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Cardiology4177 papers

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe inflammatory lung condition characterized by hypoxemia, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and increased lung stiffness, often secondary to various clinical insults. It significantly impacts morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients 7 28.

Diagnosis

Key Criteria: Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on imaging, hypoxemia (PaO2/FiO2 < 300 mmHg), and acute onset within one week of known clinical insult 7.

Recommended Tests: Chest X-ray or CT scan, arterial blood gas analysis 7.

Exclusion of Other Causes: Rule out cardiogenic pulmonary edema, massive pleural effusion, or pulmonary hemorrhage 7.

Management

First-Line Treatments:

- Lung-Protective Ventilation: Low tidal volume (6 mL/kg predicted body weight), plateau pressure <30 cm H2O, and prone positioning if tolerated 17 55. - Sedation: Use of deep sedation with inhaled agents or intravenous agents like propofol and benzodiazepines to facilitate mechanical ventilation 2 8.

Adjunctive Treatments:

- Neuromuscular Blockade: Considered in patients requiring deep sedation 3. - Recruitment Maneuvers: May improve oxygenation but evidence is mixed 17. - Prone Positioning: Beneficial in reducing mortality and improving oxygenation 17 62. - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO): For refractory hypoxemia 59 60.

Monitoring:

- Sedation Depth: Use processed electroencephalography (pEEG) to monitor sedation depth in patients receiving neuromuscular blockade 3. - Right Ventricular Function: Monitor for signs of acute cor pulmonale and right ventricular dysfunction 12 16.

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUEs) can mimic ARDS in neonates; careful monitoring and supportive care are essential 1.

Pregnancy: ECMO may be considered in severe cases of ARDS complicating pregnancy 46.

Comorbidities: Consider impact on ventilation strategies and organ dysfunction, especially in patients with pre-existing lung disease or immunocompromised states 26 55.

Key Recommendations

Implement Lung-Protective Ventilation Strategies: Use low tidal volumes and appropriate ventilator settings to minimize lung injury (Evidence: Strong 17).

Utilize Prone Positioning: For patients with moderate to severe ARDS to improve oxygenation and reduce mortality (Evidence: Moderate 62).

Monitor Sedation Depth: Employ processed electroencephalography (pEEG) in patients requiring neuromuscular blockade to ensure adequate sedation depth (Evidence: Moderate 3).

Consider ECMO for Refractory Cases: Use ECMO in patients with severe hypoxemia unresponsive to conventional ventilation (Evidence: Weak 59).

Evaluate Right Ventricular Function: Regularly assess for signs of acute cor pulmonale in ARDS patients to guide management (Evidence: Moderate 12).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 692 indexed papers.

