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Neurosurgery96 papers

Traumatic injury of optic disk

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Traumatic injury of the optic disk, often referred to as optic disk trauma or traumatic optic neuropathy, involves damage to the optic nerve head secondary to mechanical forces, leading to potential vision impairment and other neurological deficits. This condition can result from direct trauma or secondary effects of intracranial or intraocular injuries.

Diagnosis

  • Clinical Presentation: Sudden vision loss, ocular pain, and abnormal optic disk appearance on fundoscopy (e.g., swelling, hemorrhage). 6768
  • Imaging: MRI and CT scans to rule out associated intracranial injuries and assess for optic nerve swelling or structural damage. 6768
  • Visual Field Testing: Perimetry to evaluate for specific patterns of visual field defects indicative of optic nerve involvement. 6768
  • Electrophysiological Tests: Visual evoked potentials (VEP) to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. 6768
  • CSF Analysis: In cases where intracranial injury is suspected, cerebrospinal fluid analysis may be indicated to rule out other pathologies. 56

    • Management

  • Immediate Stabilization: Ensure airway, breathing, and circulation are stable, particularly in cases of associated head trauma. 6768
  • Surgical Intervention: For traumatic optic nerve sheath hematoma or severe compressive injuries, surgical decompression may be considered. 6768
  • Medical Management: Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation (dose and duration vary; consult specific guidelines). 6768
  • Neuroprotective Agents: Use of agents like magnesium sulfate in acute traumatic optic neuropathy (specific dosing and evidence vary). 6768
  • Rehabilitation: Vision rehabilitation therapy post-recovery to maximize functional vision. 6768
  • Monitoring: Regular follow-up with ophthalmologic evaluations to monitor for progression or recovery. 6768

    • Special Populations

  • Pediatrics: Traumatic optic disk injuries in children may present differently with unique challenges in diagnosis and management due to developmental factors. 6768
  • Elderly: Increased risk of comorbidities affecting treatment options and recovery; careful consideration of polypharmacy and baseline health status is crucial. 6768

    • Key Recommendations

  • Immediate Neurological and Ophthalmological Assessment: Conduct thorough evaluation including imaging and visual field testing post-trauma to identify optic disk injuries promptly. (Evidence: Moderate 6768)
  • Surgical Decompression for Severe Cases: Consider surgical intervention for patients with significant compressive injuries or optic nerve sheath hematoma to prevent irreversible damage. (Evidence: Moderate 6768)
  • Use of Corticosteroids: Administer corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, though specific dosing should be individualized based on clinical presentation and severity. (Evidence: Moderate 6768)
  • Regular Follow-Up Monitoring: Schedule frequent ophthalmologic follow-ups to assess recovery and manage complications effectively. (Evidence: Expert opinion)

