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Ophthalmology251 papers

Cortical blindness

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Cortical blindness results from damage to the visual cortex of the brain, leading to visual impairment despite intact ocular structures and function 620.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Absence of visual acuity despite normal fundus examination and pupillary responses 6.
  • Neuroimaging: MRI or CT scans to identify lesions in the visual cortex or associated pathways 6.
  • Visual Evoked Potentials (VEP): Abnormal VEP indicating cortical dysfunction 6.
  • Neurological Evaluation: To assess extent and location of brain damage 6.

    • Management

  • Supportive Care: Rehabilitation programs including occupational therapy and visual stimulation techniques 21.
  • Symptomatic Treatment: Management of underlying causes such as hypertension, trauma, or infections 6.
  • Psychological Support: Counseling and psychological support for patients and families 21.

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Early intervention and developmental support crucial for recovery and adaptation 620.
  • Elderly: Focus on managing comorbidities and providing comprehensive neurological care 6.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Utilize Neuroimaging for Diagnosis: MRI or CT scans are essential for identifying cortical lesions 6 (Evidence: Strong).
  • Implement Comprehensive Rehabilitation Programs: Include occupational therapy and visual stimulation for improved outcomes 21 (Evidence: Moderate).
  • Address Underlying Causes: Treat conditions like hypertension or infections to prevent further neurological damage 6 (Evidence: Moderate).

