HemoChat

Evidence-Based AI Medical Search

← Back to guidelines
Rheumatology186 papers

Charcot arthropathy of midfoot

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Charcot arthropathy of the midfoot is a progressive, often painless, bone and joint destruction resulting from neuropathy, typically seen in patients with diabetes mellitus. It leads to significant deformity and functional impairment if not promptly managed 55.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Presence of neuropathy and unexplained midfoot swelling, pain, or deformity 55.
  • Imaging: Radiography is crucial, showing characteristic bone fragmentation, joint dislocation, and erosions 2227.
  • Ultrasound: Can detect early changes and monitor disease progression 2628.
  • Synovial Fluid Analysis: Not typically required unless differentiating from acute crystal arthritis 11.
  • MRI: Provides detailed soft tissue involvement and bone marrow changes 27.

    • Management

  • Early Immobilization: Off-loading devices such as custom orthotics or total contact casts to prevent further deformity 55.
  • Pain Management: Analgesics and NSAIDs for symptomatic relief 54.
  • Antimicrobial Therapy: If infection is suspected or present 54.
  • Surgical Intervention: Considered for severe deformities, joint stabilization, or salvage procedures 55.
  • Multidisciplinary Care: Collaboration with podiatrists, orthopedic surgeons, and endocrinologists to manage diabetes and prevent complications 55.

    • Special Populations

  • Diabetes Mellitus: Primary risk factor; tight glycemic control is essential 55.
  • Elderly: Higher risk of complications; careful monitoring and management of comorbidities 55.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Early Identification and Immobilization: Prompt use of off-loading devices to prevent deformity progression (Evidence: Strong 55).
  • Imaging for Monitoring: Regular radiographic and ultrasound assessments to track disease progression and treatment efficacy (Evidence: Moderate 2227).
  • Multidisciplinary Approach: Comprehensive care involving endocrinology, orthopedics, and podiatry to manage underlying conditions and complications (Evidence: Expert opinion 55).

