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Cardiology613 papers

Viral pericarditis

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Viral pericarditis is an inflammatory condition affecting the pericardium, often presenting as an acute episode with potential for recurrence. It can evolve into constrictive pericarditis in some cases, particularly if recurrent or untreated 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970717273747576777879.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Chest pain, often pleuritic, with associated symptoms like fever and pericardial friction rub 136132333435565.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): Diffuse ST-segment elevation, PR-segment depression, and T-wave inversions; new criteria like INFLA-score aid in diagnosis 620446574.
  • Imaging: Echocardiography for pericardial effusion and tamponade; cardiac MRI and CT for detailed assessment of pericardial involvement 10212231505871.
  • Laboratory Tests: Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR); peripheral blood neutrophilia and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may predict recurrence 23365566.

    • Management

  • First-Line Treatment: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for initial management; colchicine as adjunctive therapy to reduce recurrence 313253355616373.
  • Corticosteroids: Considered for refractory cases or when NSAIDs are contraindicated 1325556373.
  • Biologics: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibitors like rilonacept and anakinra for recurrent pericarditis unresponsive to conventional therapy 711151949556275.
  • Intrapericardial Therapy: Corticosteroids via pericardial window for refractory cases 3172.

    • Special Populations

  • Pregnancy: Multimodality imaging essential for diagnosis; management focuses on minimizing teratogenic risks while controlling inflammation 19.
  • Pediatrics: Colchicine and IL-1 inhibitors effective; close monitoring for response and side effects 1624496374.
  • Elderly: Increased risk of complications; tailored treatment considering comorbidities and medication interactions 43.
  • Comorbidities: Management adjusted based on underlying conditions; careful monitoring for drug interactions and efficacy 48.

    • Key Recommendations

  • Initiate NSAIDs for acute viral pericarditis with colchicine as adjunctive therapy to reduce recurrence rates (Evidence: Strong 3132555616373).
  • Consider IL-1 inhibitors for recurrent pericarditis refractory to NSAIDs and colchicine (Evidence: Moderate 711151949556275).
  • Use echocardiography and cardiac MRI for comprehensive evaluation of pericardial involvement (Evidence: Strong 10212231505871).
  • Monitor inflammatory markers and cellular profiles to predict recurrence and guide treatment adjustments (Evidence: Moderate 23365566).
  • Tailor management in special populations considering specific risks and therapeutic options (Evidence: Expert opinion 1916[

    • References

    Showing 100 most recent of 424 indexed papers.