    • References

    1 Malik ANJ, Spicer N, Mafwiri M, Gilbert C, Schellenberg J. Integrating eye health into a child health policy in Tanzania: global and national influences. Health policy and planning 2025. link 2 Adhikari S. Paediatric Eye Care in Nepal. Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH 2025. link 3 Orugun AJ, Atima MO, Idakwo U, Komolafe O, Oladigbolu KK, Peter E et al.. Validation and optimization of smart eye camera as teleophthalmology device for the reduction of preventable and treatable blindness in Nigeria. Eye (London, England) 2025. link 4 Liu H, Li R, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Yusufu M, Liu Y et al.. Economic evaluation of combined population-based screening for multiple blindness-causing eye diseases in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis. The Lancet. Global health 2023. link00554-X) 5 Parra-Tanoux D, Dussan-Vargas MP, Escandon MG. Painful-blind eye: A forgotten palliative care. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 6 Bola Ł. Rethinking the representation of sound. eLife 2022. link 7 Kletke SN, Soboka JG, Dimaras H, Sherief ST, Ali A. Development of a pediatric ophthalmology academic partnership between Canada and Ethiopia: a situational analysis. BMC medical education 2020. link 8 Resnikoff S, Lansingh VC, Washburn L, Felch W, Gauthier TM, Taylor HR et al.. Estimated number of ophthalmologists worldwide (International Council of Ophthalmology update): will we meet the needs?. The British journal of ophthalmology 2020. link 9 Taylor HR. Global Blindness: The Progress We Are Making and Still Need to Make. Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2019. link 10 Lin D, Lei L, Shi S, Li X. Stimulus-Responsive Hydrogel for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. Macromolecular bioscience 2019. link 11 Malik ANJ, Mafwiri M, Gilbert C. Integrating primary eye care into global child health policies. Archives of disease in childhood 2018. link 12 Braithwaite T, Winford B, Bailey H, Bridgemohan P, Bartholomew D, Singh D et al.. Health system dynamics analysis of eyecare services in Trinidad and Tobago and progress towards Vision 2020 Goals. Health policy and planning 2018. link 13 Grifantini K. To See Anew: New Technologies Are Moving Rapidly Toward Restoring or Enabling Vision in the Blind. IEEE pulse 2017. link 14 Mullaney S. Sir William Wilde and provision for the blind in nineteenth-century Ireland. Irish journal of medical science 2016. link 15 Williamson S, Seewoodhary R, Dampies L. Effect of poverty on eye health and implications for nursing practice. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2016. link 16 Rao GN. The Barrie Jones Lecture-Eye care for the neglected population: challenges and solutions. Eye (London, England) 2015. link 17 Ramai D, Elliott R, Goldin S, Pulisetty T. A cross-sectional study of pediatric eye care perceptions in Ghana, Honduras, and India. Journal of epidemiology and global health 2015. link 18 Aghaji A, Okoye O, Bowman R. Causes and emerging trends of childhood blindness: findings from schools for the blind in Southeast Nigeria. The British journal of ophthalmology 2015. link 19 Sommer A, Taylor HR, Ravilla TD, West S, Lietman TM, Keenan JD et al.. Challenges of ophthalmic care in the developing world. JAMA ophthalmology 2014. link 20 Fahy BG, Chau DF, Ozrazgat-Baslanti T, Owen MB. Evaluating the long-term retention of a multidisciplinary electroencephalography instructional model. Anesthesia and analgesia 2014. link 21 Sadler C. Finding their way. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2012. link 22 Furtado JM, Lansingh VC, Winthrop KL, Spivey B. Training of an ophthalmologist in concepts and practice of community eye health. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2012. link 23 Thomas S. Project Prakash: Challenging the critical period: Association of Research in Vision and Ophthalmology National Meeting. The Yale journal of biology and medicine 2011. link 24 Khan MD. The Duke Elder lecture: the challenge of equitable eye care in Pakistan. Eye (London, England) 2011. link 25 Ravin JG, Stern AM. Lucien Howe, hereditary blindness, and the eugenics movement. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 2010. link 26 Durnian JM, Cheeseman R, Kumar A, Raja V, Newman W, Chandna A. Childhood sight impairment: a 10-year picture. Eye (London, England) 2010. link 27 Bamashmus MA, Al-Akily SA. Profile of childhood blindness and low vision in Yemen: a hospital-based study. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit 2010. link 28 Gogate P, Kalua K, Courtright P. Blindness in childhood in developing countries: time for a reassessment?. PLoS medicine 2009. link 29 Maida JM, Mathers K, Alley CL. Pediatric ophthalmology in the developing world. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2008. link 30 . Seeing science in color. Nature structural & molecular biology 2007. link 31 Swinburne C. A vision for eye care. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) 2007. link 32 Ghosh MR, Dasgupta TK. Community ophthalmology--an approach including tentative strategic interventions in brief. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 2006. link 33 Chirila TV. First development of a polyurethane keratoprosthesis and its Australian connection: an unbeknown episode in the history of artificial cornea. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2006. link 34 Fishman RS. History of ophthalmology. Boerhaave's tale. Survey of ophthalmology 2005. link 35 Mansour AM, Mehio-Sibai A, Walsh JB, Sbeity ZH. Jesus and the eye: New Testament miracles of vision. Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica 2005. link 36 Foster A, Resnikoff S. The impact of Vision 2020 on global blindness. Eye (London, England) 2005. link 37 Chirila TV, Chirila M, Ikada Y, Eguhi H, Shiota H. A historical review of artificial cornea research in Japan. Japanese journal of ophthalmology 2005. link 38 Petsko GA. Color blind. Genome biology 2004. link 39 Fishman GA. When your eyes have a wet nose: the evolution of the use of guide dogs and establishing the seeing eye. Survey of ophthalmology 2003. link00052-3) 40 Karcioglu ZA. Ocular pathology in The Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind and other paintings by Pieter Bruegel. Survey of ophthalmology 2002. link00290-9) 41 Spivey B. The opportunity for international ophthalmology in treating blindness. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society 2001. link 42 Skelton VA, Henderson K, Liu C. Anaesthetic implications of osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis surgery. European journal of anaesthesiology 2000. link 43 Jenchitr WT, Tansirikongkol V. Ophthalmology in Thailand 1997. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 2000. link 44 Chu W. The past twenty-five years in eye banking. Cornea 2000. link 45 Morgan M. Sensory perception: supernormal hearing in the blind?. Current biology : CB 1999. link80009-8) 46 Johnson GJ. Overview on community ophthalmology. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 1999. link 47 Lim KH. Registration of new blindness in Singapore for 1985-1995. Singapore medical journal 1998. link 48 Bullock JD, Wang JP, Bullock GH. Was Dom Perignon really blind?. Survey of ophthalmology 1998. link00127-6) 49 Wood ML. Preventable blindness in the east African elderly. East African medical journal 1997. link 50 el-Hashimy MM, Aubert RE, Alich K, Warram JH, Harrigan BA, Herman WH. Strategies to improve the reporting of legal blindness in Massachusetts. American journal of public health 1997. link 51 Attwell D, Rawlins N. The changing pattern of neuroscience PhDs in the UK. Trends in neurosciences 1996. link89619-6) 52 McCleve DE, Goldstein JC. Blindness secondary to injections in the nose, mouth, and face: cause and prevention. Ear, nose, & throat journal 1995. link 53 Kushner BJ. Infantile uniocular blindness with bilateral nystagmus. A syndrome. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 1995. link 54 Wei J, Zhao Y, Li X, Ma Y, Liu L, Qu Y. Research of the exploitation of human resources in blind prevention and primary eye care. Yan ke xue bao = Eye science 1995. link 55 Newell FW. The origins of the National Eye Institute 1933-1968. The Fifth Charles B. Snyder Lecture. Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology 1995. link 56 Brown HS, Brown BR, Wessels IF. Guidelines for overseas eye surgery expeditions using short-term volunteers. Surgical Eye Expeditions international. Ophthalmic surgery 1994. link 57 Wang L, Söderberg PG, Tengroth B. Measurement of visual readaptation time after flash exposure using optokinetic nystagmus. Acta ophthalmologica 1993. link 58 Bloom FE. Training neuroscientists for the 21st century. Trends in neurosciences 1992. link90184-a) 59 Grimes MR, Scardino MA, Martone JF. Worldwide blindness. The Nursing clinics of North America 1992. link 60 Arseneault R. Blindness in the world: nursing experience in Nepal. Journal of ophthalmic nursing & technology 1992. link 61 Jaeger W. Horner's law. The first step in the history of the understanding of X-linked disorders. Ophthalmic paediatrics and genetics 1992. link 62 Stilma JS, Franken S, Hogeweg M, Hardus P. Points of action in the campaign against blindness in developing countries. Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology 1991. link 63 McManus M. Operation Eyesight Universal assists Third World ophthalmic teams. Journal of ophthalmic nursing & technology 1989. link 64 Graham PJ. The wait of the world. Australian and New Zealand journal of ophthalmology 1988. link 65 Heldt JP. Public health ophthalmology: a comprehensive model for the prevention of blindness in developing nations. Ophthalmic surgery 1987. link 66 Kayembe L. Common causes of blindness in Zaïre. The British journal of ophthalmology 1985. link 67 Accardi FE, Gombos MM, Gombos GM. Common causes of blindness: a pilot survey in Brooklyn, New York. Annals of ophthalmology 1985. link 68 Heldt JP. Sight saving strategies for developing nations: toward an appropriate philosophy of blindness treatment and prevention for ministries of health, international agencies and mission societies in developing nations. Ophthalmic surgery 1985. link 69 Bolliger PA. Ophthalmology in Africa. Australian and New Zealand journal of ophthalmology 1985. link 70 Harris JK, Rao GN, Aquavella JV, Lohman LE. Keratoprosthesis: technique and instrumentation. Annals of ophthalmology 1984. link 71 Yazmajian RV. Color in the dreams of the color-blind. The Psychoanalytic quarterly 1982. link 72 Barrows HS, Mitchell DL. An innovative course in undergraduate neuroscience. Experiment in problem-based learning with 'problem boxes'. British journal of medical education 1975. link 73 Ayanru JO. Blindness in the Midwestern State of Nigeria. Tropical and geographical medicine 1974. link