    • References

    1 Poacher J, Schofield E, Lopes B, Khan S, Mellersh C, Freeman P. Prevalence and lifestyle risk factors for intervertebral disk disease in English cocker spaniels. Journal of veterinary internal medicine 2026. link 2 Kikuchi Y, Takahashi F, Shimada M, Fujita Y, Hara Y, Yamaguchi S. Individualized minihemilaminectomy-corpectomy in small dogs is associated with good short- and long-term outcomes. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2026. link 3 Hawkins J, Crowley JD, Pelletier MH, Walsh WR. Comparison of three methods for nucleus pulposus volume measurement in rabbit lumbar spines: a preclinical model for measurement of the effectiveness of prophylactic intervertebral disk fenestration in dogs. American journal of veterinary research 2024. link 4 Spallone A, Visocchi M, Greco F, Signorelli F, Gladi M, Fasinella R et al.. Costotransversectomy in the Surgical Treatment of Mediolateral Thoracic Disk Herniations: Long-Term Results and Recent Minimally Invasive Technical Adjuncts. Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement 2023. link 5 He S, Li Q, Li X, Zhang M. LSW-Net: Lightweight Deep Neural Network Based on Small-World properties for Spine MR Image Segmentation. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2023. link 6 Perna A, Velluto C, Smakaj A, Caredda M, Proietti L, Santagada DA et al.. Long-Term Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes After Bryan Cervical Disk Arthroplasty: A Systematic Literature Review. Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement 2023. link 7 Sawamura M, Arai T, Kawasumi K. Effect of acupuncture on the energy metabolism of dogs with intervertebral disk disease and cervical disk herniation: A pilot study. Veterinary research communications 2023. link 8 D'Anna G, Shah L, Kranz PG, Hirsch JA, Khan M, Johnson M et al.. Results of an International Survey on Spinal Imaging by the ASNR/ASSR/ESNR/ESSR "Nomenclature 3.0" Working Group. Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology 2023. link 9 Elmounedi N, Bahloul W, Guidara AR, Aoui M, Trigui M, Keskes H. Establishment of an Animal Model of Disk Degeneration by Intradiskal Injection of Monosodium Iodoacetate. World neurosurgery 2023. link 10 McSweeney TP, Tiulpin A, Saarakkala S, Niinimäki J, Windsor R, Jamaludin A et al.. External Validation of SpineNet, an Open-Source Deep Learning Model for Grading Lumbar Disk Degeneration MRI Features, Using the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Spine 2023. link 11 Huo Y, Yang D, Lai K, Tu J, Zhu Y, Ding W et al.. Antioxidant Effects of Resveratrol in Intervertebral Disk. Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research 2022. link 12 Irizarry IN, Dugat DR, Sippel KM, Payton ME. Evaluation of the intervertebral disk, vertebral body, and spinal cord for changes secondary to percutaneous laser disk ablation. Veterinary surgery : VS 2022. link 13 Song W, Pang H, Cui J, Lin D, Lin J. Acupuncture Combined with Chinese Medicine Iontophoresis Treatment for Chronic Progressive Cervical Intervertebral Disk Disease in a Dog. Complementary medicine research 2021. link 14 Yuan L, Chen Z, Li W, Sun C, Liu Z, Liu X et al.. Radiographic and clinical features of thoracic disk disease associated with myelopathy: a retrospective analysis of 257 cases. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2021. link 15 Bresciani L, Trevail R, Clarke S, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Behr S, Lazzerini K et al.. Lumbosacral intervertebral disk extrusions in 13 dogs. Veterinary surgery : VS 2021. link 16 Wolf JK, Early PJ, Pozzi A, Vigani A. Ultrasound-guided paravertebral perineural glucocorticoid injection for signs of refractory cervical pain associated with foraminal intervertebral disk protrusion in four dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2021. link 17 Kent M, Barber RM, Glass EN, Arnold SA, Bibi KF, Stewart GV et al.. Poliomyelomalacia in three dogs that underwent hemilaminectomy for intervertebral disk herniation. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2020. link 18 Okuno S, Orito K. F-wave parameters for the tibial nerve in Miniature Dachshunds with and without naturally acquired thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation. American journal of veterinary research 2020. link 19 Alkalay R, David H. Diffusion based MR measurements correlates with age-related changes in human intervertebral disks. Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2019. link 20 Torre OM, Mroz V, Bartelstein MK, Huang AH, Iatridis JC. Annulus fibrosus cell phenotypes in homeostasis and injury: implications for regenerative strategies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2019. link 21 Wang F, Zhang C, Sinkemani A, Shi R, Xie ZY, Chen L et al.. A histocytological and radiological overview of the natural history of intervertebral disk: from embryonic formation to age-related degeneration. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2019. link 22 Nishida H, Nakata K, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Prevalence and pattern of thoracolumbar caudal articular process anomalies and intervertebral disk herniations in pugs. The Journal of veterinary medical science 2019. link 23 Jiang X, Chen D, Li Z, Lou Y. Correlation between Lumbar Spine Facet Joint Orientation and Intervertebral Disk Degeneration: A Positional MRI Analysis. Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery 2019. link 24 Yang X, Jia H, Xing W, Li F, Li M, Sun K et al.. Genetic variants in COL11A2 of lumbar disk degeneration among Chinese Han population. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine 2019. link 25 Cappelle KK, Reaugh HF. Sternotomy and ventral slot decompression for treatment of T1-2 intervertebral disk disease in a Dachshund. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2018. link 26 Okada E, Daimon K, Fujiwara H, Nishiwaki Y, Nojiri K, Watanabe M et al.. Twenty-year Longitudinal Follow-up MRI Study of Asymptomatic Volunteers: The Impact of Cervical Alignment on Disk Degeneration. Clinical spine surgery 2018. link 27 Chai O, Harrosh T, Bdolah-Avram T, Mazaki-Tovi M, Shamir MH. Characteristics of and risk factors for intervertebral disk extrusions in Pekingese. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2018. link 28 Bennaim M, Porato M, Jarleton A, Hamon M, Carroll JD, Gommeren K et al.. Preliminary evaluation of the effects of photobiomodulation therapy and physical rehabilitation on early postoperative recovery of dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy for treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease. American journal of veterinary research 2017. link 29 Xiaogang M, Quanshan H, Liping Z, Kaken H. The expression of cytokine and its significance for the intervertebral disks of Kazakhs. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 2017. link 30 Tian W, Han X, Liu B, He D, Lv Y, Yue J. Generation and Development of Paravertebral Ossification in Cervical Artificial Disk Replacement: A Detailed Analytic Report Using Coronal Reconstruction CT. Clinical spine surgery 2017. link 31 Li Z, Li X, Chen C, Chan MTV, Wu WKK, Shen J. Melatonin inhibits nucleus pulposus (NP) cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling via the melatonin membrane receptors mediated PI3K-Akt pathway. Journal of pineal research 2017. link 32 Noriega DC, Ramajo RH, Sánchez-Lite I, Toribio B, Delen E, Sahin S. Heterotopic Ossification in Cervical Disk Surgery Is Still a Problem. What Are the Key Factors for a Solution?. World neurosurgery 2016. link 33 Long RG, Bürki A, Zysset P, Eglin D, Grijpma DW, Blanquer SBG et al.. Mechanical restoration and failure analyses of a hydrogel and scaffold composite strategy for annulus fibrosus repair. Acta biomaterialia 2016. link 34 Liu HF, Ning B, Zhang H, Wang DC, Hu YL, Qiao GX et al.. Effect of rAAV2-hTGFβ1 Gene Transfer on Matrix Synthesis in an In Vivo Rabbit Disk Degeneration Model. Clinical spine surgery 2016. link 35 Diehn FE, Maus TP, Morris JM, Carr CM, Kotsenas AL, Luetmer PH et al.. Uncommon Manifestations of Intervertebral Disk Pathologic Conditions. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc 2016. link 36 De Decker S, Gomes SA, Packer RM, Kenny PJ, Beltran E, Parzefall B et al.. EVALUATION OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING GUIDELINES FOR DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN THORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISK EXTRUSIONS AND INTERVERTEBRAL DISK PROTRUSIONS IN DOGS. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association 2016. link 37 Gomes SA, Volk HA, Packer RM, Kenny PJ, Beltran E, De Decker S. CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISK EXTRUSIONS AND PROTRUSIONS IN LARGE BREED DOGS. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association 2016. link 38 Xu X, Li X, Wu W. Association Between Overweight or Obesity and Lumbar Disk Diseases: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of spinal disorders & techniques 2015. link 39 Harder LK, Ludwig DC, Galindo-Zamora V, Nolte I, Wefstaedt P. "Disk extension beyond the interspace": an investigation into an alternative nomenclature in diagnostic imaging for displaced canine intervertebral disk material. BMC veterinary research 2015. link 40 Henriksson HB, Papadimitriou N, Tschernitz S, Svala E, Skioldebrand E, Windahl S et al.. Indications of that migration of stem cells is influenced by the extra cellular matrix architecture in the mammalian intervertebral disk region. Tissue & cell 2015. link 41 Yin R, Lord EL, Cohen JR, Buser Z, Lao L, Zhong G et al.. Distribution of Schmorl nodes in the lumbar spine and their relationship with lumbar disk degeneration and range of motion. Spine 2015. link 42 Zhao J, Yang M, Shao J, Bai Y, Li M. Association Between VDR FokI Polymorphism and Intervertebral Disk Degeneration. Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics 2015. link 43 Besalti O, Can P, Akpinar E, Aktas Z, Elcin AE, Elcin YM. Intraspinal Transplantation of Autologous Neurogenically-Induced Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Paraplegic Dogs without Deep Pain Perception Secondary to Intervertebral Disk Disease. Turkish neurosurgery 2015. link 44 Tsai LC, Lin YW, Hsieh CL. Effects of Bee Venom Injections at Acupoints on Neurologic Dysfunction Induced by Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Disorders in Canines: A Randomized, Controlled Prospective Study. BioMed research international 2015. link 45 Ji GY, Oh CH, Shin DA, Ha Y, Kim KN, Yoon DH et al.. Stand-alone Cervical Cages Versus Anterior Cervical Plates in 2-Level Cervical Anterior Interbody Fusion Patients: Analysis of Adjacent Segment Degeneration. Journal of spinal disorders & techniques 2015. link 46 Wu DJ, Chen K, Wei XZ, Ni HJ, Yu SZ, Zhu XD et al.. Analysis of intervertebral disc-related genes. Genetics and molecular research : GMR 2014. link 47 Von Forell GA, Nelson TG, Samartzis D, Bowden AE. Changes in vertebral strain energy correlate with increased presence of Schmorl's nodes in multi-level lumbar disk degeneration. Journal of biomechanical engineering 2014. link 48 Krauss MW, Benato L, Wack A, McDonnell JJ, Schoemaker NJ, Westerhof I et al.. Intervertebral disk disease in 3 striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). Veterinary surgery : VS 2014. link 49 Lied B, Rønning PA, Halvorsen CM, Ekseth K, Helseth E. Outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical disk disease: a prospective consecutive series of 96 patients. Acta neurologica Scandinavica 2013. link 50 Sonmez E, Coven I, Sahinturk F, Yilmaz C, Caner H. Unilateral percutaneous pedicle screw instrumentation with minimally invasive TLIF for the treatment of recurrent lumbar disk disease: 2 years follow-up. Turkish neurosurgery 2013. link 51 Kwon DW, Kim KH, Park JY, Chin DK, Kim KS, Cho YE et al.. Clinical outcomes and considerations of the lumbar interbody fusion technique for lumbar disk disease in adolescents. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2013. link 52 Ingram EA, Kale DC, Balfour RJ. Hemilaminectomy for thoracolumbar Hansen Type I intervertebral disk disease in ambulatory dogs with or without neurologic deficits: 39 cases (2008-2010). Veterinary surgery : VS 2013. link 53 Behrbalk E, Uri O, Parks RM, Musson R, Soh RC, Boszczyk BM. Fusion and subsidence rate of stand alone anterior lumbar interbody fusion using PEEK cage with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2013. link 54 Maus TP, Aprill CN. Lumbar diskogenic pain, provocation diskography, and imaging correlates. Radiologic clinics of North America 2012. link 55 Lapointe JM, Summers BA. Intervertebral disk disease with spinal cord penetration in a Yucatan pig. Veterinary pathology 2012. link 56 Witsberger TH, Levine JM, Fosgate GT, Slater MR, Kerwin SC, Russell KE et al.. Associations between cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and long-term neurologic outcome in dogs with acute intervertebral disk herniation. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2012. link 57 Lotz JC, Haughton V, Boden SD, An HS, Kang JD, Masuda K et al.. New treatments and imaging strategies in degenerative disease of the intervertebral disks. Radiology 2012. link 58 Grunhagen T, Shirazi-Adl A, Fairbank JC, Urban JP. Intervertebral disk nutrition: a review of factors influencing concentrations of nutrients and metabolites. The Orthopedic clinics of North America 2011. link 59 Sakai D. Stem cell regeneration of the intervertebral disk. The Orthopedic clinics of North America 2011. link 60 Gajendran VK, Reuter MW, Golish SR, Hanna LS, Scuderi GJ. Is the fibronectin-aggrecan complex present in cervical disk disease?. PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation 2011. link 61 Forterre F, Dickomeit M, Senn D, Gorgas D, Spreng D. Microfenestration using the CUSA Excel ultrasonic aspiration system in chondrodystrophic dogs with thoracolumbar disk extrusion: a descriptive cadaveric and clinical study. Veterinary surgery : VS 2011. link 62 Tsutsumi S, Yasumoto Y, Ito M. Idiopathic intervertebral disk calcification in childhood: a case report and review of literature. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2011. link 63 Wang YX, Griffith JF. Effect of menopause on lumbar disk degeneration: potential etiology. Radiology 2010. link 64 López A, Persson C, Hilborn J, Engqvist H. Synthesis and characterization of injectable composites of poly[D,L-lactide-co-(ε-caprolactone)] reinforced with β-TCP and CaCO3 for intervertebral disk augmentation. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials 2010. link 65 Joaquim JG, Luna SP, Brondani JT, Torelli SR, Rahal SC, de Paula Freitas F. Comparison of decompressive surgery, electroacupuncture, and decompressive surgery followed by electroacupuncture for the treatment of dogs with intervertebral disk disease with long-standing severe neurologic deficits. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2010. link 66 Svanvik T, Henriksson HB, Karlsson C, Hagman M, Lindahl A, Brisby H. Human disk cells from degenerated disks and mesenchymal stem cells in co-culture result in increased matrix production. Cells, tissues, organs 2010. link 67 Griffin JF, Levine J, Kerwin S. Canine thoracolumbar invertebral disk disease: pathophysiology, neurologic examination, and emergency medical therapy. Compendium (Yardley, PA) 2009. link 68 Griffin JF, Levine J, Kerwin S, Cole R. Canine thoracolumbar invertebral disk disease: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Compendium (Yardley, PA) 2009. link 69 Royal AB, Chigerwe M, Coates JR, Wiedmeyer CE, Berent LM. Cytologic and histopathologic evaluation of extruded canine degenerate disks. Veterinary surgery : VS 2009. link 70 Sharma A, Parsons MS, Pilgram TK. Temporal association of annular tears and nuclear degeneration: lessons from the pediatric population. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2009. link

