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Ophthalmology363 papers

Exophthalmic ophthalmoplegia

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Exophthalmic ophthalmoplegia, often associated with conditions like Graves' disease, involves the protrusion of the eyeball and weakness or paralysis of eye muscles, affecting gaze and ocular motility. 1 18

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Proptosis (eye bulging), eyelid retraction, diplopia, and extraocular muscle weakness. 1 18

Imaging: CT or MRI to assess orbital fat and muscle involvement, ruling out other causes like tumors. 18

Serological Tests: Thyroid function tests to screen for hyperthyroidism, particularly in cases linked to Graves' disease. 18

Electromyography (EMG): To evaluate muscle function and identify denervation patterns. 18

Management

Thyroid Hormone Management: For Graves' disease-related exophthalmos, manage hyperthyroidism with antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine, or surgery as appropriate. 18

Symptomatic Treatment: Use prism glasses or botulinum toxin injections to manage diplopia. 18

Orbital Decompression Surgery: Consider in severe cases with significant proptosis causing vision impairment or discomfort. 18

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Management focuses on controlling hyperthyroidism with propylthiouracil due to safety concerns with methimazole. 18

Pediatrics: Rare but requires careful evaluation for underlying causes; treatment tailored to age-specific considerations. 18

Elderly: Increased risk of complications; multidisciplinary care addressing both ophthalmologic and systemic health is crucial. 18

Key Recommendations

Evaluate Thyroid Function: Screen for hyperthyroidism using thyroid function tests to guide management in suspected Graves' disease-related exophthalmos. (Evidence: Strong 18)

Consider Orbital Imaging: Utilize CT or MRI to rule out other causes of proptosis and assess structural changes. (Evidence: Moderate 18)

Manage Diplopia Symptomatically: Implement prism glasses or botulinum toxin injections for symptomatic relief of diplopia. (Evidence: Moderate 18)

Surgical Intervention for Severe Cases: Perform orbital decompression surgery when proptosis significantly impairs vision or causes substantial discomfort. (Evidence: Expert opinion 18)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 343 indexed papers.