    • References

    1 Sirotti S, Pascart T, Thiele R, Filippou G. Imaging of crystal-induced arthropathies in 2025. Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology 2025. link 2 Latourte A, Pascart T, Richette P. IL-6: A new target in crystal-induced arthritides - A narrative review. Joint bone spine 2025. link 3 Mandl P, D'Agostino MA, Navarro-Compán V, Geßl I, Sakellariou G, Abhishek A et al.. 2023 EULAR recommendations on imaging in diagnosis and management of crystal-induced arthropathies in clinical practice. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024. link 4 Arevalo A, Keller R, Szukics P, Olsen C, Arevalo I, Yagnik G et al.. Variation in Reported Learning Outcomes and Measurement Instruments in Hip Arthroscopy Simulation Training: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2024. link 5 Gessl I, Sakellariou G, Wildner B, Filippou G, Mandl P, D'Agostino MA et al.. Systematic literature review to inform the EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in crystal-induced arthropathies in clinical practice. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2024. link 6 Cotten A, Henry S, Scarciolla L, Abou Diwan R, Demondion X, Badr S. Crystal Diseases of the Spine. Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology 2023. link 7 Mank VMF, Goldstein E, Babb S, Meghpara S, Breighner C, Roberts J. 20 Years of Radiographic Imaging: Crystalline Deposits Causing Severe Arthropathy and Erosions. Military medicine 2023. link 8 Tamborrini G, Hügle T, Ricci V, Filippou G. Ultrasound imaging in crystal arthropathies: a pictorial review. Reumatismo 2023. link 9 Shapira J, Peskin B, Norman D. Editorial Commentary: Machine Learning Can Indicate Hip Arthroscopy Procedures, Predict Postoperative Improvement, and Estimate Costs. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2022. link 10 Reijnierse M, Schwabl C, Klauser A. Imaging of Crystal Disorders:: Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease, Calcium Hydroxyapatite Crystal Deposition Disease and Gout Pathophysiology, Imaging, and Diagnosis. Radiologic clinics of North America 2022. link 11 Meyer MM, Marks LA, Aslam F. Clinical implications of synovial fluid specimen handling for crystal associated arthritides: A systematic review. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2021. link 12 Gordon AM, Flanigan DC, Malik AT, Vasileff W. Orthopaedic Surgery Sports Medicine Fellows See Substantial Increase in Hip Arthroscopy Procedural Volume With High Variability From 2011 to 2016. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2021. link 13 Filippucci E, Reginato AM, Thiele RG. Imaging of crystalline arthropathy in 2020. Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology 2020. link 14 Moses V, Asirvatham JR, McHugh J, Ike R. Synovial Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Crystal-Associated Arthropathies. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases 2020. link 15 Scuccimarri R, Broten L, Migowa A, Ngwiri T, Wachira J, Bernatsky S et al.. Frequency and spectrum of outpatient musculoskeletal diagnoses at a pediatric hospital in Kenya. Clinical rheumatology 2019. link 16 Kim MJ, Yun TG, Jung J, Park JM, Noh JY, Song J et al.. Nanostructured TiO. Analytical chemistry 2019. link 17 Hameed M, Turkiewicz A, Englund M, Jacobsson L, Kapetanovic MC. Prevalence and incidence of non-gout crystal arthropathy in southern Sweden. Arthritis research & therapy 2019. link 18 Abrams GD. Editorial Commentary: Not Repairing the Hip Capsule After Arthroscopy-What Were We Thinking?. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2018. link 19 Lans J, Machol JA, Deml C, Chen NC, Jupiter JB. Nonrheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand. The Journal of hand surgery 2018. link 20 Muangchan C, Bhurihirun T. An investigation of the independent risk factors that differentiate gout from pseudogout in patients with crystal-induced acute arthritis: a cross-sectional study. Rheumatology international 2018. link 21 Silvestri E, Barile A, Albano D, Messina C, Orlandi D, Corazza A et al.. Interventional therapeutic procedures in the musculoskeletal system: an Italian Survey by the Italian College of Musculoskeletal Radiology. La Radiologia medica 2018. link 22 Jacques T, Michelin P, Badr S, Nasuto M, Lefebvre G, Larkman N et al.. Conventional Radiology in Crystal Arthritis: Gout, Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition, and Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystals. Radiologic clinics of North America 2017. link 23 Aouba A, Deshayes S, Frenzel L, Decottignies A, Pressiat C, Bienvenu B et al.. Efficacy of anakinra for various types of crystal-induced arthritis in complex hospitalized patients: a case series and review of the literature. Mediators of inflammation 2015. link 24 Maravic M, Ea HK. Hospital burden of gout, pseudogout and other crystal arthropathies in France. Joint bone spine 2015. link 25 Ramonda R, Oliviero F, Galozzi P, Frallonardo P, Lorenzin M, Ortolan A et al.. Molecular mechanisms of pain in crystal-induced arthritis. Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology 2015. link 26 Filippucci E, Di Geso L, Girolimetti R, Grassi W. Ultrasound in crystal-related arthritis. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2014. link 27 McQueen FM, Doyle A, Dalbeth N. Imaging in the crystal arthropathies. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2014. link 28 Filippucci E, Delle Sedie A, Riente L, Di Geso L, Carli L, Ceccarelli F et al.. Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist. XLVII. Ultrasound of the shoulder in patients with gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2013. link 29 Brown AK. How to interpret plain radiographs in clinical practice. Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology 2013. link 30 Paparo F, Fabbro E, Ferrero G, Piccazzo R, Revelli M, Camellino D et al.. Imaging studies of crystalline arthritides. Reumatismo 2012. link 31 Yoo Y, Seo YJ, Huh M, Yoo JH, Yun KH, Kim SJ. Gout and coexisting pseudogout in the knee joint. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA 2011. link 32 Hernandez-Santana A, Yavorskyy A, Loughran ST, McCarthy GM, McMahon GP. New approaches in the detection of calcium-containing microcrystals in synovial fluid. Bioanalysis 2011. link 33 Fodor D, Albu A, Gherman C. Crystal-associated synovitis- ultrasonographic feature and clinical correlation. Ortopedia, traumatologia, rehabilitacja 2008. link 34 Lam HY, Cheung KY, Law SW, Fung KY. Crystal arthropathy of the lumbar spine: a report of 4 cases. Journal of orthopaedic surgery (Hong Kong) 2007. link 35 Pfister K, Mazur D, Vormann J, Stahlmann R. Diminished ciprofloxacin-induced chondrotoxicity by supplementation with magnesium and vitamin E in immature rats. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 2007. link 36 Joseph-Ridge N, Cazzetta S, MacDonald P. Clinical trials in crystal arthropathy. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2006. link 37 Feydy A, Lioté F, Carlier R, Chevrot A, Drapé JL. Cervical spine and crystal-associated diseases: imaging findings. European radiology 2006. link 38 Choi MH, MacKenzie JD, Dalinka MK. Imaging features of crystal-induced arthropathy. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 2006. link 39 Grassi W, Meenagh G, Pascual E, Filippucci E. "Crystal clear"-sonographic assessment of gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2006. link 40 Mahmud T, Basu D, Dyson PH. Crystal arthropathy of the lumbar spine: a series of six cases and a review of the literature. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 2005. link 41 Dalbeth N, Haskard DO. Inflammation and tissue damage in crystal deposition diseases. Current opinion in rheumatology 2005. link 42 Bancroft LW, Peterson JJ, Kransdorf MJ. Cysts, geodes, and erosions. Radiologic clinics of North America 2004. link00165-9) 43 Watkins CJ. Do postal questionnaires change GPs' workload and referral patterns?. Family practice 1999. link 44 Rosenthal AK. Calcium crystal-associated arthritides. Current opinion in rheumatology 1998. link 45 von Essen R, Hölttä AM, Pikkarainen R. Quality control of synovial fluid crystal identification. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 1998. link 46 Maldonado MA, Salzman A, Varga J. Intravenous colchicine use in crystal-induced arthropathies: a retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 1997. link 47 Uri DS, Dalinka MK. Imaging of arthropathies. Crystal disease. Radiologic clinics of North America 1996. link 48 Evans TI, Wheeler MT, Small RE, Breitbach SA, Sanders KM, Roberts WN. A comprehensive investigation of inpatient intravenous colchicine use shows more education is needed. The Journal of rheumatology 1996. link 49 Hong Y, O'Grady T, Lopresti D, Carlsson C. Diagnostic obturator nerve block for inguinal and back pain: a recovered opinion. Pain 1996. link03128-4) 50 Karande S, Kshirsagar NA. Ciprofloxacin use: acute arthropathy and long-term follow up. Indian pediatrics 1996. link 51 Poór G. Crystal arthritis. Bailliere's clinical rheumatology 1995. link80197-9) 52 Beutler A, Schumacher HR. Gout and 'pseudogout'. When are arthritic symptoms caused by crystal deposition?. Postgraduate medicine 1994. link 53 Ritter J, Kerr LD, Valeriano-Marcet J, Spiera H. ACTH revisited: effective treatment for acute crystal induced synovitis in patients with multiple medical problems. The Journal of rheumatology 1994. link 54 Ho G, DeNuccio M. Gout and pseudogout in hospitalized patients. Archives of internal medicine 1993. link 55 Tom RK, Pupp GR. Talectomy for diabetic Charcot foot. An alternative to amputation. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 1992. link 56 Cobby MJ, Martel W. Some commonly unrecognized manifestations of metabolic arthropathies. Clinical imaging 1992. link90083-l) 57 Brower AC. Appendicular arthropathy. The Orthopedic clinics of North America 1990. link 58 Deesomchok U, Tumrasvin T. Clinical pattern of females with crystal-induced arthritis: gout and pseudogout. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 1989. link 59 Grill V, Smith M, Ahern M, Littlejohn G. Local radiotherapy for pedal manifestations of HLA-B27-related arthropathy. British journal of rheumatology 1988. link 60 McCarty DJ. Crystal identification in human synovial fluids. Methods and interpretation. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America 1988. link 61 McCarty DJ. Arthropathies associated with calcium-containing crystals. Hospital practice (Office ed.) 1986. link 62 Edelstein G, Murphy WA. Protrusio acetabuli: radiographic appearance in arthritis and other conditions. Arthritis and rheumatism 1983. link 63 Weinstein J. Benign joint effusion associated with glucocorticosteroid therapy. The Journal of rheumatology 1980. link 64 Pritzker KP. Crystal-associated arthropathies: what's new in old joints. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1980. link 65 Webb J. Crystal induced arthritis: gout and pseudogout. Australian family physician 1978. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      Imaging of crystal-induced arthropathies in 2025. — Sirotti S, Pascart T, Thiele R, Filippou G Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology (2025)
    2. [2]
      IL-6: A new target in crystal-induced arthritides - A narrative review. — Latourte A, Pascart T, Richette P Joint bone spine (2025)
    3. [3]
      2023 EULAR recommendations on imaging in diagnosis and management of crystal-induced arthropathies in clinical practice. — Mandl P, D'Agostino MA, Navarro-Compán V, Geßl I, Sakellariou G, Abhishek A et al. Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2024)
    4. [4]
      Variation in Reported Learning Outcomes and Measurement Instruments in Hip Arthroscopy Simulation Training: A Systematic Review. — Arevalo A, Keller R, Szukics P, Olsen C, Arevalo I, Yagnik G et al. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2024)
    5. [5]
      Systematic literature review to inform the EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in crystal-induced arthropathies in clinical practice. — Gessl I, Sakellariou G, Wildner B, Filippou G, Mandl P, D'Agostino MA et al. Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2024)
    6. [6]
      Crystal Diseases of the Spine. — Cotten A, Henry S, Scarciolla L, Abou Diwan R, Demondion X, Badr S Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology (2023)
    7. [7]
      20 Years of Radiographic Imaging: Crystalline Deposits Causing Severe Arthropathy and Erosions. — Mank VMF, Goldstein E, Babb S, Meghpara S, Breighner C, Roberts J Military medicine (2023)
    8. [8]
      Ultrasound imaging in crystal arthropathies: a pictorial review. — Tamborrini G, Hügle T, Ricci V, Filippou G Reumatismo (2023)
    9. [9]
      Editorial Commentary: Machine Learning Can Indicate Hip Arthroscopy Procedures, Predict Postoperative Improvement, and Estimate Costs. — Shapira J, Peskin B, Norman D Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2022)
    10. [10]
      Imaging of Crystal Disorders:: Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease, Calcium Hydroxyapatite Crystal Deposition Disease and Gout Pathophysiology, Imaging, and Diagnosis. — Reijnierse M, Schwabl C, Klauser A Radiologic clinics of North America (2022)
    11. [11]
      Clinical implications of synovial fluid specimen handling for crystal associated arthritides: A systematic review. — Meyer MM, Marks LA, Aslam F International journal of rheumatic diseases (2021)
    12. [12]
      Orthopaedic Surgery Sports Medicine Fellows See Substantial Increase in Hip Arthroscopy Procedural Volume With High Variability From 2011 to 2016. — Gordon AM, Flanigan DC, Malik AT, Vasileff W Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2021)
    13. [13]
      Imaging of crystalline arthropathy in 2020. — Filippucci E, Reginato AM, Thiele RG Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology (2020)
    14. [14]
