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Cardiology592 papers

Ventricular fibrillation

Last edited: 4/23/2026

Overview

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a life-threatening arrhythmia characterized by chaotic electrical activity in the ventricles, leading to ineffective cardiac contraction and requiring immediate intervention to restore normal rhythm 1 2.

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation: Chest pain, collapse, and absence of palpable pulse 1.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) Findings: Irregular, chaotic baseline without discernible QRS complexes 1 9.

Diagnostic Tests:

- Holter Monitoring: Useful for identifying triggers in recurrent cases 77. - Genetic Testing: Considered in idiopathic cases to identify mutations like SCN3B 47. - Electrocardiographic Markers: Early repolarization patterns (ERP) and J-wave syndrome may correlate with idiopathic VF 4 44 9.

Management

Immediate Defibrillation: High-energy shocks (initial dose typically 200-360J) 3 10 13 27 46.

Alternative Strategies: Dual sequential defibrillation (DSD) for refractory VF 3 10.

Post-Defibrillation Care:

- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): Essential during prolonged VF 33 53. - Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Consider esmolol for cerebral protection 15.

Long-Term Management:

- Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD): Recommended for high-risk patients 50 51. - Beta-Blockers: For secondary prevention in selected patients 15.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Use of isoproterenol as an adjunct in managing IVF storm 66.

Pediatrics: Lower defibrillation doses to minimize post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction 59.

Elderly: Consider age-related changes in defibrillation thresholds and potential for higher morbidity 1 5.

Key Recommendations

Initiate immediate high-energy defibrillation (200-360J) for witnessed VF 3 10 13 27 46 (Evidence: Strong).

Consider dual sequential defibrillation for refractory VF 3 10 (Evidence: Moderate).

Use ICDs for secondary prevention in high-risk patients 50 51 (Evidence: Strong).

Implement systematic diagnostic testing in idiopathic VF to rule out underlying causes 5 (Evidence: Moderate).

Monitor and manage post-resuscitation care including CPR and potential use of esmolol for cerebral protection 33 53 15 (Evidence: Moderate).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 343 indexed papers.

