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Cardiology430 papers

Dieulafoy vascular malformation of duodenum

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Dieulafoy vascular malformation of the duodenum is a rare, often asymptomatic condition characterized by an abnormally large single artery bleeding directly into the gastrointestinal lumen, typically causing acute, severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage. 30

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Acute, severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Endoscopic Findings: Identification of a tiny bleeding orifice adjacent to a normal-appearing mucosa.

Imaging: Contrast studies (CT angiography, angiography) to locate the source of bleeding.

Angiography: Gold standard for diagnosis and localization of the vascular malformation. 30

Management

Endoscopic Intervention: Primary endoscopic hemostasis using clips, cautery, or injection therapy.

Angiographic Embolization: Definitive treatment for persistent bleeding, often using coils or microparticles.

Surgical Intervention: Reserved for cases refractory to endoscopic and angiographic treatments.

Medications: Proton pump inhibitors for acid suppression; specific drug classes for bleeding control not extensively detailed in provided abstracts. 30 5

Special Populations

Pediatrics: Limited specific data; management principles similar to adults but tailored to developmental considerations.

Comorbidities: Management strategies may need adjustment in patients with concurrent vascular conditions or coagulopathies, though specific guidance is sparse in the provided abstracts. 30

Key Recommendations

Primary Endoscopic Hemostasis should be attempted initially for Dieulafoy lesions to control acute bleeding. (Evidence: Moderate 30)

Angiographic Embolization is recommended for persistent bleeding not controlled by endoscopic methods. (Evidence: Moderate 5)

Surgical Resection should be considered in cases where endoscopic and angiographic interventions fail to achieve hemostasis. (Evidence: Expert opinion 30)

References

Showing 100 most recent of 331 indexed papers.