1 Long B, DePompolo AM, Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: Pediatric brief resolved unexplained event. The American journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 2 Raja S, Ali A, Bashir A, Kashish FNU, Mahboob H. Evaluating sedation strategies in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis of inhaled versus intravenous agents. Journal of clinical anesthesia 2026. link 3 Uzun Sarıtaş P, Sarıtaş A, Kılınç R. Sedation Depth in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients Receiving Neuromuscular Blockade: A Prospective Observational Study. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2026. link 4 Jiang G, Zhang Y, Huang H, Yu P, Long L, Zhang X et al.. Elevated serum peroxiredoxin 1 is a biomarker of multiorgan failure in ARDS. BMJ open respiratory research 2026. link 5 Benites MH, Battiato R, Mercado P, Pairumani R, Medel JN, Petruska E et al.. Association of Ventilatory Ratio with Acute Cor Pulmonale and Mortality in COVID-19 ARDS: A Cohort Study. Journal of intensive care medicine 2026. link 6 Denis S, Mulder A. Isolated pneumopericardium in a preterm neonate with respiratory distress syndrome: A case report. Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine 2026. link 7 Long B, Lentz S, Gottlieb M. Emergency medicine updates: Acute respiratory distress Syndrome. The American journal of emergency medicine 2025. link 8 Nassar Junior AP, Veiga VC, Serafim RB. Optimal Sedation During Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Critical care clinics 2025. link 9 Eltobgy M, Klamer B, Farkas D, Londino JD, Englert JA, Horowitz JC et al.. Plasma proteomic profiles correlate with organ dysfunction in COVID-19 ARDS. Physiological reports 2025. link 10 Barbeta E, Ferrando C, López-Aladid R, Motos A, Bueno-Freire L, Fernández-Barat L et al.. Association between driving pressure, systemic inflammation and non-pulmonary organ dysfunction in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, a prospective pathophysiological study. Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine 2025. link 11 Lai JH, Pan YP, Yu ZH, Jang WF, Hu JT, Tang ZH. Mining and analysis of reported ARDS population in FAERS database. PloS one 2025. link 12 Melamed R, Block J, Martins SL, Bullard D, Levinstein L, Phillips A et al.. Predictors and outcomes associated with right ventricular function in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion 2025. link 13 Wang Y, Su H, Lin X, Dai C, Cheng Q, Deng Z et al.. 1,25-(OH). The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2025. link 14 Bhatt DR, Braun D, Dizon RA, Shi JM, Weerasinghe S, Sabio A et al.. Retrospective study of preterm infants exposed to inhaled nitric oxide in Kaiser Permanente Southern California: morbidity, mortality and follow-up. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2025. link 15 Al-Jabri MM, Ahmed GH, Ali MMA, Abdelwahab O, Mohamed S, Mahran GSK. The relationship between positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in mechanically ventilated patients: A prospective observational study. Nursing in critical care 2025. link 16 Yogeswaran A, Kremer NC, Janetzko P, Schäfer S, Rako ZA, Vadász I et al.. Right-sided heart failure in acute respiratory distress syndrome. European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society 2025. link 17 Jesus AC, Figueiredo AM, Cordeiro ALL. Recruitment maneuvers in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and metanalysis. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2024. link 18 Elendu C, Amaechi DC. Atrial flutter complicating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): A rare case report. Medicine 2024. link 19 Ali SR. Addressing the Care Gap in Outborn Infants for Receipt of Antenatal Steroids. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP 2024. link 20 Switchenko N, Shukla V, Mwenechanya M, Chomba E, Patel A, Hibberd PL et al.. Neonatal Respiratory Support Utilization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Registry-Based Observational Study. Neonatology 2024. link 21 Matos IM, Tomaz BS, Sales MDPU, Gomes GC, Viana Junior AB, Gonçalves MR et al.. CPAP delivered via a helmet interface in lightly sedated patients with moderate to severe ARDS: predictors of success outside the ICU. Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia 2024. link 22 Dallari V, De Cecco F, Liberale C, Mazzola M, Arsie AE, Arietti V et al.. Surgical Tracheostomies: A Retrospective Chart Analysis Comparing ENT Specialists and Residents. Annali italiani di chirurgia 2024. link 23 Zurawel AA, Coates BM. Time to split: biomarker trajectories in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome hint at underlying disease. The Journal of clinical investigation 2024. link 24 Bromley SE, Shakery K, Vora P, Atabaki A, Reimer T, McDermott L et al.. Understanding Causes of Death in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Critical care explorations 2024. link 25 Yehya N, Booth TJ, Ardhanari GD, Thompson JM, Lam LKM, Till JE et al.. Inflammatory and tissue injury marker dynamics in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Journal of clinical investigation 2024. link 26 Gertz SJ, Bhalla A, Chima RS, Emeriaud G, Fitzgerald JC, Hsing DD et al.. Immunocompromised-Associated Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Experience From the 2016/2017 Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Incidence and Epidemiology Prospective Cohort Study. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies 2024. link 27 Shetty S, Tolentino D, Kulkarni A, Duffy D, Greenough A. Comparison of Outcomes of Less Invasive Surfactant Administration in Prematurely Born Infants in the Delivery Suite and the Neonatal Unit. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 28 Huang M, Gedansky A, Hassett CE, Shoskes A, Duggal A, Uchino K et al.. Structural Brain Injury on Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Neurocritical care 2024. link 29 Kittiarpornpon V, Siripattanapipong P, Bowornkitiwong W, Kitsommart R, Ngerncham S, Wongsiridach P et al.. Association of Antenatal Terbutaline and Respiratory Support Requirements in Preterm Neonates. American journal of perinatology 2024. link 30 Memon S, Drosou ME, Caroline M, Casanova E, Gnall EM. Feasibility and outcomes with subclavian vein access for crescent jugular dual lumen catheter for venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in COVID-19 related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Perfusion 2024. link 31 Thomann J, Gaertner VD, Waldmann AD, Plastina L, Bassler D, Rüegger CM. Nasal high frequency oscillatory highflow therapy in preterm infants: A randomized crossover trial. Pediatric pulmonology 2024. link 32 Kartika T, Mathews R, Migneco G, Bundy T, Kaempf AJ, Pfeffer M et al.. Comparison of bleeding and thrombotic outcomes in veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Heparin versus bivalirudin. European journal of haematology 2024. link 33 Hou L, Li J, Wang W, Liang H, Zhang J, Li B et al.. A novel strategy to reduce the recirculation of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Inferior vena cava closure technology. Perfusion 2024. link 34 Lambert EM, Ramaswamy U, Gowda SH, Spielberg DR, Hagan JL, Xiao E et al.. Perioperative and Long-Term Outcomes in Infants Undergoing a Tracheostomy from a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The Laryngoscope 2024. link 35 Sweet DG, Carnielli VP, Greisen G, Hallman M, Klebermass-Schrehof K, Ozek E et al.. European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: 2022 Update. Neonatology 2023. link 36 Maybauer MO, Capoccia M, Maybauer DM, Lorusso R, Swol J, Brewer JM. The ProtekDuo in ECMO configuration for ARDS secondary to COVID-19: A systematic review. The International journal of artificial organs 2023. link 37 Zhu Y, Zhen W, Zhang X, Shi Z, Zhang L, Zhou J et al.. Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Blood purification 2023. link 38 Bos LDJ, de Grooth HJ, Tuinman PR. A structured diagnostic algorithm for patients with ARDS. Critical care (London, England) 2023. link 39 Lai C, Monnet X, Teboul JL. Hemodynamic Implications of Prone Positioning in Patients with ARDS. Critical care (London, England) 2023. link 40 Isaka K, Hatachi T, Morita K, Shimizu Y, Takeuchi M. Sedation/agitation monitoring using a wearable device for ventilated children. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society 2023. link 41 Baniulyte G, Ali K. E-cigarette side effects in otolaryngology: unveiling the vape mirage. Evidence-based dentistry 2023. link 42 Tomescu D, Popescu M, Akil A, Nassiri AA, Wunderlich-Sperl F, Kogelmann K et al.. The potential role of extracorporeal cytokine removal with CytoSorb® as an adjuvant therapy in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The International journal of artificial organs 2023. link 43 Kim YJ, Lim G, Lee R, Chung S, Son JS, Park HW. Association between vitamin D level and respiratory distress syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2023. link 44 Abe R, Saji M, Izumi Y, Takamisawa I, Kishiki K, Maekawara S et al.. Usefulness of a Pulse Oximeter and Multimodality Imaging for Diagnosing Platypnea-orthodeoxia Syndrome. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2023. link 45 Arens J, Schraven L, Kaesler A, Flege C, Schmitz-Rode T, Rossaint R et al.. Development and evaluation of a variable, miniaturized oxygenator for various test methods. Artificial organs 2023. link 46 Malfertheiner SF, Brodie D, Burrell A, Taccone FS, Broman LM, Shekar K et al.. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during pregnancy and peripartal. An international retrospective multicenter study. Perfusion 2023. link 47 Zheng YR, Lin SH, Chen YK, Cao H, Chen Q. Rescue high-frequency oscillatory ventilation combined with intermittent mandatory ventilation for infants with acute respiratory distress syndrome after congenital heart surgery. Cardiology in the young 2023. link 48 Yu J, Xu C, Wen Z, Wang G, Gil Silva AA, Brown MJ et al.. Shock lung is not "wet" but characterized as necroptotic inflammation in a mouse model of hypotension. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2023. link 49 Chilcote D, Mercer-Rosa L, Wang Y, Kawut SM, Berg RA, Yehya N et al.. Alveolar dead space fraction is not associated with early RV systolic dysfunction in pediatric ARDS. Pediatric pulmonology 2023. link 50 Tasaka S, Ohshimo S, Takeuchi M, Yasuda H, Ichikado K, Tsushima K et al.. ARDS clinical practice guideline 2021. Respiratory investigation 2022. link 51 Ozawa Y, Miyake F, Isayama T. Efficacy and safety of permissive hypercapnia in preterm infants: A systematic review. Pediatric pulmonology 2022. link 52 VanHook AM. Neuropeptides promote respiratory distress. Science signaling 2022. link 53 Abraham S, Lussier BL. Bundled Bispectral Index Monitoring and Sedation During Paralysis in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. AACN advanced critical care 2022. link 54 Issa M, El-Kouri N, Mater S, Lee JY, Snyderman C, Lee Y. Understanding the Role of the Otolaryngology Hospitalist: Tracheostomies and Tracheostomy Care. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2022. link 55 Tang W, Tang R, Zhao Y, Peng J, Wang D. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Predictors of Mortality between Direct and Indirect ARDS. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 2022. link 56 Kim Y, Jung JH, Kim GE, Park M, Lee M, Kim SY et al.. P50 implies adverse clinical outcomes in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome by reflecting extrapulmonary organ dysfunction. Scientific reports 2022. link 57 Zhang Y. Association between serum vitamin A, D and E status and respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants - a propensity score matching analysis. The Turkish journal of pediatrics 2022. link 58 Wheeler CR, Gagner D, Stephens H, Kraus A, Zurakowski D, Friedman KG et al.. Phenotyping respiratory decompensation following definitive closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association 2022. link 59 Miyagawa M, Yagi T, Sugai S, Hayashida S, Iso K, Iida K et al.. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome due to an acute type B aortic dissection: a case report. Perfusion 2022. link 60 Lazzeri C, Bonizzoli M, Batacchi S, Cianchi G, Franci N, Socci F et al.. Persistent Right Ventricle Dilatation in SARS-CoV-2-Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2022. link 61 Ivins-O'Keefe KM, Cahill MS, Mielke AR, Sobieszczyk MJ, Sams VG, Mason PE et al.. Percutaneous Pulmonary Artery Cannulation to Treat Acute Secondary Right Heart Failure While on Veno-venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992) 2022. link 62 Wright JM, Gerges C, Shammassian B, Labak CM, Herring EZ, Miller B et al.. Prone Position Ventilation in Neurologically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Proposed Protocol. Critical care medicine 2021. link 63 Krutsinger DC, Yadav KN, Harhay MO, Bartels K, Courtright KR. A systematic review and meta-analysis of enrollment into ARDS and sepsis trials published between 2009 and 2019 in major journals. Critical care (London, England) 2021. link 64 Briggs C, Melia D. Lung-protective ventilation vs conventional ventilation in emergency surgery. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005) 2021. link 65 Matsyura O, Besh L, Zubchenko S, Zaremba N, Slaba O. ANALYSIS OF CAUSATIVE FACTORS OF RECURRENT BRONCHIAL OBSTRUCTION SYNDROME IN YOUNG CHILDREN. Georgian medical news 2021. link 66 Garner O, Patterson J, Mejia JM, Anand V, Deleija J, Nemeh C et al.. Impact of ketamine as an adjunct sedative in acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 Pneumonia. Respiratory medicine 2021. link 67 Wongtangman K, Grabitz SD, Hammer M, Wachtendorf LJ, Xu X, Schaefer MS et al.. Optimal Sedation in Patients Who Receive Neuromuscular Blocking Agent Infusions for Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-A Retrospective Cohort Study From a New England Health Care Network. Critical care medicine 2021. link 68 Swords C, Bergman L, Wilson-Jeffers R, Randall D, Morris LL, Brenner MJ et al.. Multidisciplinary Tracheostomy Quality Improvement in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Building a Global Learning Community. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2021. link 69 Yehya N, Fazelinia H, Lawrence GG, Spruce LA, Mai MV, Worthen GS et al.. Plasma Nucleosomes Are Associated With Mortality in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Critical care medicine 2021. link 70 Khan IR, Gu Y, George BP, Malone L, Conway KS, Francois F et al.. Brain Histopathology of Adult Decedents After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Neurology 2021. link 71 Bime C, Casanova NG, Nikolich-Zugich J, Knox KS, Camp SM, Garcia JGN. Strategies to DAMPen COVID-19-mediated lung and systemic inflammation and vascular injury. Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 2021. link 72 Ahmed A, Shapiro D, Su J, Nelson LP. Vaping Cannabis Butane Hash Oil Leads to Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome-A Case of EVALI in a Teenager With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Journal of intensive care medicine 2021. link 73 Schöps M, Groß-Hardt SH, Schmitz-Rode T, Steinseifer U, Brodie D, Clauser JC et al.. Hemolysis at low blood flow rates: in-vitro and in-silico evaluation of a centrifugal blood pump. Journal of translational medicine 2021. link 74 Özlüer YE, Avcil M, Ege D, Şeker Yaşar K. Emergency department extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may also include noncardiac arrest patients. Turkish journal of medical sciences 2021. link 75 Rayner-Hartley E, Miller PE, Burstein B, Bibas L, Goldfarb M, Rampersad P et al.. The Basics of ARDS Mechanical Ventilatory Care for Cardiovascular Specialists. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2020. link 76 Bizoń M, Maciejewski D, Kolonko J. E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated acute lung injury (EVALI) as a therapeutic problem in anaesthesiology and intensive care departments. Anaesthesiology intensive therapy 2020. link 77 Xie Y, Cao L, Qian Y, Zheng H, Liu K, Li X. Effect of Deep Sedation on Mechanical Power in Moderate to Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Prospective Self-Control Study. BioMed research international 2020. link 78 Canning J, Mills N, Mahadevan M. Pediatric tracheostomy decannulation: When can decannulation be performed safely outside of the intensive care setting? A 10 year review from a single tertiary otolaryngology service. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology 2020. link 79 Hentschel R, Bohlin K, van Kaam A, Fuchs H, Danhaive O. Surfactant replacement therapy: from biological basis to current clinical practice. Pediatric research 2020. link 80 Qin H, Zhao A. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome: from basic to clinics. Protein & cell 2020. link 81 Nair AB, Cohen MJ, Flori HR. Clinical Characteristics, Major Morbidity, and Mortality in Trauma-Related Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies 2020. link 82 Gando S, Fujishima S, Saitoh D, Shiraishi A, Yamakawa K, Kushimoto S et al.. The significance of disseminated intravascular coagulation on multiple organ dysfunction during the early stage of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Thrombosis research 2020. link 83 Wang P, Tan ZX, Fu L, Fan YJ, Luo B, Zhang ZH et al.. Gestational vitamin D deficiency impairs fetal lung development through suppressing type II pneumocyte differentiation. Reproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) 2020. link 84 Quesada-Gomez JM, Entrenas-Castillo M, Bouillon R. Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections: Revised Ms SBMB 2020_166. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 2020. link 85 Al-Beltagi M, Rowiesha M, Elmashad A, Elrifaey SM, Elhorany H, Koura HG. Vitamin D status in preterm neonates and the effects of its supplementation on respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatric pulmonology 2020. link 86 Tavazzi G, Bergsland N, Alcada J, Price S. Early signs of right ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction in acute severe respiratory failure: the importance of diastolic restrictive pattern. European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care 2020. link 87 Esianor BI, Jiang ZY, Diggs P, Yuksel S, Roy S, Huang Z. Pediatric tracheostomies in patients less than 2 years of age: Analysis of complications and long-term follow-up. American journal of otolaryngology 2020. link 88 Ahmad KA, Velasquez SG, Kohlleppel KL, Henderson CL, Stine CN, LeVan JM et al.. The Characteristics and Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation within the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Based on Gestational Age and Unit Level of Care. American journal of perinatology 2020. link 89 Lazzeri C, Bonizzoli M, Cianchi G, Batacchi S, Chiostri M, Fulceri G et al.. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy in Refractory Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated With Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2020. link 90 Wolfler A, Piastra M, Amigoni A, Santuz P, Gitto E, Rossetti E et al.. A shared protocol for porcine surfactant use in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: a feasibility study. BMC pediatrics 2019. link 91 Maciejewski D. High flow oxygen therapy in intensive care and anaesthesiology. Anaesthesiology intensive therapy 2019. link 92 Ancora G, Lago P, Garetti E, Merazzi D, Savant Levet P, Bellieni CV et al.. Evidence-based clinical guidelines on analgesia and sedation in newborn infants undergoing assisted ventilation and endotracheal intubation. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 2019. link 93 Koide M, Uchiyama A, Yamashita T, Yoshida T, Fujino Y. Attaining Low Tidal Volume Ventilation During Patient Triggered Ventilation in Sedated Subjects. Respiratory care 2019. link 94 Kongkiattikul L, Dagenais M, Ruo N, Fontela P, Di Genova T, Zavalkoff S. The impact of a quality improvement project to standardize pain, agitation, and withdrawal assessments on the use of morphine and midazolam in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Paediatric anaesthesia 2019. link 95 Teixeira C, Rosa RG, Maccari JG, Savi A, Rotta FT. Association between electromyographical findings and intensive care unit mortality among mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome patients under profound sedation. Revista Brasileira de terapia intensiva 2019. link 96 Moss M, Huang DT, Brower RG, Ferguson ND, Ginde AA, Gong MN et al.. Early Neuromuscular Blockade in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The New England journal of medicine 2019. link 97 Bass S, Vance ML, Reddy A, Bauer SR, Roach E, Torbic H et al.. Bispectral Index for Titrating Sedation in ARDS Patients During Neuromuscular Blockade. American journal of critical care : an official publication, American Association of Critical-Care Nurses 2019. link 98 Casey JD, Semler MW, Rice TW. Fluid Management in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine 2019. link 99 Beitler JR. Bedside respiratory physiology to detect risk of lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Current opinion in critical care 2019. link 100 Kallet RH, Lipnick MS, Zhuo H, Pangilinan LP, Gomez A. Characteristics of Nonpulmonary Organ Dysfunction at Onset of ARDS Based on the Berlin Definition. Respiratory care 2019. link