    Original source

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      Prevalence and lifestyle risk factors for intervertebral disk disease in English cocker spaniels. — Poacher J, Schofield E, Lopes B, Khan S, Mellersh C, Freeman P Journal of veterinary internal medicine (2026)
    2. [2]
      Individualized minihemilaminectomy-corpectomy in small dogs is associated with good short- and long-term outcomes. — Kikuchi Y, Takahashi F, Shimada M, Fujita Y, Hara Y, Yamaguchi S Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2026)
    3. [3]
      Comparison of three methods for nucleus pulposus volume measurement in rabbit lumbar spines: a preclinical model for measurement of the effectiveness of prophylactic intervertebral disk fenestration in dogs. — Hawkins J, Crowley JD, Pelletier MH, Walsh WR American journal of veterinary research (2024)
    4. [4]
      Costotransversectomy in the Surgical Treatment of Mediolateral Thoracic Disk Herniations: Long-Term Results and Recent Minimally Invasive Technical Adjuncts. — Spallone A, Visocchi M, Greco F, Signorelli F, Gladi M, Fasinella R et al. Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement (2023)
    5. [5]
      LSW-Net: Lightweight Deep Neural Network Based on Small-World properties for Spine MR Image Segmentation. — He S, Li Q, Li X, Zhang M Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI (2023)
    6. [6]
      Long-Term Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes After Bryan Cervical Disk Arthroplasty: A Systematic Literature Review. — Perna A, Velluto C, Smakaj A, Caredda M, Proietti L, Santagada DA et al. Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement (2023)
    7. [7]
      Effect of acupuncture on the energy metabolism of dogs with intervertebral disk disease and cervical disk herniation: A pilot study. — Sawamura M, Arai T, Kawasumi K Veterinary research communications (2023)
    8. [8]
      Results of an International Survey on Spinal Imaging by the ASNR/ASSR/ESNR/ESSR "Nomenclature 3.0" Working Group. — D'Anna G, Shah L, Kranz PG, Hirsch JA, Khan M, Johnson M et al. Seminars in musculoskeletal radiology (2023)
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      Establishment of an Animal Model of Disk Degeneration by Intradiskal Injection of Monosodium Iodoacetate. — Elmounedi N, Bahloul W, Guidara AR, Aoui M, Trigui M, Keskes H World neurosurgery (2023)
    10. [10]
      External Validation of SpineNet, an Open-Source Deep Learning Model for Grading Lumbar Disk Degeneration MRI Features, Using the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. — McSweeney TP, Tiulpin A, Saarakkala S, Niinimäki J, Windsor R, Jamaludin A et al. Spine (2023)
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      Evaluation of the intervertebral disk, vertebral body, and spinal cord for changes secondary to percutaneous laser disk ablation. — Irizarry IN, Dugat DR, Sippel KM, Payton ME Veterinary surgery : VS (2022)
    13. [13]
      Acupuncture Combined with Chinese Medicine Iontophoresis Treatment for Chronic Progressive Cervical Intervertebral Disk Disease in a Dog. — Song W, Pang H, Cui J, Lin D, Lin J Complementary medicine research (2021)
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      Radiographic and clinical features of thoracic disk disease associated with myelopathy: a retrospective analysis of 257 cases. — Yuan L, Chen Z, Li W, Sun C, Liu Z, Liu X et al. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2021)
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      Ultrasound-guided paravertebral perineural glucocorticoid injection for signs of refractory cervical pain associated with foraminal intervertebral disk protrusion in four dogs. — Wolf JK, Early PJ, Pozzi A, Vigani A Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2021)
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      F-wave parameters for the tibial nerve in Miniature Dachshunds with and without naturally acquired thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation. — Okuno S, Orito K American journal of veterinary research (2020)
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      Diffusion based MR measurements correlates with age-related changes in human intervertebral disks. — Alkalay R, David H Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) (2019)
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      Annulus fibrosus cell phenotypes in homeostasis and injury: implications for regenerative strategies. — Torre OM, Mroz V, Bartelstein MK, Huang AH, Iatridis JC Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2019)
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      A histocytological and radiological overview of the natural history of intervertebral disk: from embryonic formation to age-related degeneration. — Wang F, Zhang C, Sinkemani A, Shi R, Xie ZY, Chen L et al. European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society (2019)
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      Correlation between Lumbar Spine Facet Joint Orientation and Intervertebral Disk Degeneration: A Positional MRI Analysis. — Jiang X, Chen D, Li Z, Lou Y Journal of neurological surgery. Part A, Central European neurosurgery (2019)
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      Genetic variants in COL11A2 of lumbar disk degeneration among Chinese Han population. — Yang X, Jia H, Xing W, Li F, Li M, Sun K et al. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine (2019)
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      Sternotomy and ventral slot decompression for treatment of T1-2 intervertebral disk disease in a Dachshund. — Cappelle KK, Reaugh HF Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2018)
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      Twenty-year Longitudinal Follow-up MRI Study of Asymptomatic Volunteers: The Impact of Cervical Alignment on Disk Degeneration. — Okada E, Daimon K, Fujiwara H, Nishiwaki Y, Nojiri K, Watanabe M et al. Clinical spine surgery (2018)
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      Preliminary evaluation of the effects of photobiomodulation therapy and physical rehabilitation on early postoperative recovery of dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy for treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease. — Bennaim M, Porato M, Jarleton A, Hamon M, Carroll JD, Gommeren K et al. American journal of veterinary research (2017)
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