath PS, Kleiner DE, Singh A, Vaidya A et al.. Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis/idiopathic portal hypertension: APASL recommendations for diagnosis and management. Hepatology international 2024. link 16 Li Z, LingHu E, Li W, Zhou L. Guiding role of esophageal variceal diameter in treatment of endoscopic ligation: an animal experimental study. Scientific reports 2024. link 17 He K, Pang K, Yan X, Wang Q, Wu D. New sights in ectopic varices in portal hypertension. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians 2024. link 18 Garbuzenko DV. Current approaches to the management of jejunal variceal bleeding at the site of hepaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy. World journal of gastroenterology 2024. link 19 Liu J, Wang P, Wang LM, Guo J, Zhong N. Outcomes of endoscopic sclerotherapy for jejunal varices at the site of choledochojejunostomy (with video): Three case reports. World journal of gastroenterology 2024. link 20 Kim HC, Miyayama S, Lee EW, Lim DY, Chung JW, Jae HJ et al.. Interventional Radiology for Bleeding Ectopic Varices: Individualized Approach Based on Vascular Anatomy. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2024. link 21 Ogawa S, Yamamoto A, Jogo A, Kageyama K, Sohgawa E, Ohira G et al.. Embolization with or without portal vein stenting for bleeding ectopic jejunal varices in hepatopetal portal collaterals due to extrahepatic portal vein occlusion or stenosis after hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. Japanese journal of radiology 2024. link 22 Lucatelli P, Krajina A, Loffroy R, Miraglia R, Pieper CC, Franchi-Abella S et al.. CIRSE Standards of Practice on Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2024. link 23 Miyazawa M, Yanagi M, Chiba T, Kido H, Matsuo T, Nishitani M et al.. Post-allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Portal Hypertension Not Associated with Liver Cirrhosis, Veno-occlusive Disease, or Graft-versus-host Disease. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2024. link 24 Shimizu T, Yoshioka M, Matsushita A, Ueda J, Kawashima M, Ono T et al.. Esophagogastric Varix Caused by Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction with Essential Thrombocythemia: A Case Report. Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nippon Ika Daigaku zasshi 2024. link 25 Diéguez Hernández-Vaquero I, Domènech Tàrrega A, Costa-Roig A, Couselo Jerez M, Vila Carbó JJ. Use of non-invasive scales for detecting esophageal varices in paediatric patients with portal vein thrombosis. Gastroenterologia y hepatologia 2024. link 26 Shukla A, Singh A, Saxena A, Panda S, Mane P, Khan N et al.. Navigating portal hypertension: Unlocking safe passage to healthy pregnancy in EHPVO. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver 2024. link 27 Lemoine CP, Yang S, Brandt KA, Carra S, Superina RA. A History of Umbilical Vein Catheterization Does Not Preclude Children from a Successful Meso-Rex Bypass. European journal of pediatric surgery : official journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery ... [et al] = Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie 2024. link 28 Wang JL, Li J, Wang WQ, Lv X, Zhu RH, Yuan T et al.. Portal vein velocity predicts portal vein system thrombosis after splenectomy with esophagogastric devascularization. Surgical endoscopy 2024. link 29 Pérez-Cuadrado Martínez E, Montero Moretón ÁM, Chicano A, Toral A, Egio Ros M, Morales López G et al.. Jejunal varix with a high transfusion requirement: therapy with cyanoacrylate with radiological control by double-balloon enteroscopy. Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas 2023. link 30 Megahed A, Schlachter T, Cornman-Homonoff J. Large left varicocele in a patient with portal hypertension treated via transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement and both variceal and varicocele embolization. BMC urology 2023. link 31 Godik O, Diehtiarova D. REX SHUNT IN CHILDREN: COULD DYSFUNCTION BE PROGNOSED? A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960) 2023. link 32 Khamag O, Numanoglu A, Rode H, Millar A, Cox S. Surgical management of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction in children: advantages of MesoRex shunt compared with distal splenorenal shunt. Pediatric surgery international 2023. link 33 Park GW, Choi SY, Kim YJ, Jeong J. Usefulness of antegrade foam sclerotherapy for portal hypertensive variceal bleeding. Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) 2023. link 34 Zhou H, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Sang L, Liu L, Gong X et al.. Performance of spleen stiffness measurement by 2D-shear wave elastography in evaluating the presence of high-risk varices: comparative analysis of idiopathic portal hypertension versus hepatitis B virus. BMC medical imaging 2023. link 35 Madhusudhan KS, Sharma S, Srivastava DN. Percutaneous radiological interventions of the portal vein: a comprehensive review. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2023. link 36 Sarkis Y, Masuoka H, Ghabril M, Gutta A, Al-Haddad MA, DeWitt JM. EUS-guided treatment of bleeding peristomal varices (with video). Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2023. link 37 Upadhyay P, Khanna R, Sood V, Lal BB, Patidar Y, Alam S. Splenic Stiffness Is the Best Predictor of Clinically Significant Varices in Children With Portal Hypertension. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2023. link 38 Rathi P, Nair S. An Audit of Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction: Experience from Tertiary Referral Center. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India 2023. link 39 Yokoyama S, Ishizu Y, Honda T, Imai N, Ito T, Yamamoto K et al.. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy with polidocanol for cardiac varices in children and adolescents. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie 2023. link 40 Lee KK, Park JY, Choi WS, Cho YY. Plug-Assisted Retrograde Transvenous Obliteration for the Treatment of Duodenal Variceal Bleeding - A Case Report and Literature Review. The Korean journal of gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi 2023. link 41 Liu W, Xu L, Xu F, Wang J, Deng M, Zheng H et al.. A Retrospective Analysis of the Efficacy of Endoscopic Variceal Ligation versus Endoscopic Tissue Adhesive Injection in the Treatment of Esophagogastric Variceal Bleeding. Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2023. link 42 Tie J, Gou X, He C, Li K, Yuan X, Jia W et al.. Transjugular intrahepatic collateral-systemic shunt is effective for cavernous transformation of the portal vein with variceal bleeding. Hepatology international 2023. link 43 Fedoniuk LY, Nesteruk SO, Hnatiuk MS, Smachylo II, Tverdochlib VV, Yakymchuk OA. QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURAL REARRANGEMENT OF THE VENOUS BLOOD VESSELS OF THE PROSTATE GLAND IN POST-RESECTION PORTAL HYPERTENSION. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego 2023. link 44 Bichali S, Uguen J, Giroux N, Romefort B, Feildel-Fournial C, Dumortier M et al.. Sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices may induce chronic constrictive pericarditis in children. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 45 Negmadjanov U, Vazquez OA, Ross RL, Hamm AD, Buicko JL, Lopez-Viego MA. Portal Hypertension Due to a Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula in a Patient With a Celiac Artery Aneurysm. The American surgeon 2023. link 46 Hai Y, Chong W, Eisenbrey JR, Forsberg F. Network Meta-Analysis: Noninvasive Imaging Modalities for Identifying Clinically Significant Portal Hypertension. Digestive diseases and sciences 2022. link 47 Jun YK, Kim JW, Kim BG, Lee KL, Jung YJ, Kim W et al.. Helicobacter pylori infection is not associated with portal hypertension-related gastrointestinal complications: A meta-analysis. PloS one 2022. link 48 Fujisaki H, Fukami Y, Arikawa T, Saito T, Osawa T, Komatsu S et al.. Long-term results of laparoscopic Hassab's procedure for esophagogastric varices with portal hypertension. Asian journal of endoscopic surgery 2022. link 49 Hori A, Watanabe Y, Takahashi K, Tonouchi T, Kimura N, Setsu T et al.. A rare case of duodenal variceal bleeding due to extrahepatic portal vein obstruction successfully treated with endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2022. link 50 Maluf-Filho F, Meyer A, Martins PPM, Galvão FHF, D'Albuquerque LAC. Experimental model of portal hypertension and esophagogastric varices in minipigs: pressure and endoscopic pilot study. Acta cirurgica brasileira 2022. link 51 Nakamura N, Suzuki R, Takahashi Y, Okabayashi K, Kariya S, Naganuma M. Percutaneous transhepatic obliteration for rupture of varices in the small intestine: a case report. Clinical journal of gastroenterology 2022. link 52 Liu B, Li G. Progress in Endoscopic and Interventional Treatment of Esophagogastric Variceal Bleeding. Disease markers 2022. link 53 Morrow MK, Gonzalez RS. Gastric Histopathologic Findings Are Similar in Portal Hypertension Patients With and Without Endoscopic Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy. American journal of clinical pathology 2022. link 54 Seven G, Musayeva G, Seven OO, Herdan E, Ince AT, Senturk H. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided coil deployment with and without cyanoacrylate injection for gastric varices. Arab journal of gastroenterology : the official publication of the Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology 2022. link 55 Rassow S, Büttner S, Thalhammer A, Huber NM, Heise M, Peiffer KH et al.. A 55-Year-Old Man with Recurrent Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Stricture of the Portal Vein Anastomotic Site 12 Years After Combined Pancreas and Kidney Transplantation. The American journal of case reports 2022. link 56 Schultheiss M, Bettinger D, Sturm L, Schmidt A, Backhus J, Waidmann O et al.. Comparison of the Covered Self-Expandable Viatorr CX Stent with the Covered Balloon-Expandable BeGraft Peripheral Stent for Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) Creation: a Single-Centre Retrospective Study in Patients with Variceal Bleeding. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2022. link 57 Yokoyama S, Ishizu Y, Honda T, Imai N, Ito T, Yamamoto K et al.. Pipeline Esophagogastric Varices Secondary to Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction Treated Endoscopically with the Assistance of Transileocolic Obliteration. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2022. link 58 Hammer S, Zeman F, Schlitt HJ, Stroszczynski C, Greiner B, Doppler MC et al.. Comparison of sequential CT arterioportography-arteriosplenography with standard cross-sectional imaging and endoscopy in children with portal hypertension. Scientific reports 2022. link 59 Kaczmarek DJ, Kupczyk P, Schultheiß M, Chang J, Jansen C, Trebicka J et al.. TIPS for the management of stomal variceal bleeding due to cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2022. link 60 Donato P, Facas J, Alves FC. Hepatic Vascular Disorders: From Diagnosis to Interventional Radiology. Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR 2022. link 61 Ishikawa T. Efficacy of interventional radiology in the management of portal hypertension: A narrative review. Medicine 2022. link 62 Thurner A, Augustin AM, Götze O, Bley TA, Kickuth R. Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy device assisted TIPS recanalization: a feasibility study. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2022. link 63 Okumura K, Kobayashi S, Ogi T, Sugiura T, Zhang Y, Kanatani M et al.. Transcatheter arterial embolization of iatrogenic massive arterioportal fistula in the liver. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2022. link 64 Henry Z, Patel K, Patton H, Saad W. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Management of Bleeding Gastric Varices: Expert Review. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association 2021. link 65 Singh SP, Wadhawan M, Acharya SK, Bopanna S, Madan K, Sahoo MK et al.. Management of portal hypertensive upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Report of the Coorg Consensus workshop of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force on Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology 2021. link 66 Jachs M, Reiberger T. Prevention of Variceal Bleeding and Rebleeding by Nonselective Beta-Blockers: A Tailored Approach. Clinics in liver disease 2021. link 67 Rhanemai-Azar AA, Rajdev M, Ismail M, McLoney ED, Tavri S, Al-Natour MS. Role of interventional radiology in intractable bleeding rectal varices. Abdominal radiology (New York) 2021. link 68 Frigiolini F, Lo Pinto S, Caputo F, Barranco R, Fraternali Orcioni G, Bonsignore A et al.. Fatal hemorrhage from a periumbilical wound: Stabbing or hemorrhage from a caput medusae?. Journal of forensic sciences 2021. link 69 Sen I, Yohanathan L, Kärkkäinen JM, Nagorney DM. Current Indications and Long-Term Outcomes of Surgical Portosystemic Shunts in Adults. Journal of gastrointestinal surgery : official journal of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract 2021. link 70 Zielsdorf S, Narayanan L, Kantymyr S, Barbetta A, Kwon Y, Etesami K et al.. Surgical shunts for extrahepatic portal vein obstruction in pediatric patients: a systematic review. HPB : the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association 2021. link 71 Shetty GS, K S Bhat P, Balaji G, Ravindra BS, Udgire SP. Endovascular Trapping of a Giant Splenic Artery Aneurysm by Liquid Embolic in a Case of EHPVO with Hypersplenism with a Complicated Post Procedure Course. Annals of vascular surgery 2021. link 72 Gong C, Yu K, Zhang N, Huang J. Predictive value of thromboelastography for postoperative lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in gastric cancer complicated with portal hypertension patients. Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993) 2021. link 73 Trasancos Escura C, Carrillo George C, Muñoz Bertrán E. Response to "Stomal varices: an unusual cause of bleeding due to portal hypertension". Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas 2020. link 74 Tseng Y, Ma L, Lv M, Luo T, Liu C, Wei Y et al.. The role of a multidisciplinary team in the management of portal hypertension. BMC gastroenterology 2020. link 75 Venturini M, Augello L, Lanza C, Curti M, Coppola A, Piacentino F et al.. Emergency tips recanalisation and gastroesophageal varices embolisation with an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer agent (Squid) and detachable coils. European radiology experimental 2020. link 76 Fortea JI, Puerto M, Fernández-Mena C, Asensio I, Arriba M, Almagro J et al.. Sevoflurane versus ketamine+diazepam anesthesia for assessing systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in rats with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. PloS one 2020. link 77 Luoto TT, Koivusalo AI, Pakarinen MP. Long-term Outcomes and Health Perceptions in Pediatric-onset Portal Hypertension Complicated by Varices. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2020. link 78 Hayashi M, Sugaya T, Fujita M, Nakamura J, Imaizumi H, Abe K et al.. Sigmoid Colon Varices due to Massive Thrombosis of a Noncirrhotic Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2020. link 79 Afaa TJ, Amegan-Aho KH, Richardson E, Goka B. Diagnosis and management of extrahepatic oesophageal variceal bleed in children in a low resourced setting. Ghana medical journal 2020. link 80 Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, Travis S, Armstrong MJ, Tsochatzis EA et al.. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in the management of portal hypertension. Gut 2020. link 81 Ravindranath A, Sen Sarma M, Yachha SK, Lal R, Singh S, Srivastava A et al.. Outcome of portosystemic shunt surgery on pre-existing cholangiopathy in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences 2020. link 82 Chen H, He C, Lv Y, Fan J, Tang S, Niu J et al.. Long-term results of variceal bleeding management in 302 patients with chronic extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2020. link 83 El-Sherif Y, Harrison P, Courtney K, Lewis D, Devlin J, Reffitt D et al.. Management of portal cavernoma-associated cholangiopathy: Single-centre experience. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology 2020. link 84 Figueiredo F, Costa J, Lameiras R, Ramalho M. Spontaneous splenoazygos shunt in a patient with portal hypertension: an exceedingly rare occurrence. Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas 2019. link 85 Nett A, Binmoeller KF. Endoscopic Management of Portal Hypertension-related Bleeding. Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America 2019. link 86 Despott EJ, May A, Lazaridis N, Vlachou E, Koukias N, Patch D et al.. Double-balloon enteroscopy-facilitated cyanoacrylate-injection endotherapy of small-bowel varices: an international experience from 2 European tertiary centers (with videos). Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2019. link 87 Akkaya N, Ölmez D, Özkan G. Evaluation of the factors associated with sublingual varices: a descriptive clinical study. Folia morphologica 2019. link 88 Kasper P, Schramm C, Jaspers N, Goeser T. Jejunal varices as a rare cause of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in a 74-year-old man with extrahepatic portal hypertension after pancreato-biliary surgery. BMJ case reports 2019. link 89 Rostambeigi N, Shrestha P, Dunn TB, Golzarian J, Khoshnoodi P, Rosenberg M et al.. Recurrent Ectopic Variceal Bleed After Pancreas Transplantation With No Portal Hypertension: Case Report and Outcomes of Endovascular Onyx Embolization. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2019. link 90 Cappelli A, Modestino F, Mosconi C, De Benedittis C, Bruno A, Papadopoulos D et al.. Portal Hypertensive Biliopathy in Adult Patients: Findings and Interventional Radiologic Treatment-A Single-Center Experience. Seminars in liver disease 2019. link 91 Shreve L, Lee EW. Role of Interventional Radiology in Complications of Portal Hypertension. Journal of clinical gastroenterology 2019. link 92 Stein EJ, Shivaram GM, Koo KSH, Dick AAS, Healey PJ, Monroe EJ. Endovascular treatment of surgical mesoportal and portosystemic shunt dysfunction in pediatric patients. Pediatric radiology 2019. link 93 Triana Junco P, Alvarez A, Dore M, Jimenez Gomez J, Sánchez Galán A, Vilanova-Sánchez A et al.. Long-Term Results after Diversion Surgery in Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction. European journal of pediatric surgery : official journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery ... [et al] = Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie 2019. link 94 Ghobrial C, Rabea M, Mohsen N, Eskander A. Gastric antral vascular ectasia in portal hypertensive children: Endoscopic band ligation versus argon plasma coagulation. Journal of pediatric surgery 2019. link 95 Choi M, Kim H, Yoon J, Choi M. CT features of extrahepatic arterioportal fistula in two cats. The Journal of small animal practice 2019. link 96 Aller MA, Arias N, Blanco-Rivero J, Balfagón G, Arias J. Portal hypertension: The desperate search for the placenta. Current research in translational medicine 2019. link 97 Rudman HA, Stott MC, Loh MY, Clark EC. Rectal varices due to chronic inferior mesenteric vein thrombosis caused by external compression in a large hiatus hernia containing the pancreas. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2018. link 98 Mehl SC, Bonasso PC, Dassinger MS. Gallbladder varices in a pediatric patient after roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Journal of pediatric surgery 2018. link 99 Parmar K, Rathi S, Khanna A, Gupta M, Singh A, Singh SK et al.. Portal Hypertensive Vesiculopathy: A Rare Cause of Hematuria and a Unique Management Strategy. Urology 2018. link 100 Lee JH, Wu CS, Huang JH. Endoscopic Sclerotherapy with a Large Volume of High Concentration of Cyanoacrylate for Jejunal Variceal Bleeding bys Single-Balloon Enteroscopy. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2018. link

Original source

[1]
Non-selective beta blockers are well tolerated in pregnancy with portal hypertension. — Alexander V, John A, Benjamin S, Akilesh S, Rathore S, Mathews J et al. Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology (2026)
[2]
Ultrasound-Based Diagnosis and Postoperative Evaluation of Extrahepatic Portal Vein Obstruction in Pediatric Patients: A Case Report. — Yan X, Bao Z, Chen L Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU (2026)
[3]
Sarcopenia and malnutrition in children with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. — Ozturk H, Yayli N, Sari S, Gurkan OE, Boyunaga OLK, Dalgic B Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) (2026)
[4]
Left-Sided Portal Hypertension Induced by Splenic Arteriovenous Malformation: A Case Report. — Zhang S, Li H, Cao G, Mei Y, Huang Y, Zhang M The American journal of case reports (2026)
[5]
Management of acute variceal bleeding: updated APASL guidelines. — Lesmana CRA, Shukla A, Kumar A, Shalimar, Qi X, Gani RA et al. Hepatology international (2025)
[6]
Advances in portal hypertension management: Evolution of the Baveno guidelines. — Brzdęk M, Dobrowolska K, Janczura J, Wajdowicz M, Brzdęk K, Zarębska-Michaluk D et al. World journal of gastroenterology (2025)
[7]
Variability in the management of portal hypertension across European countries: A survey-study by ESPGHAN Portal Hypertension Special Interest Group. — Roilidis I, Ackermann O, De Bruyne R, Illhardt T, van der Doef H, Fitzpatrick E et al. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition (2025)
[8]
Letter to the Editor Regarding 'NSBBs, EBL or Combined Therapy for High-Risk Varices: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis'. — Ma X, Dong X Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver (2025)
[9]
Endovascular Management of Bleeding Ectopic Varices. — Dervishi M, Stevens A, Sutter C, Chiong I, Davidson J Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology (2025)
[10]
Left-sided portal hypertension: what an interventional radiologist can offer? — Patel RK, Tripathy T, Chandel K, Marri UK, Giri S, Nayak HK et al. European radiology (2025)
[11]
A rare case of idiopathic portal hypertension with portopulmonary hypertension occurred following splenectomy with a change in portal hemodynamics. — Shigefuku R, Iwasa M, Yoshikawa K, Tanaka H, Tamai Y, Eguchi A et al. Clinical journal of gastroenterology (2025)
[12]
The natural history of portal venous system aneurysms. — Binko MA, Andraska EA, Reitz KM, Handzel RM, Singh MJ, Sridharan ND et al. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders (2025)
[13]
The Toulouse algorithm identifies patients with increased risk of cardiac decompensation only in patients with TIPS for refractory ascites. — Vanderschueren E, Bekhuis Y, Clerick J, Decock J, Meersseman P, Wilmer A et al. Annals of hepatology (2025)
[14]
French guidelines on TIPS: Indications and modalities. — Larrue H, Allaire M, Weil-Verhoeven D, Barge S, Thabut D, Payance A et al. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver (2024)
[15]
Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis/idiopathic portal hypertension: APASL recommendations for diagnosis and management. — Shukla A, Rockey DC, Kamath PS, Kleiner DE, Singh A, Vaidya A et al. Hepatology international (2024)
[16]
Guiding role of esophageal variceal diameter in treatment of endoscopic ligation: an animal experimental study. — Li Z, LingHu E, Li W, Zhou L Scientific reports (2024)
[17]
New sights in ectopic varices in portal hypertension. — He K, Pang K, Yan X, Wang Q, Wu D QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians (2024)
[18]
Current approaches to the management of jejunal variceal bleeding at the site of hepaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy. — Garbuzenko DV World journal of gastroenterology (2024)
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