1 Tan CJM, Yong WWD, Lin HHA, Oh J, Yong HSR, Khew FMJ et al.. Application of Mixed Reality for Ophthalmic Clinical Skills and Diagnosis: Prospective Study. JMIR medical education 2026. link 2 Moshirfar M, Han KD, Jaafar MA, Sitto MM, Nuthi M, Moin KA et al.. Current capabilities of large language models as peer reviewers for manuscripts submitted to ophthalmology-related journals. Medicine 2026. link 3 Demetrio R, Faneli AC, Freitas D, Regatieri CVS. Alumni in Focus: Profile, scientific production, and career of graduates from the postgraduate program in ophthalmology at UNIFESP. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2026. link 4 Piccini A, Khan A, Solomon D. 25-year analysis of gender and professional trends in authorship of highly cited articles in leading ophthalmology journals. European journal of ophthalmology 2026. link 5 Cooper S, Li D, Passby L. Not Seen, Not Heard? Representation of Skin of Colour in Ophthalmology Educational Texts. The clinical teacher 2026. link 6 Josef JD, Bradfield YS, Greninger DA, Chang TC. Minority representation in the 2024 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) annual meeting program. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2026. link 7 Hamzianpour N, Thomas A. Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion: The Danger of Doing Nothing. Veterinary ophthalmology 2026. link 8 Yaïci R, Filipe HP, Solecki L, Dormegny L, Koestel E, Dhubhghaill SN et al.. Fellowships across Europe: Insights from the European Board of Ophthalmology Survey. Acta ophthalmologica 2026. link 9 Balas M, Li X, Ji P, Arjmand P. The growing presence of AI-generated content in ophthalmology: a retrospective bibliographic analysis. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2026. link 10 Thomson M, Browning DJ. The Hospital Employed Ophthalmologist: A Growing Segment of the Profession. American journal of ophthalmology 2026. link 11 Bondok M, Lando L, Nguyen AX, Knafo M, Wu AY. Industry-Reported Financial Relationships Among American Ophthalmology Society Board Members. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2026. link 12 Iwasaki A, Kato N, Morita Y, Onouchi H, Itakura M, Kunimi K et al.. Gender differences among ophthalmology faculty members in Japanese Medical Schools: An Institution-based cross-sectional study. Medicine 2026. link 13 Gao A, Miller T, Ortin-Martinez A, Kohly RP. Racial Disparities in Ophthalmology in Training and Practice: A Systematic Review. American journal of ophthalmology 2026. link 14 Tanya SM, Pathak R, Remtulla R, Jaffer A, Kulbay M, Volniansky A et al.. Canadian ophthalmology workforce trends from 1971 to 2022: longitudinal analysis of age, sex, and distribution compared to other surgical specialties. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2026. link 15 Isil Ulman Y, İlikan Rasimoğlu CG. Story of a Levantine family in late Ottoman Constantinople: Dr Julius van Millingen and Dr Edwin van Millingen. Journal of medical biography 2026. link 16 Zamorano M, Arriola-Naharro C. Employment situation of young ophthalmologists in Spain. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2026. link 17 Wei J, Wang X, Huang M, Xu Y, Yang W. Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT on Board-Style Examination Questions in Ophthalmology: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of medical systems 2025. link 18 Paik B, Ngai NT, Rhee J, Shih KC, Alam K, Tong L. Effectiveness of simulation models and digital alternatives in training ophthalmoscopy: A systematic review. Medical teacher 2025. link 19 Rabiolo A. Building a strong European journal of ophthalmology. European journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 20 Shean R, Shah T, Pandiarajan A, Tang A, Bolo K, Nguyen V et al.. A comparative analysis of DeepSeek R1, DeepSeek-R1-Lite, OpenAi o1 Pro, and Grok 3 performance on ophthalmology board-style questions. Scientific reports 2025. link 21 Shvartz E, Attal L, Zur O, Nujeidat Z, Plopsky G, Bahir D. Bilingual comparison of the performance of GPT-4o and GPT-4 on ophthalmology residency examination questions. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 22 Almobayed A, Eleiwa TK, Badla O, Khodor A, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Elhusseiny AM. Do Ophthalmology Journals Have AI Policies for Manuscript Writing?. American journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 23 Oke I, Elze T, Miller JW, Lorch AC, Ong MS, Wu AC et al.. Using machine learning to identify pediatric ophthalmologists. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2025. link 24 Dormegny L, Prior Filipe H, Dormegny-Jeanjean LC, Stopa M, Aclimandos W, Asoklis R et al.. Is it the right time to promote competency-based European Training Requirements in Ophthalmology? A European Board of Ophthalmology survey. Acta ophthalmologica 2025. link 25 Cubells C, Martinez P, Heilenbach N, Lee TF, Elkin Z. Assessing the competitiveness of applicants in the ophthalmology match based on interest in pediatric ophthalmology. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2025. link 26 Schmuter G, Kolomeyer NN, Nijm LM, Tao J, Subramanian PS, Al-Mohtaseb Z et al.. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ophthalmology Conferences. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde 2025. link 27 Buscho SE, Slater N, Srinivasan S, Gupta PK. Association of Twitter author Altmetric patterns with research impact in ophthalmology. International ophthalmology 2025. link 28 Bondok M, Nguyen AX, Tanya SM, Youn GM, Lando L, Wu AY. Gender and personalized profile information influence online ratings of Canadian academic ophthalmologists. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 29 Groothoff JD, Browning DJ. Assessing Private Equity Involvement in Ophthalmology: Parallels With the Past, Concerns for the Future. American journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 30 Fernández J, Ribeiro F, Dick HB, Kohnen T, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Rodríguez-Vallejo M. The conceptualization of 'Key Evidence Leaders' from 'Opinion Leaders': A review also applicable in ophthalmology. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2025. link 31 Malla T, Sahu S. Role of Nepal Ophthalmic Society as a Professional Association. Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH 2025. link 32 Bahir D, Zur O, Attal L, Nujeidat Z, Knaanie A, Pikkel J et al.. Gemini AI vs. ChatGPT: A comprehensive examination alongside ophthalmology residents in medical knowledge. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2025. link 33 Silhadi M, Nassrallah WB, Mikhail D, Milad D, Harissi-Dagher M. Assessing the performance of Microsoft Copilot, GPT-4 and Google Gemini in ophthalmology. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 34 Harrington MT, Bakri SJ. Geographical Distribution of Ophthalmologists in the United States by Gender. American journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 35 Regueira SP, Araújo TMC, Santiago JMS, Gameiro GR, Barboza WL, Ventura CV. Trends in female participation at the Brazilian Congress of Ophthalmology, 2016-2023. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2025. link 36 Huang W, Liang Y, Wei X, Du Y. Ophthalmology Journals' Guidelines on Generative Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Analysis. American journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 37 Goh LY, Al-Asady M, Iakovlev E, Sullivan P, Kang S. A novel training session: mixed reality evisceration surgery webinar. Eye (London, England) 2025. link 38 Panke K, Karelska E, Alksnis R, Krumina G, Pladere T. Vision functionality and user comfort following the use of binocular indirect ophthalmoscope simulator. Clinical & experimental optometry 2025. link 39 Tao BK, Xie JS, Leong R, Xia M, Nguyen AX, Ling J et al.. Gender inclusivity of ophthalmology journal submission guidelines and associated research metrics. European journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 40 Onouchi H, Iwasaki A, Morita Y, Itakura M, Kunimi K, Manabe Y et al.. Gender disparities in ophthalmology academic conferences in Japan. Medicine 2025. link 41 Tsui CK, Zou Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Chen R. Utility of Portable Fundus Camera in Teaching Direct Ophthalmoscopy to Medical Students. The clinical teacher 2025. link 42 Zhang Q, Huang Z, Huang Y, Wang G, Zhang R, Yang J et al.. Generative AI in medical education: feasibility and educational value of LLM-generated clinical cases with MCQs. BMC medical education 2025. link 43 Vought V, Vought R, Herzog A, Mothy D, Shukla J, Crane AB et al.. Evaluating Research Activity and NIH-Funding Among Academic Ophthalmologists Using Relative Citation Ratio. Seminars in ophthalmology 2025. link 44 Mutaf Ç, Reyhan AH. A comparative analysis of academic citation metrics among ophthalmologists in Türkiye using dimensions and iCite databases: Trends in publication metrics, gender, subspecialty, and institution type. Medicine 2025. link 45 Cohen SA, Tseng VL, Sridhar J, Coleman AL. A New Era of Ophthalmology Leadership? A Descriptive and Comparative Analysis of Ophthalmology Department Chairs in 2024. American journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 46 Huang RS, Mihalache A, Naidu SC, Xie JS, Popovic MM, Rai AS et al.. Sex-Related Differences in Speaker Introductions at Ophthalmology Grand Rounds. American journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 47 Israeli A, Blumenthal EZ, Nemet A, Zayit-Soudry S, Pizem H, Mezer E. Have gender and ethnic disparities in ophthalmology disappeared? Insights from a workforce-based study in Israel (2006-2021). Israel journal of health policy research 2025. link 48 Wu JH, Nishida T, Liu TYA. Accuracy of large language models in answering ophthalmology board-style questions: A meta-analysis. Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2024. link 49 Wong M, Lim ZW, Pushpanathan K, Cheung CY, Wang YX, Chen D et al.. Review of emerging trends and projection of future developments in large language models research in ophthalmology. The British journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 50 Rousta N, Hussein IM, Kohly RP. Sex Disparities in Ophthalmology From Training Through Practice: A Systematic Review. JAMA ophthalmology 2024. link 51 Pur DR, Samuel A, Sothivannan A, Tanya SM, Nguyen AX. Perspectives on a virtual student-led research conference in ophthalmology. Canadian medical education journal 2024. link 52 Fowler T, Pullen S, Birkett L. Performance of ChatGPT and Bard on the official part 1 FRCOphth practice questions. The British journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 53 Kryshtalskyj MT, Dzulynsky K, Mak MYK, Hutnik CML. Research productivity of ophthalmology residents and its relationship to academic career outcomes. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 54 Olivier MMG, Miller-Ellis E, Cowan C, Bateman B. Contributions and Legacies of Selected Black Pioneers in Ophthalmology and Institutional Milestones. American journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 55 Bohler F, Garden A, Santiago CJ, Bohler L, Taranikanti V. Characterizing the initial effects of the single accreditation system merge on the ophthalmology residency match. Medical education online 2024. link 56 Lam L, Bradbrook D, Gale J. Tracing the barriers to decarbonising ophthalmology: A review. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2024. link 57 Almulhim A, Thirunavukkarasu A, Alanazi B, Alfaleh AS, Alreshidi SO, Almusib RBA et al.. Career choice of Saudi medical students: opting for ophthalmology residency programs - perceptions and sociodemographic influencing factors - a cross-sectional study in Northern Saudi Arabia. BMC medical education 2024. link 58 Justin GA, Huang C, Nguyen MK, Lee J, Seddon I, Wesley TA et al.. An Analysis of Solicitations From Predatory Journals in Ophthalmology. American journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 59 Lee EY, Farrokhyar F, Bakshi N, Levin LA, Ahuja N. Equity, diversity, and inclusion landscape in Canadian postgraduate medical education for ophthalmology. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 60 Bechrakis NE, Gass P. Leadership in ophthalmology by humanity and competence. Die Ophthalmologie 2024. link 61 Yang Z, Wang D, Zhou F, Song D, Zhang Y, Jiang J et al.. Understanding natural language: Potential application of large language models to ophthalmology. Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 2024. link 62 Kashner TM, Bowman MA, Kaminetzky CP, Birnbaum AD, Byrne JM, Greenberg PB et al.. Association Between Teaching Clinic Structure and the Readiness of Ophthalmology Residents to Enter Independent Practice. Journal of surgical education 2024. link 63 Giannakakos VP, Syed M, Culican SM, Rosenberg JB. The status of women in academic ophthalmology: Authorship of papers, presentations, and academic promotions. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2024. link 64 Alfonso EC, Schwartz SG, Jacko VA, Clarkson JG. Bascom Headen Palmer, Jr, MD (1889-1954). American journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 65 Pur DR, Iordanous Y, Bursztyn LL. Research productivity of first-year Canadian ophthalmology residents: a 12-year trend. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 66 Balci AS, Yazar Z, Ozturk BT, Altan C. Performance of Chatgpt in ophthalmology exam; human versus AI. International ophthalmology 2024. link 67 Vought R, Vought V, Lin M, Nguyen H, Szirth B, Khouri AS et al.. Gender Representation Among Ophthalmology Fellowship Directors in 2022. American journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 68 Meer E, Davidson K, Ingenito KH, Brodie F, Schallhorn JM. A survey of perceptions of exposure to new technology in residents and practicing ophthalmologists. BMC ophthalmology 2024. link 69 Chen MC, Ndiritu J, Bhatta S. Enhancing Perspective in Global Health: A Case Study on an International Ophthalmology Partnership. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources 2024. link 70 Mihalache A, Grad J, Patil NS, Huang RS, Popovic MM, Mallipatna A et al.. Google Gemini and Bard artificial intelligence chatbot performance in ophthalmology knowledge assessment. Eye (London, England) 2024. link 71 Tao BK, Hua N, Milkovich J, Micieli JA. ChatGPT-3.5 and Bing Chat in ophthalmology: an updated evaluation of performance, readability, and informative sources. Eye (London, England) 2024. link 72 Pur DR, Kryshtalskyj MT, Hutnik CML, Bursztyn LLCD. Association of pre-residency publications with research productivity in residency, fellowship, and academic career choice among Canadian ophthalmologists. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2024. link 73 Haddad F, Saade JS. Performance of ChatGPT on Ophthalmology-Related Questions Across Various Examination Levels: Observational Study. JMIR medical education 2024. link 74 Martins Leitão P, Oliveira S, Miranda A, Vivas C, Nascimento J, Leal S et al.. Ophthalmology Census 2021: A Demographic Characterisation of Ophthalmologists in Portugal. Acta medica portuguesa 2024. link 75 Demir S. A comparative analysis of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4.0 on a multiple-choice ophthalmology question bank: A study on artificial intelligence developments. Romanian journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 76 Kianian R, Sun D, Rojas-Carabali W, Agrawal R, Tsui E. Large Language Models May Help Patients Understand Peer-Reviewed Scientific Articles About Ophthalmology: Development and Usability Study. Journal of medical Internet research 2024. link 77 Hertel AK, Ajlan RS. Impact of Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program Scores and Surgical Volume on Subspecialty Fellowship Application in Ophthalmology Residency: Retrospective Cohort Study. JMIR medical education 2024. link 78 Wang H, Liao X, Zhang M, Pang CP, Chen H. Smartphone ophthalmoscope as a tool in teaching direct ophthalmoscopy: a crossover randomized controlled trial. Medical education online 2023. link 79 Reyes J, Seddon I, Watane A, Gedde S, Sridhar J. Association Between Preresidency Peer-reviewed Publications and Future Academic Productivity or Career Choice Among Ophthalmology Residency Applicants. JAMA ophthalmology 2023. link 80 Kara-Junior N, Scherer R, Koch C, Mello PAA. Situation of ophthalmology education in Brazil: supply versus demand. Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia 2023. link 81 Lee RH, Vinod K, Grajewski AL. Leadership in Ophthalmology Professional Organizations: A Descriptive Analysis and Trends, 2002-2022. American journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 82 Shemesh R, Tiosano A, Barayev E, Zloczower E, Gershoni A, Dotan G. Academic benchmark of highly influential ophthalmologists listed in the ophthalmology power list. Eye (London, England) 2023. link 83 Fuhrmann L, Schargus M. National survey of user-reported usability of electronic medical record software in ophthalmology in Germany. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2023. link 84 Khair D, Chaudhary V, Harissi-Dagher M. Success of the Canadian Ophthalmological Society's first virtual meeting amid COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2023. link 85 Ahuja AS, Rahimy E, Sridhar J. Tracking Online Interest in Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology Using Google Trends. Seminars in ophthalmology 2023. link 86 Patil SA, Vail DG, Cox JT, Chen E, Mruthyunjaya P, Tsai JC et al.. Private equity in ophthalmology and optometry: a time series analysis from 2012 to 2021. Digital journal of ophthalmology : DJO 2023. link 87 Sun E, Tsou BC, Tian J, Eltemsah L, Srikumaran D, Chow J et al.. Fate of Research Articles Reported by Ophthalmology Residency Applicants: What Happens to "Submitted" and "In Preparation" Articles?. Journal of surgical education 2023. link 88 Ali M, Saeed S, Zafar S, Golnik KC, Woreta F. Predictors of matching into an ophthalmology fellowship for international medical graduates: a San Francisco match analysis. International ophthalmology 2023. link 89 Taloni A, Borselli M, Scarsi V, Rossi C, Coco G, Scorcia V et al.. Comparative performance of humans versus GPT-4.0 and GPT-3.5 in the self-assessment program of American Academy of Ophthalmology. Scientific reports 2023. link 90 Steren BJ, Yee P, Rivera PA, Feng S, Pepple K, Kombo N. Gender Distribution and Trends of Ophthalmology Subspecialties, 1992-2020. American journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 91 Guimarães ABC, Amaral E, Carvalho KM. Curriculum satisfaction of graduates of medical residency in ophthalmology. BMC medical education 2023. link 92 Barequet IS, Rosenblatt A, Schaap Fogler M, Pedut-Kloizman T, Gaton D, Loewenstein A et al.. Gender related trends among Israeli ophthalmologists professional career and personal life performance. Eye (London, England) 2023. link 93 Sheth BP, Schnabel SD, Comber BA, Martin B, McGowan M, Bartley GB. Relationship Between the American Board of Ophthalmology Maintenance of Certification Program and Actions Against the Medical License. American journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 94 Nguyen AX, Zahedi-Niaki G, Lando L, Hutnik CM, Wu AY. Gender and research productivity of award recipients among Canadian national ophthalmology and affiliate subspecialty societies. Women's health (London, England) 2023. link 95 Panthier C, Gatinel D. Success of ChatGPT, an AI language model, in taking the French language version of the European Board of Ophthalmology examination: A novel approach to medical knowledge assessment. Journal francais d'ophtalmologie 2023. link 96 Cai LZ, Shaheen A, Jin A, Fukui R, Yi JS, Yannuzzi N et al.. Performance of Generative Large Language Models on Ophthalmology Board-Style Questions. American journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 97 Quan SC, Song S, Koepf B, Saroufim P, Kaufman E, Day S et al.. Survey of the Faculty Status of Optometrists at Academic Medical Centers in the United States. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry 2023. link 98 Ramos-Dávila EM, Domínguez-Varela IA, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Villagómez-Valdez LG, Lopez-Zúñiga DI, Lopez-Cabrera MV et al.. Underrepresentation of Low- and Middle-Income Nations in Ophthalmology Journals: A Critical Analysis on Diversity, Equity, and Global Representation. Translational vision science & technology 2023. link 99 Rivera PA, Atayde A, Wang L, Kombo N. Female Authorship and Ophthalmology Journal Editorial Board Membership Trends Over the Last Decade, 2012-2021. American journal of ophthalmology 2023. link 100 Ali M, Menard M, Zafar S, Williams BK, Knight OJ, Woreta FA. Sex and Racial and Ethnic Diversity Among Ophthalmology Subspecialty Fellowship Applicants. JAMA ophthalmology 2023. link