1 Geron Y, Drukker L, Perlman S, Matot R, Hermann V, Hendin N et al.. Fetal Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in the Surveillance of Intra-Abdominal Umbilical Vein Varix. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine 2026. link 2 Ries AG, Barry KK, Thiessen A, Plunk MR, King DM, Holland KE et al.. Capillary Venous Malformation With Undergrowth and Activating PIK3CA Variant: An Underrecognized Phenotype. Pediatric dermatology 2026. link 3 Slovacek C, Hwang L, Shmuylovich L, Ushinsky A, Sisk BA, Pet MA. Management of Compression Neuropathies Associated With Vascular Malformations. Hand (New York, N.Y.) 2026. link 4 Iqbal J, Reed LK, Patel S, Brunozzi D, Atwal GS. A filum terminale arteriovenous fistula fed by the left L1 artery of adamkiewicz: a case report and updated systematic review of 71 cases. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2026. link 5 Salvatori F, Mincarelli C, Piccinni P, Alborino S. Coils associated with micro vascular plug system for closing larger vessels: Technical note on a preliminary experience. Vascular 2026. link 6 Viglione M, Discalzi A, Nardelli F, Mistretta F, Mancini A, Bergui M. Utility of Venous Outflow Control Techniques in Low-Flow Vascular Malformation Sclerotherapy: A Case-Based Review. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2026. link 7 Amarneh MA, Vaillancourt MC, Davick J, Anwar U, Alomari AI. Hepatic venous malformations versus "hemangiomas": a clinical, radiologic, and pathologic analysis. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2026. link 8 Lisec B, Cemazar M, Muir T, Omerzel M, Jesenko T, Markelc B et al.. Bleomycin ElectroScleroTherapy (BEST): mechanistic parallels to electrochemotherapy, experimental models, and unresolved questions. Radiology and oncology 2026. link 9 Alrumaihi G, Mohammed K, Alsulaiti G. Hidden Triplets: Coexisting Spinal Epidural and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae - A Rare Case Report and Literature Review. Vascular health and risk management 2026. link 10 Pang C, Lee R, Nisbet R, Hamilton G, Brookes J, Lim CS. Evolving medical treatment for vascular malformation. Phlebology 2026. link 11 Mitamura S, Ishikawa K, Hatanaka KC, Saito T, Sasaki Y, Miura T et al.. Ultra-deep targeted next-generation sequencing with peripheral blood in patients with vascular malformations: a cohort of 40 patients. Molecular biology reports 2025. link 12 Marzella L, Lazzerini A, De Vitis R. Surgical management of vascular malformations in the hand and wrist. The Journal of hand surgery, European volume 2025. link 13 Akyildiz A, Ismayilov R, Guven DC, Yildirim HC, Tatar OD, Kus F et al.. Sirolimus experience in adult patients with vascular malformations. Vascular 2025. link 14 Maillet C, Boccara O, Mallet S, Bessis D, Labrèze C, Mary-Prey S et al.. Long-term effects of sirolimus treatment for slow-flow vascular malformations: Real-world evidence from the French observational multicentre SIROLO study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV 2025. link 15 Restrepo-Espinosa V, Lee AI, Prozora S, Patel P, Nassiri N. In-human clinical experience with direct stick embolization of low-flow vascular malformations using a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2025. link 16 Hamam M, Eyuboglu AA, Isken MT. Misdiagnosed Scrotal Arteriovenous Malformation and the Role of Clinical Assessment: A Case Report. Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners 2025. link 17 Agid N, Itsekzon Z, Hendriks EJ, Terbrugge K, Agid R. Bleomycin sclerotherapy for venous vascular malformations of the tongue. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2025. link 18 Karakaya M, Ragab I, Riehmer V, Erger F, Aly NH, Ryu SW et al.. ELMO2-related intraosseous vascular malformation: new cases with novel pathogenic variants, clinical follow-up and therapeutic approaches. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 2025. link 19 Bhatt S, Karmacharya RM, Vaidya S, Prajapati D, Napit R, Chapagain K et al.. Rare case of combined vascular malformation of the face: a successful surgical management. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2025. link 20 Achiti A, Seinturier C, Blaise S. Review of the literature on the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in vascular malformations. Phlebology 2025. link 21 Yu J. Current state and confusion of twig-like middle cerebral artery. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2024. link 22 Cale M, Roelofs KA, Goldberg RA, Leibowitz S, Glasgow BJ, Rootman DB. Hyperostosis associated with orbital vascular malformation. Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2024. link 23 Ibn Essayed W, Bernstock JD, Chen JA, Kappel AD, Ng PR, Du R. Cavernous venous malformations in and around the central nervous system. Part 1: Dural and extradural. Journal of neurosurgery 2024. link 24 Yüce Atamulu K, Yaşar Durmuş S, Uylar Seber T. A Rare Cause of Chronic Leg Ulcer in Childhood: Parkes-Weber Syndrome. The international journal of lower extremity wounds 2024. link 25 Takai K, Endo T, Fujimoto S. Angiographic challenges of spinal dural and epidural arteriovenous fistulas: report on 45 cases. Neuroradiology 2024. link 26 Tee QX, Maingard J, Chong W, Kok HK, Asadi H. Intracranial pure arterial malformations. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2024. link 27 Bakhteyar AK, Parveen Z, Rahul SK. Isolated Vascular Malformation of the Clitoris: An Uncommon Cause of Clitoromegaly. African journal of paediatric surgery : AJPS 2024. link 28 Liu B, Hu B, Li F, Min Z, Yuan S, Dai X. Persistent Sciatic Artery in Right Lower Extremity Complicated by Thrombosis: A Case Report. Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists 2024. link 29 Custer PL, Ho TC, Boulos F. Disorders of the Angular Vein. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2023. link 30 Dong J, Gong Y, Liu Q, Wu Y, Fu F, Han H et al.. Radiomics-based machine learning approach in differentiating fibro-adipose vascular anomaly from venous malformation. Pediatric radiology 2023. link 31 Augustine MR, Thompson S, Powell G, Knavel-Koepsel E, Adamo D, Bendel E et al.. Percutaneous MR Imaging-Guided Laser Ablation for the Treatment of Symptomatic Cervicofacial Vascular Malformations. Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR 2023. link 32 Xu C, Lu X, Niu X, Li J. Sacral dural arteriovenous fistula supplied by bilateral lateral sacral arteries: case report and literature review. British journal of neurosurgery 2023. link 33 Pang C, Nisbet R, Gibson M, Evans N, Khalifa M, Papadopoulou A et al.. Early follow-up quality of life and mental health of patients with congenital vascular malformations cared for in a multi-disciplinary specialist centre. Phlebology 2023. link 34 He B, Sun MS, Liu JW, Nie QQ, Fan XQ, Liu P. Major Limb Amputation in Parkes-Weber Syndrome With Refractory Ulceration: A Case Report and Literature Review. The international journal of lower extremity wounds 2023. link 35 Huang Y, Zhuang P, Chen G, Huang Y, Dong K, Xiao X et al.. Clinical Characteristics and Management of Colorectal Vascular Malformation in Children: A Retrospective Study of 23 Cases. European journal of pediatric surgery : official journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery ... [et al] = Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie 2023. link 36 Leal BAN, Procópio RJ, Dardik A, Navarro TP. Sclerotherapy Improves Symptoms in Patients with Small and Moderate Diameter Low-Flow Vascular Malformations: A Prospective Cohort Study. Annals of vascular surgery 2023. link 37 Liao C, Ouyang H, Zhang W. Combined surgical and endovascular treatment for spinal arteriovenous fistula associated with Parkes Weber syndrome. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2022. link 38 Morvant SW, Maroda AJ, Reed LF, Sheyn AM, Peterson J, Elijovich L et al.. Endoscopic Endonasal Treatment of a Sinonasal Vascular Neoplasm in the Postnatal Period: Case Report and Review of Literature. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 2022. link 39 Gündüz AK, Shields CL, Bekdemir Ş, Shields JA. Multimodal imaging of chorioretinal folds induced by orbital vascular malformation in two cases. European journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 40 Smith H, Lim CS, Evans N, Papadopoulou A, Khalifa M, Tsui J et al.. Incidence of major complications from embolo-sclerotherapy of head and neck vascular malformations in a single specialist centre. Vascular 2022. link 41 Demirci O, Celayir A. Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic arteriovenous fistulas: case reports and the literature review. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 42 Liberale C, Rozell-Shannon L, Moneghini L, Nocini R, Tombris S, Colletti G. Stop Calling Me Cavernous Hemangioma! A Literature Review on Misdiagnosed Bony Vascular Anomalies. Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research 2022. link 43 Hiramatsu M, Ishibashi R, Suzuki E, Miyazaki Y, Murai S, Takai H et al.. Incidence and clinical characteristics of spinal arteriovenous shunts: hospital-based surveillance in Okayama, Japan. Journal of neurosurgery. Spine 2022. link 44 Sivolella S, Sibillin M, Lupi A, Zanette G, Giraudo C. Diode laser for the treatment of a high flow lip vascular malformation. Minerva dental and oral science 2022. link 45 Gaztanaga W, Luther E, McCarthy D, Chamyan G, Wang S, Ragheb J. Giant, symptomatic mixed vascular malformation containing a cavernoma, developmental venous anomaly, and capillary telangiectasia in a 19-month-old infant. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2022. link 46 Ochoa A, Mantese B, Requejo F. Hemorrhagic cerebral proliferative angiopathy in two pediatric patients: case reports. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2022. link 47 Kesrouani A, Obeid R, Daou L, Fakih C, Choueiry E, Chalouhy G. Characteristics and outcome in prenatally diagnosed vascular aorta-umbilical vein malformation. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2022. link 48 Le DTA, Nguyen AD, Phan GH, Pham NB, Vuong TT, Nguyen TQ. Heavy uterine bleeding in adolescent caused by uterine vascular lesion: A case report. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2022. link 49 Maktabi AM, Almater AI, Alkatan HM. Periocular intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia: A retrospective study. European journal of ophthalmology 2022. link 50 Martinez-Glez V, Rodriguez-Laguna L, Viana-Huete V, García Torrijos C, Hurtado B, Lapunzina P et al.. Segmental undergrowth is associated with pathogenic variants in vascular malformation genes: A retrospective case-series study. Clinical genetics 2022. link 51 Smajda S, Söderman M, Dorfmüller G, Dorison N, Nghe MC, Rodesch G. Endovascular management of torcular dural sinus malformations in children: the role of straight sinus occlusion. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2021. link 52 Galligan ER, Baselga E, Frieden IJ, Kittler NW, Lauren CT, Morel KD et al.. Characterization of vascular stains associated with high flow. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2021. link 53 Zobel MJ, Moses W, Walther A, Nowicki D, Howell L, Miller J et al.. Management challenges of a large upper extremity vascular malformation in a patient with capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2021. link 54 Brill R, Deistung A, Gussew A, Goldann C, Stangl F, Uller W et al.. Safety and effectiveness of percutaneous sclerotherapy for venous disorders of the labia majora in patients with vascular malformations. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2020. link 55 Xu M, Wang M, Cheng Y, Ni X, Xu Y, Wang Q et al.. Diagnosis and treatment of intermuscular venous malformations: A retrospective study in one center. Phlebology 2020. link 56 Kandemirli SG, Kizilkaya MH, Erdemli Gursel B, Akca T, Bostan OM. Congenital arteriovenous fistula between descending aorta and the left innominate vein. Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA 2020. link 57 Gao X, Li Y, Meng L, Tong Z, Guo L, Zhang J et al.. A Vascular Malformation in the Carotid Sheath at the Carotid Bifurcation Mimicking Carotid Body Tumor. Vascular and endovascular surgery 2020. link 58 Hirano Y, Miyawaki S, Yamada K, Shinya Y, Kin T, Amemiya S et al.. Vascular anomaly of the posterior circulation associated with intracranial lipoma-like lesion in the cerebral peduncle manifesting as oculomotor nerve palsy. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 2020. link 59 Amarneh M, Shaikh R. Clinical and imaging features in fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA). Pediatric radiology 2020. link 60 Requejo F, Tcherbbis V, Gonzalez ML, Argañaraz R, Marelli JM, Mantese B. Dural sinus malformation with giant pouch (DSMGP): symptoms and treatment. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2020. link 61 Zhao Q, Liu L, Liao Z, Pan Y, Liu J, Jiang X. Ethanol combined with coil embolisation for the treatment of arteriovenous malformations in a patient with Parkes Weber syndrome. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2020. link 62 Lee S, Choi DB, Bulsara KR. Cervical spinal arteriovenous fistula with ventral perimedullary venous drainage. Acta neurochirurgica 2020. link 63 Li J, Zeng G, Zhi X, Bian L, Yang F, Du J et al.. Pediatric perimedullary arteriovenous fistula: clinical features and endovascular treatments. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2019. link 64 Colletti G, Biglioli F, Poli T, Dessy M, Cucurullo M, Petrillo M et al.. Vascular malformations of the orbit (lymphatic, venous, arteriovenous): Diagnosis, management and results. Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 2019. link 65 Tsutsumi S, Oishi H, Nonaka S, Okura H, Suzuki T, Yasumoto Y et al.. Orbital Arteriovenous Fistula Coexistent with an Arteriovenous Hemangioma: A Rare Occurrence and Review of Literature. World neurosurgery 2019. link 66 Nagy CZ, Cantrell S, Wu X, Arturo Solares C. Vascular malformation of the sphenoid and temporal bone: A diagnostic dilemma. American journal of otolaryngology 2019. link 67 Douhnai D, Tassin M, Sibiude J, Franchi-Abella S, Ackermann O, Mandelbrot L et al.. Prenatal diagnosis of intra hepatic arterio venous fistula: case report and review of the literature. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians 2019. link 68 Ogawa-Ochiai K, Osuga K, Hidaka K, Nakahata K, Tazuke Y, Yamamoto Y et al.. A case of extensive pharyngeal vascular malformation successfully treated with Kampo medicine. Auris, nasus, larynx 2018. link 69 Vollherbst DF, Otto R, von Deimling A, Pfaff J, Ulfert C, Kauczor HU et al.. Evaluation of a novel liquid embolic agent (precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid (PHIL)) in an animal endovascular embolization model. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2018. link 70 Gioppo A, Faragò G, Giannitto C, Caputi L, Saladino A, Acerbi F et al.. Sacral dural arteriovenous fistulas: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge - single-centre experience of 13 cases and review of the literature. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2018. link 71 Tenkumo C, Kanenishi K, AboEllail MAM, Yamamoto K, Ishibashi M, Mori N et al.. HDlive Flow silhouette mode for the diagnosis of uterine enhanced myometrial vascularity/arteriovenous malformations. Journal of medical ultrasonics (2001) 2018. link 72 Borowski A, Bajelidze G, Bowen JR. Hypertrophy Associated With Vascular Malformations: Analysis of Growth and Results of Epiphysiodesis. Orthopedics 2018. link 73 Hong T, Park JE, Ling F, terBrugge KG, Tymianski M, Zhang HQ et al.. Comparison of 3 Different Types of Spinal Arteriovenous Shunts below the Conus in Clinical Presentation, Radiologic Findings, and Outcomes. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2017. link 74 O'Loughlin L, Groves ML, Miller NR, Pearl MS. Cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome (CAMS): a spectrum disorder of craniofacial vascular malformations. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2017. link 75 Sepúlveda P, Zavala A, Zúñiga P. Factors associated with thrombotic complications in pediatric patients with vascular malformations. Journal of pediatric surgery 2017. link 76 Banzic I, Brankovic M, Maksimović Ž, Davidović L, Marković M, Rančić Z. Parkes Weber syndrome-Diagnostic and management paradigms: A systematic review. Phlebology 2017. link 77 Jambon E, Petitpierre F, Brizzi V, Dubuisson V, Le Bras Y, Grenier N et al.. Proximal Occlusion of Medium-Sized Vessels with the Penumbra Occlusion Device: A Study of Safety and Efficacy. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2017. link 78 Chawla A, Bosco J, Lim TC, Gaikwad V, Chung R. Systemic-pulmonary artery shunt: A rare cause of false-positive filling defect in the pulmonary arteries. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology 2017. link 79 O'Mara DM, DiCamillo PA, Gilson WD, Herzka DA, Wacker FK, Lewin JS et al.. MR-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy of low-flow vascular malformations: Clinical experience using a 1.5 tesla MR system. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2017. link 80 Banfield JC, Shankar JJ. Amplatzer vascular plug for rapid vessel occlusion in interventional neuroradiology. Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences 2016. link 81 Kociemba A, Karmelita-Katulska K, Stajgis M, Oszkinis G, Pyda M. Distinguishing high-flow from low-flow vascular malformations using maximum intensity projection images in dynamic magnetic resonance angiography - comparison to other MR-based techniques. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2016. link 82 Pereira-da-Silva T, Martins JD, de Sousa L, Fiarresga A, Trigo Pereira C, Cruz Ferreira R et al.. Percutaneous occlusion of vascular malformations in pediatric and adult patients: 20-year experience of a single center. Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions 2016. link 83 Terterov S, McLaughlin N, Vinters H, Martin NA. Angiographically occult vascular malformation of the intracranial accessory nerve: case report. Journal of neurosurgery 2016. link 84 Dmytriw AA, Song JS, Gullane P, terBrugge KG, Yu E. Venous vascular malformation of the floor of mouth masquerading as a dermoid tumor. American journal of otolaryngology 2016. link 85 Imbesi SG, Green DA, Cho A, Pakbaz RS. MR Angiographic-Guided Percutaneous Sclerotherapy for Venous Vascular Malformations: A Radiation Dose-Reduction Strategy. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2016. link 86 Awasthy N, Khandelwal N, Iyer KS. Congenital internal jugular vein aneurysm in an infant: A rare entity. Asian cardiovascular & thoracic annals 2016. link 87 Cerejo R, John S, Grabowski M, Bauer A, Chaudhry B, Toth G et al.. Thoracolumbar Arteriovenous Malformations Presenting with Intracranial Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Case Series and Review of Literature. World neurosurgery 2016. link 88 Bojakowski K, Janusz G, Grabowska I, Zegrocka-Stendel O, Surowiecka-Pastewka A, Kowalewska M et al.. Rat Model of Parkes Weber Syndrome. PloS one 2015. link 89 Amarouche M, Hart JL, Siddiqui A, Hampton T, Walsh DC. Time-resolved contrast-enhanced MR angiography of spinal vascular malformations. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2015. link 90 Pföhler C, Janssen E, Buecker A, Vogt T, Müller CS. Successful treatment of a congenital extra-truncal vascular malformation by orally administered propranolol. The Journal of dermatological treatment 2015. link 91 Markovic JN, Shortell CE. Multidisciplinary treatment of extremity arteriovenous malformations. Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders 2015. link 92 Mihlon F, Agrawal A, Nimjee SM, Ferrell A, Zomorodi AR, Smith TP et al.. Enhanced, rapid occlusion of carotid and vertebral arteries using the AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II device: the Duke Cerebrovascular Center experience in 8 patients with 22 AMPLATZER Vascular Plug II devices. World neurosurgery 2015. link 93 Tanaka K, Miyazaki N, Matsushima M, Yagishita R, Izawa T, Tanigaki S et al.. Prenatal diagnosis of Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome with Kasabach-Merritt syndrome in utero. Journal of medical ultrasonics (2001) 2015. link 94 Chiramel GK, Keshava SN, Moses V, Mammen S, David S, Sen S. Percutaneous sclerotherapy of congenital slow-flow vascular malformations of the orbit. Cardiovascular and interventional radiology 2015. link 95 Zhang Y, Zhou P, Li L, Li JL. High-flow vascular malformation treatment using ultrasound-guided laser combined with polidocanol sclerotherapy. Journal of medical ultrasonics (2001) 2015. link 96 Xu D, Herzka DA, Gilson WD, McVeigh ER, Lewin JS, Weiss CR. MR-guided sclerotherapy of low-flow vascular malformations using T2 -weighted interrupted bSSFP (T2 W-iSSFP): comparison of pulse sequences for visualization and needle guidance. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2015. link 97 Jain V, Misra S, Jaiswal V, Singh S. Varicosity of a single breast: a rare entity. BMJ case reports 2014. link 98 Leyon JJ, Littlehales T, Rangarajan B, Hoey ET, Ganeshan A. Endovascular embolization: review of currently available embolization agents. Current problems in diagnostic radiology 2014. link 99 Ramanathan D, Levitt MR, Sekhar LN, Kim LJ, Hallam DK, Ghodke BV. Management of spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas: interventional techniques and results. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2014. link 100 Robert A, Raymond D, Bolen M, Renapurkar R. Mediastinal venous vascular malformations: report of two cases, with discussion of imaging findings and classification systems. Clinical imaging 2014. link