      Synovial Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Crystal-Associated Arthropathies. — Moses V, Asirvatham JR, McHugh J, Ike R Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases (2020)
    15. [15]
      Frequency and spectrum of outpatient musculoskeletal diagnoses at a pediatric hospital in Kenya. — Scuccimarri R, Broten L, Migowa A, Ngwiri T, Wachira J, Bernatsky S et al. Clinical rheumatology (2019)
    16. [16]
      Nanostructured TiO — Kim MJ, Yun TG, Jung J, Park JM, Noh JY, Song J et al. Analytical chemistry (2019)
    17. [17]
      Prevalence and incidence of non-gout crystal arthropathy in southern Sweden. — Hameed M, Turkiewicz A, Englund M, Jacobsson L, Kapetanovic MC Arthritis research & therapy (2019)
    18. [18]
      Editorial Commentary: Not Repairing the Hip Capsule After Arthroscopy-What Were We Thinking? — Abrams GD Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2018)
    19. [19]
      Nonrheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand. — Lans J, Machol JA, Deml C, Chen NC, Jupiter JB The Journal of hand surgery (2018)
    20. [20]
      An investigation of the independent risk factors that differentiate gout from pseudogout in patients with crystal-induced acute arthritis: a cross-sectional study. — Muangchan C, Bhurihirun T Rheumatology international (2018)
    21. [21]
      Interventional therapeutic procedures in the musculoskeletal system: an Italian Survey by the Italian College of Musculoskeletal Radiology. — Silvestri E, Barile A, Albano D, Messina C, Orlandi D, Corazza A et al. La Radiologia medica (2018)
    22. [22]
      Conventional Radiology in Crystal Arthritis: Gout, Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition, and Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystals. — Jacques T, Michelin P, Badr S, Nasuto M, Lefebvre G, Larkman N et al. Radiologic clinics of North America (2017)
    23. [23]
      Efficacy of anakinra for various types of crystal-induced arthritis in complex hospitalized patients: a case series and review of the literature. — Aouba A, Deshayes S, Frenzel L, Decottignies A, Pressiat C, Bienvenu B et al. Mediators of inflammation (2015)
    24. [24]
      Hospital burden of gout, pseudogout and other crystal arthropathies in France. — Maravic M, Ea HK Joint bone spine (2015)
    25. [25]
      Molecular mechanisms of pain in crystal-induced arthritis. — Ramonda R, Oliviero F, Galozzi P, Frallonardo P, Lorenzin M, Ortolan A et al. Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology (2015)
    26. [26]
      Ultrasound in crystal-related arthritis. — Filippucci E, Di Geso L, Girolimetti R, Grassi W Clinical and experimental rheumatology (2014)
    27. [27]
      Imaging in the crystal arthropathies. — McQueen FM, Doyle A, Dalbeth N Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America (2014)
    28. [28]
      Ultrasound imaging for the rheumatologist. XLVII. Ultrasound of the shoulder in patients with gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. — Filippucci E, Delle Sedie A, Riente L, Di Geso L, Carli L, Ceccarelli F et al. Clinical and experimental rheumatology (2013)
    29. [29]
      How to interpret plain radiographs in clinical practice. — Brown AK Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology (2013)
    30. [30]
      Imaging studies of crystalline arthritides. — Paparo F, Fabbro E, Ferrero G, Piccazzo R, Revelli M, Camellino D et al. Reumatismo (2012)
    31. [31]
      Gout and coexisting pseudogout in the knee joint. — Yoo Y, Seo YJ, Huh M, Yoo JH, Yun KH, Kim SJ Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA (2011)
    32. [32]
      New approaches in the detection of calcium-containing microcrystals in synovial fluid. — Hernandez-Santana A, Yavorskyy A, Loughran ST, McCarthy GM, McMahon GP Bioanalysis (2011)
    33. [33]
      Crystal-associated synovitis- ultrasonographic feature and clinical correlation. — Fodor D, Albu A, Gherman C Ortopedia, traumatologia, rehabilitacja (2008)
    34. [34]
      Crystal arthropathy of the lumbar spine: a report of 4 cases. — Lam HY, Cheung KY, Law SW, Fung KY Journal of orthopaedic surgery (Hong Kong) (2007)
    35. [35]
      Diminished ciprofloxacin-induced chondrotoxicity by supplementation with magnesium and vitamin E in immature rats. — Pfister K, Mazur D, Vormann J, Stahlmann R Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (2007)
    36. [36]
      Clinical trials in crystal arthropathy. — Joseph-Ridge N, Cazzetta S, MacDonald P Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America (2006)
    37. [37]
      Cervical spine and crystal-associated diseases: imaging findings. — Feydy A, Lioté F, Carlier R, Chevrot A, Drapé JL European radiology (2006)
    38. [38]