Original source

[1]
Application of Mixed Reality for Ophthalmic Clinical Skills and Diagnosis: Prospective Study. — Tan CJM, Yong WWD, Lin HHA, Oh J, Yong HSR, Khew FMJ et al. JMIR medical education (2026)
[2]
Current capabilities of large language models as peer reviewers for manuscripts submitted to ophthalmology-related journals. — Moshirfar M, Han KD, Jaafar MA, Sitto MM, Nuthi M, Moin KA et al. Medicine (2026)
[3]
Alumni in Focus: Profile, scientific production, and career of graduates from the postgraduate program in ophthalmology at UNIFESP. — Demetrio R, Faneli AC, Freitas D, Regatieri CVS Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia (2026)
[4]
25-year analysis of gender and professional trends in authorship of highly cited articles in leading ophthalmology journals. — Piccini A, Khan A, Solomon D European journal of ophthalmology (2026)
[5]
Not Seen, Not Heard? Representation of Skin of Colour in Ophthalmology Educational Texts. — Cooper S, Li D, Passby L The clinical teacher (2026)
[6]
Minority representation in the 2024 American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) annual meeting program. — Josef JD, Bradfield YS, Greninger DA, Chang TC Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (2026)
[7]
Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion: The Danger of Doing Nothing. — Hamzianpour N, Thomas A Veterinary ophthalmology (2026)
[8]
Fellowships across Europe: Insights from the European Board of Ophthalmology Survey. — Yaïci R, Filipe HP, Solecki L, Dormegny L, Koestel E, Dhubhghaill SN et al. Acta ophthalmologica (2026)
[9]
The growing presence of AI-generated content in ophthalmology: a retrospective bibliographic analysis. — Balas M, Li X, Ji P, Arjmand P Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie (2026)
[10]
The Hospital Employed Ophthalmologist: A Growing Segment of the Profession. — Thomson M, Browning DJ American journal of ophthalmology (2026)
[11]
Industry-Reported Financial Relationships Among American Ophthalmology Society Board Members. — Bondok M, Lando L, Nguyen AX, Knafo M, Wu AY Clinical & experimental ophthalmology (2026)
[12]
Gender differences among ophthalmology faculty members in Japanese Medical Schools: An Institution-based cross-sectional study. — Iwasaki A, Kato N, Morita Y, Onouchi H, Itakura M, Kunimi K et al. Medicine (2026)
[13]
Racial Disparities in Ophthalmology in Training and Practice: A Systematic Review. — Gao A, Miller T, Ortin-Martinez A, Kohly RP American journal of ophthalmology (2026)
[14]
Canadian ophthalmology workforce trends from 1971 to 2022: longitudinal analysis of age, sex, and distribution compared to other surgical specialties. — Tanya SM, Pathak R, Remtulla R, Jaffer A, Kulbay M, Volniansky A et al. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie (2026)
[15]
Story of a Levantine family in late Ottoman Constantinople: Dr Julius van Millingen and Dr Edwin van Millingen. — Isil Ulman Y, İlikan Rasimoğlu CG Journal of medical biography (2026)
[16]
Employment situation of young ophthalmologists in Spain. — Zamorano M, Arriola-Naharro C Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia (2026)
[17]
Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT on Board-Style Examination Questions in Ophthalmology: A Meta-Analysis. — Wei J, Wang X, Huang M, Xu Y, Yang W Journal of medical systems (2025)
[18]
Effectiveness of simulation models and digital alternatives in training ophthalmoscopy: A systematic review. — Paik B, Ngai NT, Rhee J, Shih KC, Alam K, Tong L Medical teacher (2025)
[19]
Building a strong European journal of ophthalmology. — Rabiolo A European journal of ophthalmology (2025)
[20]
A comparative analysis of DeepSeek R1, DeepSeek-R1-Lite, OpenAi o1 Pro, and Grok 3 performance on ophthalmology board-style questions. — Shean R, Shah T, Pandiarajan A, Tang A, Bolo K, Nguyen V et al. Scientific reports (2025)
[21]
Bilingual comparison of the performance of GPT-4o and GPT-4 on ophthalmology residency examination questions. — Shvartz E, Attal L, Zur O, Nujeidat Z, Plopsky G, Bahir D Journal francais d'ophtalmologie (2025)