    1 El Harake L, Al-Kazaz M, Cremer PC. Constrictive Pericarditis and Effusive Constrictive Pericarditis: Is There a Role for Medical Therapy?. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 2026. link 2 Zeitoun J, Fakih Y, Khan S, Jilani T, Malahfji M. Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 2026. link 3 Michaud M, Jamilloux Y, Delmas C, Lairez O, Coulier H, Bruguière E et al.. Idiopathic pericarditis in 2025: Advances in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Autoimmunity reviews 2026. link 4 El Roumi J, Ikram J, Kai Ming Wang T. Relapsing Pericarditis: Prediction of Relapses, Risk Scores, and Role of Exercise Restriction. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 2026. link 5 Jamilloux Y, André M, Maillard H, Baudet M, Beauvais F, Boursier G et al.. French protocol for the diagnosis and management of recurrent pericarditis. La Revue de medecine interne 2026. link 6 Ceriani E, Berra S, Agozzino F, Ceriani M, Ghisolfi L, Moda F et al.. ST-segment elevation in acute pericarditis and myocardial involvement: electrocardiographic and clinical profiling. Open heart 2026. link 7 Saraswati U, Bhalla JS, Tereshchenko LG, Heine M, Syed AB, Wang TKM et al.. Comparative analysis of recurrence rates following various cessation strategies for rilonacept in recurrent pericarditis. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2026. link 8 Collini V, Vignut LS, Venturelli F, Imazio M. Drug-induced pericarditis: a systematic review of all published cases. International journal of cardiology 2026. link 9 Alqahtani MA, Wang TKM, Klein AL. Mechanistic Insights and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Recurrent Pericarditis. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 2026. link 10 Baser K, Ali N, Fakikh Y, Al-Kindi S, Al-Mallah M, Shah D et al.. Role of Cardiac MRI and CT in Pericarditis and Pericardial Constriction. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal 2026. link 11 Feldman JM, Frishman WH, Aronow WS. Goflikicept and Related IL-1 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Recurrent Pericarditis. Cardiology in review 2026. link 12 Kohnstamm S, Scoma CB. Multimodality Imaging of the Pericardium. Cardiology clinics 2026. link 13 Collini V, Venturelli F, Berghi R, Andreis A, De Biasio M, Merlo M et al.. Human intravenous immunoglobulins for recurrent pericarditis: a multicentre cohort study. European journal of preventive cardiology 2026. link 14 Imazio M, Collini V, Aimo A, Autore C, Bauce B, Biagini E et al.. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of pericardial diseases: a position paper of the Italian Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the study group on cardiomyopathies and pericardial diseases. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.) 2025. link 15 Liu L, Chi Z, Zhang Z. Real-world data and Mendelian randomization analysis in assessing adverse reactions of rilonacept. International journal of clinical pharmacy 2025. link 16 Alsabri M, Elsayed SM, Elsnhory AB, Abouelmagd K, Ayyad M, Alqeeq BF et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Colchicine in Pediatric Pericarditis: A Systematic Review and Future Directions. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 17 Ali H. Comment on: Early Post-operative ECG Changes as a Predictor of Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome Following Atrial Septal Defect Repair. Pediatric cardiology 2025. link 18 Desai D, Maheta D, Agrawal SP, Shah AB, Panchal A, Shah H et al.. Comparative efficacy and safety of colchicine and interleukin-1 antagonists in recurrent pericarditis: a network meta-analysis. Panminerva medica 2025. link 19 Karmali R, Motairek I, Mazumder S, Berglund F, Braghieri L, Al-Dalakta A et al.. Noninvasive Multimodality Imaging and Special Treatment Considerations for Pericarditis in Pregnancy. The American journal of cardiology 2025. link 20 Andreis A, Solano A, Balducci M, Picollo C, Ghigliotti M, Giordano M et al.. INFLA-score: A new diagnostic paradigm to identify pericarditis. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese 2025. link 21 Butcher A, Castillo C. Point-of-Care Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Pericardium. Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR 2024. link 22 Kostelecky N, Kreutz K, Lin CY. Sensitivity of Antemortem Imaging for Pericarditis: An Institutional Experience. The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology 2023. link 23 Tombetti E, Casarin F, Bizzi E, Bezer S, Mascolo R, Pallini G et al.. Relapsing pericarditis: Peripheral blood neutrophilia, lymphopenia and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio herald acute attacks, high-grade inflammation, multiserosal involvement, and predict multiple recurrences. International journal of rheumatic diseases 2023. link 24 Caorsi R, Insalaco A, Bovis F, Martini G, Cattalini M, Chinali M et al.. Pediatric Recurrent Pericarditis: Appropriateness of the Standard of Care and Response to IL-1 Blockade. The Journal of pediatrics 2023. link 25 Melendo-Viu M, Marchán-Lopez Á, Guarch CJ, Roubín SR, Abu-Assi E, Meneses RT et al.. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating pharmacologic therapies for acute and recurrent pericarditis. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2023. link 26 Goel A, Bandyopadhyay D, Malik AH, Gupta R, Frishman WH, Aronow WS. Rilonacept and Other Interleukin-1 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Recurrent Pericarditis. Cardiology in review 2023. link 27 Ntsekhe M. Pericardial Disease in the Developing World. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2023. link 28 Rodrigo Domínguez D, Rueda Cid A, Campos Fernández C, Molina Almeda C, Lerma Garrido JJ, Pastor Cubillo MD. Recurrent pericarditis after Covid-19. Reumatologia clinica 2022. link 29 Lazaros G, Lazarou E, Vlachopoulos C, Antonopoulos A, Tsioufis K. Pericarditis and pericardial effusion: one or two distinct diseases?. Minerva cardiology and angiology 2022. link 30 Hryniewicki AT, Tolia VM, Nene RV. Cardiac Tamponade After COVID-19 Vaccination. The Journal of emergency medicine 2022. link 31 Othman T, Eldadah O. Treatment of chronic resistant paediatric idiopathic pericardial effusion with intrapericardial injection of corticosteroids 4-year-old girl with rapid full resolution after intrapericardial injection of corticosteroids. Cardiology in the young 2022. link 32 Negri F, De Biasio M, Burelli M, Favaretto V, Londero F, De Pellegrin A et al.. Unexpected Cause of Pericarditis: Chest Teratoma. Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions 2022. link 33 Kazmi H, Cauchi M. Sub-therapeutic colchicine levels in a patient treated for acute pericarditis in the setting of carbamazepine use: A case report. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 2022. link 34 Mangini F, Biederman RW. Reconsideration of the ECG in pericarditis; have we been led astray all these years?. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care 2022. link 35 Schwier NC. Rilonacept: A Newly Approved Treatment for Recurrent Pericarditis. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 2022. link 36 Yılmaz F, Yılmaz FK, Karagöz A, Yıldırım A, Gunes HM, Akbas RB et al.. Usefulness of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for predicting acute pericarditis outcomes. Acta cardiologica 2022. link 37 Cordova Sanchez A, Vasigh M, Singh R, May A, Marvasti M, Pada Mookherjee S. Right Heart Failure With Recurrent Pericardial Effusion Mimicking Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis Several Years After Renal Transplantation. Journal of investigative medicine high impact case reports 2022. link 38 Bouriche F, Toro A, Negre V, Yvorra S. Acute Pericarditis: Aetiologic Diagnosis and Practical Aspect of the Management. Current problems in cardiology 2021. link 39 El Hasbani G, Jawad A, Uthman I. Colchicine: An Ancient Drug with Multiple Benefits. Current pharmaceutical design 2021. link 40 Lopalco G, Rigante D, Cantarini L, Imazio M, Lopalco A, Emmi G et al.. The autoinflammatory side of recurrent pericarditis: Enlightening the pathogenesis for a more rational treatment. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2021. link 41 Boyadzhieva G, Stickel M, Christ M, Minervini F. A Rare Case of Pyopericardium After Blunt Thoracic Trauma. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2021. link 42 LeWinter M, Kontzias A, Lin D, Cella D, DerSarkissian M, Zhou M et al.. Burden of Recurrent Pericarditis on Health-Related Quality of Life. The American journal of cardiology 2021. link 43 Lazaros G, Antonopoulos AS, Lazarou E, Vlachopoulos C, Vogiatzi G, Vassilopoulos D et al.. Age- and sex-based differences in patients with acute pericarditis. European journal of clinical investigation 2021. link 44 Ono Y, Hashimoto T, Sakamoto K, Matsushima S, Higo T, Sonoda H et al.. Effusive-constrictive pericarditis secondary to pneumopericardium associated with gastropericardial fistula. ESC heart failure 2021. link 45 Mager A, Berger D, Ofek H, Hammer Y, Kedmi I, Kornowski R. Clinical significance of myocardial involvement in acute idiopathic pericarditis. Cardiology journal 2021. link 46 Bonaventura A, Vecchié A, Mauro AG, Brucato AL, Imazio M, Abbate A. An update on the pathophysiology of acute and recurrent pericarditis. Panminerva medica 2021. link 47 Krasic S, Prijic S, Ninic S, Borovic R, Petrovic G, Stajevic M et al.. Predictive factors of recurrence after pediatric acute pericarditis. Jornal de pediatria 2021. link 48 Schwier NC. Pharmacists' Role in the Management of Acute and Recurrent Pericarditis: Inpatient and Outpatient Perspectives. Journal of pharmacy practice 2020. link 49 Imazio M, Andreis A, De Ferrari GM, Cremer PC, Mardigyan V, Maestroni S et al.. Anakinra for corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant pericarditis: The IRAP (International Registry of Anakinra for Pericarditis) study. European journal of preventive cardiology 2020. link 50 Ogura H, Kimata R, Mitta S, Umeda E, Ishida N, Shimabukuro K et al.. Neovascularization in pericarditis: a possible etiology of hemopericardium. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2020. link 51 Soualy A, Walter A, Sutter O, Nault JC. Acute pericarditis: A rare complication of gastric variceal obturation with cyanoacrylate glue. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology 2020. link 52 Oizumi H, Ichinokawa H, Hoshino H, Shitara J, Suzuki K. Pericardial Window for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pericarditis. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2019. link 53 Noubiap JJ, Agbor VN, Ndoadoumgue AL, Nkeck JR, Kamguia A, Nyaga UF et al.. Epidemiology of pericardial diseases in Africa: a systematic scoping review. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2019. link 54 Bonaventura A, Montecucco F. Inflammation and pericarditis: Are neutrophils actors behind the scenes?. Journal of cellular physiology 2019. link 55 Lazaros G, Antonopoulos AS, Vlachopoulos C, Oikonomou E, Karavidas A, Chrysochoou C et al.. Predictors of switching from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to corticosteroids in patients with acute pericarditis and impact on clinical outcome. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese 2019. link 56 Rodriguez-Gonzalez M, Ruiz-Gonzalez E, Castellano-Martinez A. Anakinra as rescue therapy for steroid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in children: case report and literature review. Cardiology in the young 2019. link 57 Boussaid M, Mesrati MA, Mahjoub Y, Limem H, Ben Abdeljalil N, Zakhama A et al.. Severe Calcific Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis as an Unexpected Cause of Death: An Autopsy Case. The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology 2019. link 58 Chaturvedi A, Vargas D, Ocazionez D. CT for evaluation of acute pericardial emergencies in the ED. Emergency radiology 2018. link 59 Paiardi S, Pellegrino M, Cannata F, Bocciolone M, Voza A. Transitory effusive-constrictive pericarditis. The American journal of emergency medicine 2018. link 60 Laksananun N, Salee P, Kaewpoowat Q. Nocardia beijingensis pericarditis presenting with cardiac tamponade: A case report. International journal of STD & AIDS 2018. link 61 Mager A, Talmor Y, Chezar Azzerad C, Iakobishvili Z, Porter A, Kornowski R et al.. Does colchicine decrease the rate of recurrence of acute idiopathic pericarditis treated with glucocorticoids?. Journal of cardiology 2018. link 62 Dipasquale V, Gramaglia SMC, Catena MA, Romano C. Pericarditis during infliximab therapy in paediatric ulcerative colitis. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 2018. link 63 Kim KH, Miranda WR, Sinak LJ, Syed FF, Melduni RM, Espinosa RE et al.. Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis After Pericardiocentesis: Incidence, Associated Findings, and Natural History. JACC. Cardiovascular imaging 2018. link 64 Yoshida M, Nakamae H, Okamura H, Nishimoto M, Hayashi Y, Koh H et al.. Pericarditis Associated With Human Herpesvirus-6 Reactivation in a Patient After Unrelated Cord Blood Transplant. Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation 2017. link 65 Laufer-Perl M, Havakuk O, Shacham Y, Steinvil A, Letourneau-Shesaf S, Chorin E et al.. Sex-based differences in prevalence and clinical presentation among pericarditis and myopericarditis patients. The American journal of emergency medicine 2017. link 66 Trpkov C, Nath E, Moon M, Windram J, Graham MM. Fulminant Pneumococcal Pericarditis in a Previously Healthy Patient. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2017. link 67 Monti M, Olivi G, Francavilla F, Borgognoni F. Pericarditis mimicking Brugada syndrome. The American journal of emergency medicine 2017. link 68 van Osch D, Dieleman JM, Bunge JJ, van Dijk D, Doevendans PA, Suyker WJ et al.. Risk factors and prognosis of postpericardiotomy syndrome in patients undergoing valve surgery. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2017. link 69 Lotan D, Wasserstrum Y, Fardman A, Kogan M, Adler Y. Usefulness of Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Idiopathic Recurrent Pericarditis. The American journal of cardiology 2016. link 70 Imazio M, Lazaros G, Brucato A, Gaita F. Recurrent pericarditis: new and emerging therapeutic options. Nature reviews. Cardiology 2016. link 71 Cummings KW, Green D, Johnson WR, Javidan-Nejad C, Bhalla S. Imaging of Pericardial Diseases. Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR 2016. link 72 Lee HY, Kim J, Jo YS, Park YS. Bacterial pericarditis as a fatal complication after endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2015. link 73 Imazio M. Colchicine for pericarditis. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 2015. link 74 Shingaki M, Kobayashi Y, Suzuki H. Acute pericarditis with cardiac tamponade induced by pacemaker implantation. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2015. link 75 Desai M, Gandhi H, Mishra A. Post-infective pericarditis left ventricular pseudoaneurysm: a case report and review of literature. Cardiology in the young 2015. link 76 Heching HJ, Bacha EA, Liberman L. Post-pericardiotomy syndrome in pediatric patients following surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defects: incidence and risk factors. Pediatric cardiology 2015. link 77 Cantarini L, Lopalco G, Selmi C, Napodano S, De Rosa G, Caso F et al.. Autoimmunity and autoinflammation as the yin and yang of idiopathic recurrent acute pericarditis. Autoimmunity reviews 2015. link 78 Hikosaka Y, Yano M, Otsuka S, Sasaki H, Moriyama S, Okuda K et al.. Post-irradiation constrictive pericarditis following thymoma treatment: a report of two cases. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2015. link 79 Alraies MC, AlJaroudi W, Yarmohammadi H, Yingchoncharoen T, Schuster A, Senapati A et al.. Usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance-guided management in patients with recurrent pericarditis. The American journal of cardiology 2015. link 80 Yoshida M, Sakiyama S, Kondo K, Tangoku A. Thoracoscopic pericardial fenestration for effective long-term management of non-tuberculous mycobacterium pericarditis. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2015. link 81 Marta L, Alves M, Peres M, Ferreira R, Ferreira H, Leal M et al.. Effusive-constrictive pericarditis as the manifestation of an unexpected diagnosis. Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology 2015. link 82 Cantinotti M, Spadoni I, Assanta N, Crocetti M, Marotta M, Arcieri L et al.. Controversies in the prophylaxis and treatment of postsurgical pericardial syndromes: a critical review with a special emphasis on paediatric age. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.) 2014. link 83 Held J, Schmitz R, van der Linden M, Nührenberg T, Häcker G, Neumann FJ. Purulent pericarditis and pneumonia caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Journal of medical microbiology 2014. link 84 Talwar S, Nair VV, Choudhary SK, Sreeniwas V, Saxena A, Juneja R et al.. Pericardiectomy in children <15 years of age. Cardiology in the young 2014. link 85 Hammer MM, Raptis CA, Javidan-Nejad C, Bhalla S. Accuracy of computed tomography findings in acute pericarditis. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2014. link 86 Morris L, Groner A, Geiger M, Tosi M. Streptococcus pneumoniae purulent pericarditis in a neonate. Cardiology in the young 2013. link 87 Imazio M, Hoit BD. Post-cardiac injury syndromes. An emerging cause of pericardial diseases. International journal of cardiology 2013. link 88 Hooper AJ, Celenza A. A descriptive analysis of patients with an emergency department diagnosis of acute pericarditis. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ 2013. link 89 Ramer SA, Sapp JL. Percutaneous intrapericardial injection of triamcinolone in a patient with incessant pericarditis: a novel technique. The Canadian journal of cardiology 2013. link 90 Gopaldas RR, Dao TK, Caron NR, Markley JG. Predictors of in-hospital complications after pericardiectomy: a nationwide outcomes study. The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2013. link 91 Cantarini L, Brucato A, Simonini G, Imazio M, Cumetti D, Cimaz R et al.. Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin serum levels and idiopathic recurrent pericarditis: biomarkers of disease activity? A preliminary report. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 2013. link 92 Young PM, Glockner JF, Williamson EE, Morris MF, Araoz PA, Julsrud PR et al.. MR imaging findings in 76 consecutive surgically proven cases of pericardial disease with CT and pathologic correlation. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 2012. link 93 Steiner J, Dhingra R, Devries JT. Needle in the haystack: purulent pericarditis from injection drug use. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2012. link 94 Yamazaki K, Marui A, Nakahara T, Saji Y, Nishina T, Ikeda T et al.. Advanced effusive-constrictive pericarditis rescued by the aggressive waffle procedure. General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery 2012. link 95 Azam S, Hoit BD. Treatment of pericardial disease. Cardiovascular therapeutics 2011. link 96 Chen MY, Chen YS, Chen SJ, Lu CW. A girl with right heart failure related to effusive-constrictive pericarditis. Pediatric cardiology 2011. link 97 Bélisle J, Zigras T, Costantino S, Cartier R, Butany J, Wiseman PW et al.. Second harmonic generation microscopy to investigate collagen configuration: a pericarditis case study. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2010. link 98 Siniorakis E, Arvanitakis S, Zarreas E, Barlagiannis D, Skandalakis N, Karidis C. Calculating the respiratory flow velocity fluctuations in pericardial diseases. International journal of cardiology 2010. link 99 Mitsani D, Nguyen MH, Silveira FP, Bermudez C, Toyoda Y, Pasculle AW et al.. Mycoplasma hominis pericarditis in a lung transplant recipient: review of the literature about an uncommon but important cardiothoracic pathogen. Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society 2010. link 100 Machado S, Roubille F, Gahide G, Vernhet-Kovacsik H, Cornillet L, Cung TT et al.. Can troponin elevation predict worse prognosis in patients with acute pericarditis?. Annales de cardiologie et d'angeiologie 2010. link

