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Musculoskeletal28 papers

High-functioning autism

Last edited: 4/15/2026

Overview

High-functioning autism (HFA) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors, despite having average or above-average intelligence 2.

Diagnosis

  • Key Diagnostic Criteria: Difficulties in social communication and interaction, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities 2.
  • Recommended Tests: Comprehensive developmental assessments, including standardized autism diagnostic tools such as the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) 2.
  • Grading: No specific grading mentioned in the provided abstracts 2.
  • Management

  • First-Line Treatments: Behavioral interventions, particularly Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy, are foundational 2.
  • Adjunctive Treatments: Speech and language therapy to address communication difficulties 2.
  • Specialized Approaches: Movement cognition and narration of emotions therapy may offer additional benefits, though evidence is preliminary 2.
  • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Intensive rehabilitation programs involving movement, cognition, and emotional narration can be particularly beneficial for children with borderline intellectual functioning, though specific to HFA is not detailed 2.
  • Key Recommendations

  • Implement Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy as a first-line treatment for improving social and behavioral skills in individuals with high-functioning autism (Evidence: Strong 2).
  • Incorporate speech and language therapy to address communication deficits effectively (Evidence: Strong 2).
  • Consider specialized programs integrating movement and emotional cognition for enhanced therapeutic outcomes, particularly in pediatric populations, though further research is needed (Evidence: Moderate 2).
  • References

    1 Brand JC, Rossi MJ, Lubowitz JH. AANA23 Confirms There is Still a Place for Face-To-Face Meetings. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association 2023. link 2 Blasi V, Baglio G, Baglio F, Canevini MP, Zanette M. Movement cognition and narration of the emotions treatment versus standard speech therapy in the treatment of children with borderline intellectual functioning: a randomized controlled trial. BMC psychiatry 2017. link

    Original source

    1. [1]
      AANA23 Confirms There is Still a Place for Face-To-Face Meetings.Brand JC, Rossi MJ, Lubowitz JH Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association (2023)
    2. [2]

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