[22]
Do Ophthalmology Journals Have AI Policies for Manuscript Writing? — Almobayed A, Eleiwa TK, Badla O, Khodor A, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Elhusseiny AM American journal of ophthalmology (2025)
[23]
Using machine learning to identify pediatric ophthalmologists. — Oke I, Elze T, Miller JW, Lorch AC, Ong MS, Wu AC et al. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (2025)
[24]
Is it the right time to promote competency-based European Training Requirements in Ophthalmology? A European Board of Ophthalmology survey. — Dormegny L, Prior Filipe H, Dormegny-Jeanjean LC, Stopa M, Aclimandos W, Asoklis R et al. Acta ophthalmologica (2025)
[25]
Assessing the competitiveness of applicants in the ophthalmology match based on interest in pediatric ophthalmology. — Cubells C, Martinez P, Heilenbach N, Lee TF, Elkin Z Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (2025)
[26]
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Ophthalmology Conferences. — Schmuter G, Kolomeyer NN, Nijm LM, Tao J, Subramanian PS, Al-Mohtaseb Z et al. Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde (2025)
[27]
Association of Twitter author Altmetric patterns with research impact in ophthalmology. — Buscho SE, Slater N, Srinivasan S, Gupta PK International ophthalmology (2025)
[28]
Gender and personalized profile information influence online ratings of Canadian academic ophthalmologists. — Bondok M, Nguyen AX, Tanya SM, Youn GM, Lando L, Wu AY Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie (2025)
[29]
Assessing Private Equity Involvement in Ophthalmology: Parallels With the Past, Concerns for the Future. — Groothoff JD, Browning DJ American journal of ophthalmology (2025)
[30]
The conceptualization of 'Key Evidence Leaders' from 'Opinion Leaders': A review also applicable in ophthalmology. — Fernández J, Ribeiro F, Dick HB, Kohnen T, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Rodríguez-Vallejo M Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia (2025)
[31]
Role of Nepal Ophthalmic Society as a Professional Association. — Malla T, Sahu S Nepalese journal of ophthalmology : a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society : NEPJOPH (2025)
[32]
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Contributions and Legacies of Selected Black Pioneers in Ophthalmology and Institutional Milestones. — Olivier MMG, Miller-Ellis E, Cowan C, Bateman B American journal of ophthalmology (2024)
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Characterizing the initial effects of the single accreditation system merge on the ophthalmology residency match. — Bohler F, Garden A, Santiago CJ, Bohler L, Taranikanti V Medical education online (2024)
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The status of women in academic ophthalmology: Authorship of papers, presentations, and academic promotions. — Giannakakos VP, Syed M, Culican SM, Rosenberg JB Clinical & experimental ophthalmology (2024)
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A comparative analysis of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4.0 on a multiple-choice ophthalmology question bank: A study on artificial intelligence developments. — Demir S Romanian journal of ophthalmology (2024)
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Leadership in Ophthalmology Professional Organizations: A Descriptive Analysis and Trends, 2002-2022. — Lee RH, Vinod K, Grajewski AL American journal of ophthalmology (2023)
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National survey of user-reported usability of electronic medical record software in ophthalmology in Germany. — Fuhrmann L, Schargus M Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie (2023)
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Tracking Online Interest in Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology Using Google Trends. — Ahuja AS, Rahimy E, Sridhar J Seminars in ophthalmology (2023)
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