    Original source

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      Constrictive Pericarditis and Effusive Constrictive Pericarditis: Is There a Role for Medical Therapy? — El Harake L, Al-Kazaz M, Cremer PC Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal (2026)
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      Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis. — Zeitoun J, Fakih Y, Khan S, Jilani T, Malahfji M Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal (2026)
    3. [3]
      Idiopathic pericarditis in 2025: Advances in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. — Michaud M, Jamilloux Y, Delmas C, Lairez O, Coulier H, Bruguière E et al. Autoimmunity reviews (2026)
    4. [4]
      Relapsing Pericarditis: Prediction of Relapses, Risk Scores, and Role of Exercise Restriction. — El Roumi J, Ikram J, Kai Ming Wang T Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal (2026)
    5. [5]
      French protocol for the diagnosis and management of recurrent pericarditis. — Jamilloux Y, André M, Maillard H, Baudet M, Beauvais F, Boursier G et al. La Revue de medecine interne (2026)
    6. [6]
      ST-segment elevation in acute pericarditis and myocardial involvement: electrocardiographic and clinical profiling. — Ceriani E, Berra S, Agozzino F, Ceriani M, Ghisolfi L, Moda F et al. Open heart (2026)
    7. [7]
      Comparative analysis of recurrence rates following various cessation strategies for rilonacept in recurrent pericarditis. — Saraswati U, Bhalla JS, Tereshchenko LG, Heine M, Syed AB, Wang TKM et al. Heart (British Cardiac Society) (2026)
    8. [8]
      Drug-induced pericarditis: a systematic review of all published cases. — Collini V, Vignut LS, Venturelli F, Imazio M International journal of cardiology (2026)
    9. [9]
      Mechanistic Insights and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Recurrent Pericarditis. — Alqahtani MA, Wang TKM, Klein AL Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal (2026)
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      Role of Cardiac MRI and CT in Pericarditis and Pericardial Constriction. — Baser K, Ali N, Fakikh Y, Al-Kindi S, Al-Mallah M, Shah D et al. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal (2026)
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      Goflikicept and Related IL-1 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Recurrent Pericarditis. — Feldman JM, Frishman WH, Aronow WS Cardiology in review (2026)
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      Multimodality Imaging of the Pericardium. — Kohnstamm S, Scoma CB Cardiology clinics (2026)
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      Human intravenous immunoglobulins for recurrent pericarditis: a multicentre cohort study. — Collini V, Venturelli F, Berghi R, Andreis A, De Biasio M, Merlo M et al. European journal of preventive cardiology (2026)
    14. [14]
      Update on the diagnosis and treatment of pericardial diseases: a position paper of the Italian Society of Cardiology in collaboration with the study group on cardiomyopathies and pericardial diseases. — Imazio M, Collini V, Aimo A, Autore C, Bauce B, Biagini E et al. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.) (2025)
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      Real-world data and Mendelian randomization analysis in assessing adverse reactions of rilonacept. — Liu L, Chi Z, Zhang Z International journal of clinical pharmacy (2025)
    16. [16]
      Efficacy and Safety of Colchicine in Pediatric Pericarditis: A Systematic Review and Future Directions. — Alsabri M, Elsayed SM, Elsnhory AB, Abouelmagd K, Ayyad M, Alqeeq BF et al. Pediatric cardiology (2025)
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      Comment on: Early Post-operative ECG Changes as a Predictor of Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome Following Atrial Septal Defect Repair. — Ali H Pediatric cardiology (2025)
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      Comparative efficacy and safety of colchicine and interleukin-1 antagonists in recurrent pericarditis: a network meta-analysis. — Desai D, Maheta D, Agrawal SP, Shah AB, Panchal A, Shah H et al. Panminerva medica (2025)
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      Noninvasive Multimodality Imaging and Special Treatment Considerations for Pericarditis in Pregnancy. — Karmali R, Motairek I, Mazumder S, Berglund F, Braghieri L, Al-Dalakta A et al. The American journal of cardiology (2025)
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      INFLA-score: A new diagnostic paradigm to identify pericarditis. — Andreis A, Solano A, Balducci M, Picollo C, Ghigliotti M, Giordano M et al. Hellenic journal of cardiology : HJC = Hellenike kardiologike epitheorese (2025)
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      Point-of-Care Echocardiographic Evaluation of the Pericardium. — Butcher A, Castillo C Seminars in ultrasound, CT, and MR (2024)
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      Sensitivity of Antemortem Imaging for Pericarditis: An Institutional Experience. — Kostelecky N, Kreutz K, Lin CY The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology (2023)
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      Relapsing pericarditis: Peripheral blood neutrophilia, lymphopenia and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio herald acute attacks, high-grade inflammation, multiserosal involvement, and predict multiple recurrences. — Tombetti E, Casarin F, Bizzi E, Bezer S, Mascolo R, Pallini G et al. International journal of rheumatic diseases (2023)
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      Pediatric Recurrent Pericarditis: Appropriateness of the Standard of Care and Response to IL-1 Blockade. — Caorsi R, Insalaco A, Bovis F, Martini G, Cattalini M, Chinali M et al. The Journal of pediatrics (2023)
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      A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating pharmacologic therapies for acute and recurrent pericarditis. — Melendo-Viu M, Marchán-Lopez Á, Guarch CJ, Roubín SR, Abu-Assi E, Meneses RT et al. Trends in cardiovascular medicine (2023)
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      Rilonacept and Other Interleukin-1 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Recurrent Pericarditis. — Goel A, Bandyopadhyay D, Malik AH, Gupta R, Frishman WH, Aronow WS Cardiology in review (2023)
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      Pericardial Disease in the Developing World. — Ntsekhe M The Canadian journal of cardiology (2023)
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      Recurrent pericarditis after Covid-19. — Rodrigo Domínguez D, Rueda Cid A, Campos Fernández C, Molina Almeda C, Lerma Garrido JJ, Pastor Cubillo MD Reumatologia clinica (2022)
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