Original source

[1]
Fetal Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion in the Surveillance of Intra-Abdominal Umbilical Vein Varix. — Geron Y, Drukker L, Perlman S, Matot R, Hermann V, Hendin N et al. Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (2026)
[2]
Capillary Venous Malformation With Undergrowth and Activating PIK3CA Variant: An Underrecognized Phenotype. — Ries AG, Barry KK, Thiessen A, Plunk MR, King DM, Holland KE et al. Pediatric dermatology (2026)
[3]
Management of Compression Neuropathies Associated With Vascular Malformations. — Slovacek C, Hwang L, Shmuylovich L, Ushinsky A, Sisk BA, Pet MA Hand (New York, N.Y.) (2026)
[4]
A filum terminale arteriovenous fistula fed by the left L1 artery of adamkiewicz: a case report and updated systematic review of 71 cases. — Iqbal J, Reed LK, Patel S, Brunozzi D, Atwal GS Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia (2026)
[5]
Coils associated with micro vascular plug system for closing larger vessels: Technical note on a preliminary experience. — Salvatori F, Mincarelli C, Piccinni P, Alborino S Vascular (2026)
[6]
Utility of Venous Outflow Control Techniques in Low-Flow Vascular Malformation Sclerotherapy: A Case-Based Review. — Viglione M, Discalzi A, Nardelli F, Mistretta F, Mancini A, Bergui M Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR (2026)
[7]
Hepatic venous malformations versus "hemangiomas": a clinical, radiologic, and pathologic analysis. — Amarneh MA, Vaillancourt MC, Davick J, Anwar U, Alomari AI Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) (2026)
[8]
Bleomycin ElectroScleroTherapy (BEST): mechanistic parallels to electrochemotherapy, experimental models, and unresolved questions. — Lisec B, Cemazar M, Muir T, Omerzel M, Jesenko T, Markelc B et al. Radiology and oncology (2026)
[9]
Hidden Triplets: Coexisting Spinal Epidural and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulae - A Rare Case Report and Literature Review. — Alrumaihi G, Mohammed K, Alsulaiti G Vascular health and risk management (2026)
[10]
Evolving medical treatment for vascular malformation. — Pang C, Lee R, Nisbet R, Hamilton G, Brookes J, Lim CS Phlebology (2026)
[11]
Ultra-deep targeted next-generation sequencing with peripheral blood in patients with vascular malformations: a cohort of 40 patients. — Mitamura S, Ishikawa K, Hatanaka KC, Saito T, Sasaki Y, Miura T et al. Molecular biology reports (2025)
[12]
Surgical management of vascular malformations in the hand and wrist. — Marzella L, Lazzerini A, De Vitis R The Journal of hand surgery, European volume (2025)
[13]
Sirolimus experience in adult patients with vascular malformations. — Akyildiz A, Ismayilov R, Guven DC, Yildirim HC, Tatar OD, Kus F et al. Vascular (2025)
[14]
Long-term effects of sirolimus treatment for slow-flow vascular malformations: Real-world evidence from the French observational multicentre SIROLO study. — Maillet C, Boccara O, Mallet S, Bessis D, Labrèze C, Mary-Prey S et al. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV (2025)
[15]
In-human clinical experience with direct stick embolization of low-flow vascular malformations using a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor. — Restrepo-Espinosa V, Lee AI, Prozora S, Patel P, Nassiri N Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders (2025)
[16]
Misdiagnosed Scrotal Arteriovenous Malformation and the Role of Clinical Assessment: A Case Report. — Hamam M, Eyuboglu AA, Isken MT Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners (2025)
[17]
Bleomycin sclerotherapy for venous vascular malformations of the tongue. — Agid N, Itsekzon Z, Hendriks EJ, Terbrugge K, Agid R Journal of neurointerventional surgery (2025)
[18]
ELMO2-related intraosseous vascular malformation: new cases with novel pathogenic variants, clinical follow-up and therapeutic approaches. — Karakaya M, Ragab I, Riehmer V, Erger F, Aly NH, Ryu SW et al. European journal of human genetics : EJHG (2025)
[19]
Rare case of combined vascular malformation of the face: a successful surgical management. — Bhatt S, Karmacharya RM, Vaidya S, Prajapati D, Napit R, Chapagain K et al. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (2025)
[20]
Review of the literature on the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in vascular malformations. — Achiti A, Seinturier C, Blaise S Phlebology (2025)
[21]
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[22]
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