      Imaging features of crystal-induced arthropathy. — Choi MH, MacKenzie JD, Dalinka MK Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America (2006)
    39. [39]
      "Crystal clear"-sonographic assessment of gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. — Grassi W, Meenagh G, Pascual E, Filippucci E Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2006)
    40. [40]
      Crystal arthropathy of the lumbar spine: a series of six cases and a review of the literature. — Mahmud T, Basu D, Dyson PH The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume (2005)
    41. [41]
      Inflammation and tissue damage in crystal deposition diseases. — Dalbeth N, Haskard DO Current opinion in rheumatology (2005)
    42. [42]
      Cysts, geodes, and erosions. — Bancroft LW, Peterson JJ, Kransdorf MJ Radiologic clinics of North America (2004)
    43. [43]
      Do postal questionnaires change GPs' workload and referral patterns? — Watkins CJ Family practice (1999)
    44. [44]
      Calcium crystal-associated arthritides. — Rosenthal AK Current opinion in rheumatology (1998)
    45. [45]
      Quality control of synovial fluid crystal identification. — von Essen R, Hölttä AM, Pikkarainen R Annals of the rheumatic diseases (1998)
    46. [46]
      Intravenous colchicine use in crystal-induced arthropathies: a retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients. — Maldonado MA, Salzman A, Varga J Clinical and experimental rheumatology (1997)
    47. [47]
      Imaging of arthropathies. Crystal disease. — Uri DS, Dalinka MK Radiologic clinics of North America (1996)
    48. [48]
      A comprehensive investigation of inpatient intravenous colchicine use shows more education is needed. — Evans TI, Wheeler MT, Small RE, Breitbach SA, Sanders KM, Roberts WN The Journal of rheumatology (1996)
    49. [49]
      Diagnostic obturator nerve block for inguinal and back pain: a recovered opinion. — Hong Y, O'Grady T, Lopresti D, Carlsson C Pain (1996)
    50. [50]
      Ciprofloxacin use: acute arthropathy and long-term follow up. — Karande S, Kshirsagar NA Indian pediatrics (1996)
    51. [51]
      Crystal arthritis. — Poór G Bailliere's clinical rheumatology (1995)
    52. [52]
      Gout and 'pseudogout'. When are arthritic symptoms caused by crystal deposition? — Beutler A, Schumacher HR Postgraduate medicine (1994)
    53. [53]
      ACTH revisited: effective treatment for acute crystal induced synovitis in patients with multiple medical problems. — Ritter J, Kerr LD, Valeriano-Marcet J, Spiera H The Journal of rheumatology (1994)
    54. [54]
      Gout and pseudogout in hospitalized patients. — Ho G, DeNuccio M Archives of internal medicine (1993)
    55. [55]
      Talectomy for diabetic Charcot foot. An alternative to amputation. — Tom RK, Pupp GR Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association (1992)
    56. [56]
      Some commonly unrecognized manifestations of metabolic arthropathies. — Cobby MJ, Martel W Clinical imaging (1992)
    57. [57]
      Appendicular arthropathy. — Brower AC The Orthopedic clinics of North America (1990)
    58. [58]
      Clinical pattern of females with crystal-induced arthritis: gout and pseudogout. — Deesomchok U, Tumrasvin T Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet (1989)
    59. [59]
      Local radiotherapy for pedal manifestations of HLA-B27-related arthropathy. — Grill V, Smith M, Ahern M, Littlejohn G British journal of rheumatology (1988)
    60. [60]
      Crystal identification in human synovial fluids. Methods and interpretation. — McCarty DJ Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America (1988)
    61. [61]
      Arthropathies associated with calcium-containing crystals. — McCarty DJ Hospital practice (Office ed.) (1986)
    62. [62]
      Protrusio acetabuli: radiographic appearance in arthritis and other conditions. — Edelstein G, Murphy WA Arthritis and rheumatism (1983)
    63. [63]
      Benign joint effusion associated with glucocorticosteroid therapy. — Weinstein J The Journal of rheumatology (1980)
    64. [64]
      Crystal-associated arthropathies: what's new in old joints. — Pritzker KP Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (1980)
    65. [65]
      Crystal induced arthritis: gout and pseudogout. — Webb J Australian family physician (1978)
    Share:TwitterRedditLinkedIn

    HemoChat

    by SPINAI

    Evidence-based clinical decision support powered by SNOMED-CT, Neo4j GraphRAG, and NASS/AO/NICE guidelines.

    ⚕ For clinical reference only. Not a substitute for professional judgment.

    © 2026 HemoChat. All rights reserved.
    Research·Pricing·Privacy & Terms·Refund·SNOMED-CT · NASS · AO Spine · NICE · GraphRAG