    Original source

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      Integrating eye health into a child health policy in Tanzania: global and national influences. — Malik ANJ, Spicer N, Mafwiri M, Gilbert C, Schellenberg J Health policy and planning (2025)
    2. [2]
      Paediatric Eye Care in Nepal. — Adhikari S Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH (2025)
    3. [3]
      Validation and optimization of smart eye camera as teleophthalmology device for the reduction of preventable and treatable blindness in Nigeria. — Orugun AJ, Atima MO, Idakwo U, Komolafe O, Oladigbolu KK, Peter E et al. Eye (London, England) (2025)
    4. [4]
      Economic evaluation of combined population-based screening for multiple blindness-causing eye diseases in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis. — Liu H, Li R, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Yusufu M, Liu Y et al. The Lancet. Global health (2023)
    5. [5]
      Painful-blind eye: A forgotten palliative care. — Parra-Tanoux D, Dussan-Vargas MP, Escandon MG Indian journal of ophthalmology (2023)
    6. [6]
      Rethinking the representation of sound. — Bola Ł eLife (2022)
    7. [7]
      Development of a pediatric ophthalmology academic partnership between Canada and Ethiopia: a situational analysis. — Kletke SN, Soboka JG, Dimaras H, Sherief ST, Ali A BMC medical education (2020)
    8. [8]
      Estimated number of ophthalmologists worldwide (International Council of Ophthalmology update): will we meet the needs? — Resnikoff S, Lansingh VC, Washburn L, Felch W, Gauthier TM, Taylor HR et al. The British journal of ophthalmology (2020)
    9. [9]
      Global Blindness: The Progress We Are Making and Still Need to Make. — Taylor HR Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) (2019)
    10. [10]
      Stimulus-Responsive Hydrogel for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. — Lin D, Lei L, Shi S, Li X Macromolecular bioscience (2019)
    11. [11]
      Integrating primary eye care into global child health policies. — Malik ANJ, Mafwiri M, Gilbert C Archives of disease in childhood (2018)
    12. [12]
      Health system dynamics analysis of eyecare services in Trinidad and Tobago and progress towards Vision 2020 Goals. — Braithwaite T, Winford B, Bailey H, Bridgemohan P, Bartholomew D, Singh D et al. Health policy and planning (2018)
    13. [13]
      To See Anew: New Technologies Are Moving Rapidly Toward Restoring or Enabling Vision in the Blind. — Grifantini K IEEE pulse (2017)
    14. [14]
      Sir William Wilde and provision for the blind in nineteenth-century Ireland. — Mullaney S Irish journal of medical science (2016)
    15. [15]
      Effect of poverty on eye health and implications for nursing practice. — Williamson S, Seewoodhary R, Dampies L Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (2016)
    16. [16]
      The Barrie Jones Lecture-Eye care for the neglected population: challenges and solutions. — Rao GN Eye (London, England) (2015)
    17. [17]
      A cross-sectional study of pediatric eye care perceptions in Ghana, Honduras, and India. — Ramai D, Elliott R, Goldin S, Pulisetty T Journal of epidemiology and global health (2015)
    18. [18]
      Causes and emerging trends of childhood blindness: findings from schools for the blind in Southeast Nigeria. — Aghaji A, Okoye O, Bowman R The British journal of ophthalmology (2015)
    19. [19]
      Challenges of ophthalmic care in the developing world. — Sommer A, Taylor HR, Ravilla TD, West S, Lietman TM, Keenan JD et al. JAMA ophthalmology (2014)
    20. [20]
      Evaluating the long-term retention of a multidisciplinary electroencephalography instructional model. — Fahy BG, Chau DF, Ozrazgat-Baslanti T, Owen MB Anesthesia and analgesia (2014)
    21. [21]
      Finding their way. — Sadler C Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (2012)
    22. [22]
      Training of an ophthalmologist in concepts and practice of community eye health. — Furtado JM, Lansingh VC, Winthrop KL, Spivey B Indian journal of ophthalmology (2012)
    23. [23]
      Project Prakash: Challenging the critical period: Association of Research in Vision and Ophthalmology National Meeting. — Thomas S The Yale journal of biology and medicine (2011)
    24. [24]
      The Duke Elder lecture: the challenge of equitable eye care in Pakistan. — Khan MD Eye (London, England) (2011)
    25. [25]
      Lucien Howe, hereditary blindness, and the eugenics movement. — Ravin JG, Stern AM Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) (2010)
    26. [26]
      Childhood sight impairment: a 10-year picture. — Durnian JM, Cheeseman R, Kumar A, Raja V, Newman W, Chandna A Eye (London, England) (2010)
    27. [27]
      Profile of childhood blindness and low vision in Yemen: a hospital-based study. — Bamashmus MA, Al-Akily SA Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit (2010)