Original source

[1]
Emergency medicine updates: Pediatric brief resolved unexplained event. — Long B, DePompolo AM, Gottlieb M The American journal of emergency medicine (2026)
[2]
Evaluating sedation strategies in acute respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis of inhaled versus intravenous agents. — Raja S, Ali A, Bashir A, Kashish FNU, Mahboob H Journal of clinical anesthesia (2026)
[3]
Sedation Depth in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients Receiving Neuromuscular Blockade: A Prospective Observational Study. — Uzun Sarıtaş P, Sarıtaş A, Kılınç R Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia (2026)
[4]
Elevated serum peroxiredoxin 1 is a biomarker of multiorgan failure in ARDS. — Jiang G, Zhang Y, Huang H, Yu P, Long L, Zhang X et al. BMJ open respiratory research (2026)
[5]
Association of Ventilatory Ratio with Acute Cor Pulmonale and Mortality in COVID-19 ARDS: A Cohort Study. — Benites MH, Battiato R, Mercado P, Pairumani R, Medel JN, Petruska E et al. Journal of intensive care medicine (2026)
[6]
Isolated pneumopericardium in a preterm neonate with respiratory distress syndrome: A case report. — Denis S, Mulder A Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine (2026)
[7]
Emergency medicine updates: Acute respiratory distress Syndrome. — Long B, Lentz S, Gottlieb M The American journal of emergency medicine (2025)
[8]
Optimal Sedation During Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. — Nassar Junior AP, Veiga VC, Serafim RB Critical care clinics (2025)
[9]
Plasma proteomic profiles correlate with organ dysfunction in COVID-19 ARDS. — Eltobgy M, Klamer B, Farkas D, Londino JD, Englert JA, Horowitz JC et al. Physiological reports (2025)
[10]
Association between driving pressure, systemic inflammation and non-pulmonary organ dysfunction in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, a prospective pathophysiological study. — Barbeta E, Ferrando C, López-Aladid R, Motos A, Bueno-Freire L, Fernández-Barat L et al. Anaesthesia, critical care & pain medicine (2025)
[11]
Mining and analysis of reported ARDS population in FAERS database. — Lai JH, Pan YP, Yu ZH, Jang WF, Hu JT, Tang ZH PloS one (2025)
[12]
Predictors and outcomes associated with right ventricular function in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. — Melamed R, Block J, Martins SL, Bullard D, Levinstein L, Phillips A et al. Perfusion (2025)
[13]
1,25-(OH) — Wang Y, Su H, Lin X, Dai C, Cheng Q, Deng Z et al. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology (2025)
[14]
Retrospective study of preterm infants exposed to inhaled nitric oxide in Kaiser Permanente Southern California: morbidity, mortality and follow-up. — Bhatt DR, Braun D, Dizon RA, Shi JM, Weerasinghe S, Sabio A et al. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association (2025)
[15]
The relationship between positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in mechanically ventilated patients: A prospective observational study. — Al-Jabri MM, Ahmed GH, Ali MMA, Abdelwahab O, Mohamed S, Mahran GSK Nursing in critical care (2025)
[16]
Right-sided heart failure in acute respiratory distress syndrome. — Yogeswaran A, Kremer NC, Janetzko P, Schäfer S, Rako ZA, Vadász I et al. European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society (2025)
[17]
Recruitment maneuvers in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and metanalysis. — Jesus AC, Figueiredo AM, Cordeiro ALL Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (2024)
[18]
Atrial flutter complicating acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): A rare case report. — Elendu C, Amaechi DC Medicine (2024)
[19]
Addressing the Care Gap in Outborn Infants for Receipt of Antenatal Steroids. — Ali SR Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP (2024)
[20]
Neonatal Respiratory Support Utilization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Registry-Based Observational Study. — Switchenko N, Shukla V, Mwenechanya M, Chomba E, Patel A, Hibberd PL et al. Neonatology (2024)
[21]
CPAP delivered via a helmet interface in lightly sedated patients with moderate to severe ARDS: predictors of success outside the ICU. — Matos IM, Tomaz BS, Sales MDPU, Gomes GC, Viana Junior AB, Gonçalves MR et al. Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia (2024)
[22]
Surgical Tracheostomies: A Retrospective Chart Analysis Comparing ENT Specialists and Residents. — Dallari V, De Cecco F, Liberale C, Mazzola M, Arsie AE, Arietti V et al. Annali italiani di chirurgia (2024)
[23]
Time to split: biomarker trajectories in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome hint at underlying disease. — Zurawel AA, Coates BM The Journal of clinical investigation (2024)
[24]
Understanding Causes of Death in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Narrative Review. — Bromley SE, Shakery K, Vora P, Atabaki A, Reimer T, McDermott L et al. Critical care explorations (2024)
[25]
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