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      Blindness in childhood in developing countries: time for a reassessment? — Gogate P, Kalua K, Courtright P PLoS medicine (2009)
    29. [29]
      Pediatric ophthalmology in the developing world. — Maida JM, Mathers K, Alley CL Current opinion in ophthalmology (2008)
    30. [30]
      Seeing science in color. Nature structural & molecular biology (2007)
    31. [31]
      A vision for eye care. — Swinburne C Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987) (2007)
    32. [32]
      Community ophthalmology--an approach including tentative strategic interventions in brief. — Ghosh MR, Dasgupta TK Journal of the Indian Medical Association (2006)
    33. [33]
      First development of a polyurethane keratoprosthesis and its Australian connection: an unbeknown episode in the history of artificial cornea. — Chirila TV Clinical & experimental ophthalmology (2006)
    34. [34]
      History of ophthalmology. Boerhaave's tale. — Fishman RS Survey of ophthalmology (2005)
    35. [35]
      Jesus and the eye: New Testament miracles of vision. — Mansour AM, Mehio-Sibai A, Walsh JB, Sbeity ZH Acta ophthalmologica Scandinavica (2005)
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      The impact of Vision 2020 on global blindness. — Foster A, Resnikoff S Eye (London, England) (2005)
    37. [37]
      A historical review of artificial cornea research in Japan. — Chirila TV, Chirila M, Ikada Y, Eguhi H, Shiota H Japanese journal of ophthalmology (2005)
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      Color blind. — Petsko GA Genome biology (2004)
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      When your eyes have a wet nose: the evolution of the use of guide dogs and establishing the seeing eye. — Fishman GA Survey of ophthalmology (2003)
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      The opportunity for international ophthalmology in treating blindness. — Spivey B Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society (2001)
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      The past twenty-five years in eye banking. — Chu W Cornea (2000)
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      Blindness secondary to injections in the nose, mouth, and face: cause and prevention. — McCleve DE, Goldstein JC Ear, nose, & throat journal (1995)
    53. [53]
      Infantile uniocular blindness with bilateral nystagmus. A syndrome. — Kushner BJ Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) (1995)
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      Research of the exploitation of human resources in blind prevention and primary eye care. — Wei J, Zhao Y, Li X, Ma Y, Liu L, Qu Y Yan ke xue bao = Eye science (1995)
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      Guidelines for overseas eye surgery expeditions using short-term volunteers. Surgical Eye Expeditions international. — Brown HS, Brown BR, Wessels IF Ophthalmic surgery (1994)
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      Measurement of visual readaptation time after flash exposure using optokinetic nystagmus. — Wang L, Söderberg PG, Tengroth B Acta ophthalmologica (1993)
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      Training neuroscientists for the 21st century. — Bloom FE Trends in neurosciences (1992)
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      Blindness in the world: nursing experience in Nepal. — Arseneault R Journal of ophthalmic nursing & technology (1992)
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      Operation Eyesight Universal assists Third World ophthalmic teams. — McManus M Journal of ophthalmic nursing & technology (1989)
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      The wait of the world. — Graham PJ Australian and New Zealand journal of ophthalmology (1988)
    65. [65]
      Public health ophthalmology: a comprehensive model for the prevention of blindness in developing nations. — Heldt JP Ophthalmic surgery (1987)
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      Common causes of blindness in Zaïre. — Kayembe L The British journal of ophthalmology (1985)
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      Ophthalmology in Africa. — Bolliger PA Australian and New Zealand journal of ophthalmology (1985)
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      Keratoprosthesis: technique and instrumentation. — Harris JK, Rao GN, Aquavella JV, Lohman LE Annals of ophthalmology (1984)
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      Color in the dreams of the color-blind. — Yazmajian RV The Psychoanalytic quarterly (1982)
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      An innovative course in undergraduate neuroscience. Experiment in problem-based learning with 'problem boxes'. — Barrows HS, Mitchell DL British journal of medical education (1975)
    73. [73]
      Blindness in the Midwestern State of Nigeria. — Ayanru JO Tropical and geographical medicine (1974)
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