1 Thabouillot O, Rozenberg E, Corcostegui SP, Derkenne C. Surviving ventricular fibrillation: A documented Lazarus phenomenon. The American journal of emergency medicine 2026. link 2 Renard E, Haïssaguerre M, Bear LR, Bernus O. Origin of ventricular fibrillation triggers in a model of localized repolarization heterogeneity. Heart rhythm 2025. link 3 Lim GB. Alternative defibrillation strategies improve outcomes. Nature reviews. Cardiology 2023. link 4 Rath B, Willy K, Ellermann C, Leitz P, Köbe J, Reinke F et al.. Outcome of patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and correlation with ECG markers of early repolarization. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society 2023. link 5 Groeneveld SA, Verheul LM, van der Ree MH, Mulder BA, Scholten MF, Alings M et al.. Importance of Systematic Diagnostic Testing in Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation: Results From the Dutch iVF Registry. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology 2023. link 6 Qi JY, Kang DY, Yu J, Zhang MZ. Suxiao Jiuxin Pills Prevent Ventricular Fibrillation from Inhibiting L-type Calcium Currents CaV1.2 in vivo and in vitro. Chinese journal of integrative medicine 2023. link 7 Meddeb M, Chaudhry K, Timilsina S, Mahat J, Vunnam R, Acharya A et al.. Dominant vector changes during early wavebreak/spiral wave (Wiggers stage 1) in ventricular fibrillation: insights from the analysis of 100 electrophysiology studies. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2022. link 8 Bayer JD, Sobota V, Moreno A, Jaïs P, Vigmond EJ. The Purkinje network plays a major role in low-energy ventricular defibrillation. Computers in biology and medicine 2022. link 9 Hasegawa Y, Watanabe H, Ikami Y, Otsuki S, Iijima K, Yagihara N et al.. J point elevation in high precordial leads associated with risk of ventricular fibrillation. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc 2021. link 10 Bero M, Sochor M, Wong S, Brady W. Changing the management of refractory ventricular fibrillation: The consideration of earlier utilization of dual sequential defibrillation. The American journal of emergency medicine 2020. link 11 Kamakura T, Shinohara T, Yodogawa K, Murakoshi N, Morita H, Takahashi N et al.. Long-term prognosis of patients withJ-wave syndrome. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2020. link 12 Miyoshi M, Kondo H, Shinohara T, Yufu K, Nakagawa M, Takahashi N. Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Manifesting Delta-wave during Hypothermia Treatment. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2019. link 13 Xie Z, Yang Q, Li M, Huang Z, Wang Y, Ling Q et al.. Amplitude screening improves performance of AMSA method for predicting success of defibrillation in swine model. The American journal of emergency medicine 2019. link 14 Dalos D, Fiedler L, Radojevic J, Sponder M, Dichtl W, Schukro C. Prevalence of early repolarization syndrome and long-term clinical outcome in patients with the diagnosis of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Heart and vessels 2019. link 15 Li Z, Yuan W, Li J, Li J, Wu J, Zhao Y et al.. Selective beta-blocker esmolol improves cerebral cortex microcirculation in a swine ventricular fibrillation model. Journal of cellular biochemistry 2019. link 16 Yasmeen S, Liao X, Khan FU, Ihsan AU, Li X, Li C et al.. A novel approach to devise the therapy for ventricular fibrillation by epicardial delivery of lidocaine using active hydraulic ventricular attaching support system: An experimental study in rats. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials 2019. link 17 Coll-Font J, Erem B, Brooks DH. A Potential-Based Inverse Spectral Method to Noninvasively Localize Discordant Distributions of Alternans on the Heart From the ECG. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 2018. link 18 Hanna EB, LeLorier PA, Tadin DM, Ortiz RO, Glancy DL. Malignant Early Repolarization. The American journal of cardiology 2018. link 19 Burgert JM, Martinez A, O'Sullivan M, Blouin D, Long A, Johnson AD. Sternal Route More Effective than Tibial Route for Intraosseous Amiodarone Administration in a Swine Model of Ventricular Fibrillation. Prehospital emergency care 2018. link 20 Jin D, Wang J, Yang K, Wang K, Quan W, Herken U et al.. A Grouped Up-and-Down Method Used for Efficacy Comparison Between Two Different Defibrillation Waveforms. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 2016. link 21 Roten L, Derval N, Maury P, Mahida S, Pascale P, Leenhardt A et al.. Benign vs. malignant inferolateral early repolarization: Focus on the T wave. Heart rhythm 2016. link 22 Koizumi A, Sasano T, Kimura W, Miyamoto Y, Aiba T, Ishikawa T et al.. Genetic defects in a His-Purkinje system transcription factor, IRX3, cause lethal cardiac arrhythmias. European heart journal 2016. link 23 Zheng Y, Wei D, Zhu X, Chen W, Fukuda K, Shimokawa H. Ventricular fibrillation mechanisms and cardiac restitutions: An investigation by simulation study on whole-heart model. Computers in biology and medicine 2015. link 24 Kim J, Chu CH. ETD: an extended time delay algorithm for ventricular fibrillation detection. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2014. link 25 Tofil NM, Dollar J, Zinkan L, Youngblood AQ, Peterson DT, White ML et al.. Performance of anesthesia residents during a simulated prone ventricular fibrillation arrest in an anesthetized pediatric patient. Paediatric anaesthesia 2014. link 26 Caravaca J, Soria-Olivas E, Bataller M, Serrano AJ, Such-Miquel L, Vila-Francés J et al.. Application of machine learning techniques to analyse the effects of physical exercise in ventricular fibrillation. Computers in biology and medicine 2014. link 27 Bennett JR, Darragh KM, Walsh SJ, Allen DJ, Scott M, Stevenson M et al.. Low-tilt monophasic and biphasic waveforms compared with standard biphasic waveforms in the transvenous defibrillation of ventricular fibrillation. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2014. link 28 Nagase S, Banba K, Nishii N, Morita H, Fukushima Kusano K, Ohe T et al.. Multiform premature ventricular contractions and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia caused by Purkinje activity with slow conduction in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 2014. link 29 Bastiaenen R, Raju H, Sharma S, Papadakis M, Chandra N, Muggenthaler M et al.. Characterization of early repolarization during ajmaline provocation and exercise tolerance testing. Heart rhythm 2013. link 30 Jin Q, Zhou J, Zhang N, Lin C, Pang Y, Xin Y et al.. Defibrillation threshold varies during different stages of ventricular fibrillation in canine hearts. Heart, lung & circulation 2013. link 31 Chorro FJ, Ibañez-Catalá X, Trapero I, Such-Miquel L, Pelechano F, Cánoves J et al.. Ventricular fibrillation conduction through an isthmus of preserved myocardium between radiofrequency lesions. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2013. link 32 Such-Miquel L, Chorro FJ, Guerrero J, Trapero I, Brines L, Zarzoso M et al.. Evaluation of the complexity of myocardial activation during ventricular fibrillation. An experimental study. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2013. link 33 Assumpção AC, de Oliveira PP, Vilarinho KA, Eghtesady P, Silveira Filho LM, Lavagnoli CF et al.. Ventricular pacing threshold after transthoracic external defibrillation with two different waveforms: an experimental study. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2013. link 34 Ristagno G, Yu T, Quan W, Freeman G, Li Y. Current is better than energy as predictor of success for biphasic defibrillatory shocks in a porcine model of ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2013. link 35 Mizumaki K, Nishida K, Iwamoto J, Nakatani Y, Yamaguchi Y, Sakamoto T et al.. Vagal activity modulates spontaneous augmentation of J-wave elevation in patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Heart rhythm 2012. link 36 Mittadodla PS, Salen PN, Traub DM. Isoproterenol as an adjunct for treatment of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation storm in a pregnant woman. The American journal of emergency medicine 2012. link 37 Bourgeois EB, Reeves HD, Walcott GP, Rogers JM. Panoramic optical mapping shows wavebreak at a consistent anatomical site at the onset of ventricular fibrillation. Cardiovascular research 2012. link 38 Chinushi M, Hasegawa K, Iijima K, Furushima H, Izumi D, Sato A et al.. Characteristics of J wave-associated idiopathic ventricular fibrillation: role of drugs. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2012. link 39 Rosso R, Glikson E, Belhassen B, Katz A, Halkin A, Steinvil A et al.. Distinguishing "benign" from "malignant early repolarization": the value of the ST-segment morphology. Heart rhythm 2012. link 40 Cheng KA, Dosdall DJ, Li L, Rogers JM, Ideker RE, Huang J. Evolution of activation patterns during long-duration ventricular fibrillation in pigs. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2012. link 41 Philips B, Tompkins C, Berger RD, Nazarian S. The value of defibrillator far-field electrograms for ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2012. link 42 Chorro FJ, Pelechano F, Trapero I, Ibañez-Catalá X, Such-Miquel L, Tormos A et al.. Modifications in ventricular fibrillation and capture capacity induced by a linear radiofrequency lesion. Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.) 2012. link 43 Umapathy K, Foomany FH, Dorian P, Farid T, Sivagangabalan G, Nair K et al.. Real-time electrogram analysis for monitoring coronary blood flow during human ventricular fibrillation: implications for CPR. Heart rhythm 2011. link 44 Dosdall DJ, Osorio J, Robichaux RP, Huang J, Li L, Ideker RE. Purkinje activation precedes myocardial activation following defibrillation after long-duration ventricular fibrillation. Heart rhythm 2010. link 45 Ginwalla M, Battula S, Dunn J, Lewis WR. Termination of electrocution-induced ventricular fibrillation by an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE 2010. link 46 Shan Y, Ristagno G, Fuller M, Sun S, Li Y, Weil MH et al.. The effects of phase duration on defibrillation success of dual time constant biphasic waveforms. Resuscitation 2010. link 47 Valdivia CR, Medeiros-Domingo A, Ye B, Shen WK, Algiers TJ, Ackerman MJ et al.. Loss-of-function mutation of the SCN3B-encoded sodium channel {beta}3 subunit associated with a case of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Cardiovascular research 2010. link 48 Robertson PG, Huang J, Chen KA, Chen X, Dosdall DJ, Tabereaux PB et al.. Increased cycle length during long-duration ventricular fibrillation is caused by decreased upstroke velocity as well as prolonged refractoriness. Heart rhythm 2009. link 49 Sánchez-Muñoz JJ, Rojo-Alvarez JL, García-Alberola A, Everss E, Alonso-Atienza F, Ortiz M et al.. Spectral analysis of intracardiac electrograms during induced and spontaneous ventricular fibrillation in humans. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2009. link 50 Langley P, MacGowan GA, Murray A. Spatial and temporal organization of the dominant frequencies in the fibrillating heart: body surface potential mapping in a rare case of sustained human ventricular fibrillation. Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology 2009. link 51 Nielsen TD, Huang J, Rogers JM, Killingsworth CR, Ideker RE. Epicardial mapping of ventricular fibrillation over the posterior descending artery and left posterior papillary muscle of the swine heart. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2009. link 52 Hsieh YC, Horng TL, Lin SF, Lin TC, Ting CT, Wu TJ. d,l-Sotalol at therapeutic concentrations facilitates the occurrence of long-lasting non-stationary reentry during ventricular fibrillation in isolated rabbit hearts. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2009. link 53 Keldermann RH, ten Tusscher KH, Nash MP, Bradley CP, Hren R, Taggart P et al.. A computational study of mother rotor VF in the human ventricles. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2009. link 54 Umapathy K, Massé S, Sevaptsidis E, Asta J, Krishnan SS, Nanthakumar K. Spatiotemporal frequency analysis of ventricular fibrillation in explanted human hearts. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 2009. link 55 Tabereaux PB, Dosdall DJ, Ideker RE. Mechanisms of VF maintenance: wandering wavelets, mother rotors, or foci. Heart rhythm 2009. link 56 Clayton RH. Vortex filament dynamics in computational models of ventricular fibrillation in the heart. Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.) 2008. link 57 Schipke JD, Heusch G, Fritzsche A, Meyer K, Gams E, Winter J. Blood pressure and heart rate immediately after termination of short-term ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2008. link 58 Wu JY, Sun H, O'Rourke AP, Huebner SM, Rahko PS, Will JA et al.. Taser blunt probe dart-to-heart distance causing ventricular fibrillation in pigs. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 2008. link 59 Berg MD, Banville IL, Chapman FW, Walker RG, Gaballa MA, Hilwig RW et al.. Attenuating the defibrillation dosage decreases postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction in a swine model of pediatric ventricular fibrillation. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies 2008. link 60 Blaer Y, Khalameizer V, Jafari J, Katz A, Reisin L, Yosefy C. Transient ventricular fibrillation. A clinical case report. European journal of cardiovascular nursing 2007. link 61 Rogers JM, Walcott GP, Gladden JD, Melnick SB, Kay MW. Panoramic optical mapping reveals continuous epicardial reentry during ventricular fibrillation in the isolated swine heart. Biophysical journal 2007. link 62 Tran DX, Yang MJ, Weiss JN, Garfinkel A, Qu Z. Vulnerability to re-entry in simulated two-dimensional cardiac tissue: effects of electrical restitution and stimulation sequence. Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.) 2007. link 63 Allison JS, Qin H, Dosdall DJ, Huang J, Newton JC, Allred JD et al.. The transmural activation sequence in porcine and canine left ventricle is markedly different during long-duration ventricular fibrillation. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2007. link 64 Knackstedt C, Mischke K, Schimpf T, Neef P, Schauerte P. Ventricular fibrillation due to severe mitral valve prolapse. International journal of cardiology 2007. link 65 Jiang D, Chen W, Wang R, Zhang L, Chen SR. Loss of luminal Ca2+ activation in the cardiac ryanodine receptor is associated with ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007. link 66 Tang L, Hwang GS, Yang L, Lin SF. Method of post-shock synchronized pacing in the excitable gaps. Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference 2006. link 67 Sugao M, Fujiki A, Sakabe M, Nishida K, Tsuneda T, Iwamoto J et al.. New quantitative methods for evaluation of dynamic changes in QT interval on 24 hour Holter ECG recordings: QT interval in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and long QT syndrome. Heart (British Cardiac Society) 2006. link 68 Ordodi VL, Paunescu V, Mischie S, Ignea A, Toma O, Ionac M et al.. Improved electrodes for electrical defibrillation of rats. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS 2006. link 69 Clayton RH, Zhuchkova EA, Panfilov AV. Phase singularities and filaments: simplifying complexity in computational models of ventricular fibrillation. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology 2006. link 70 Yu CC, Tsai CT, Lai LP, Lin JL. Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation presented as recurrent syncope and diagnosed by an implanted loop recorder. International journal of cardiology 2006. link 71 Koster RW, Walker RG, van Alem AP. Definition of successful defibrillation. Critical care medicine 2006. link 72 Winterhalter M, Piepenbrock T, Leyh RG, Gras C, Zuk J, Heine J et al.. Effectiveness and safety of internal rectilinear biphasic versus monophasic defibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia 2005. link 73 Puwal S, Roth BJ, Kruk S. Automating phase singularity localization in mathematical models of cardiac tissue dynamics. Mathematical medicine and biology : a journal of the IMA 2005. link 74 Jalife J, Berenfeld O. Molecular mechanisms and global dynamics of fibrillation: an integrative approach to the underlying basis of vortex-like reentry. Journal of theoretical biology 2004. link 75 Wu TJ, Lin SF, Baher A, Qu Z, Garfinkel A, Weiss JN et al.. Mother rotors and the mechanisms of D600-induced type 2 ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 2004. link 76 Indik JH, Donnerstein RL, Berg MD, Samson RA, Berg RA. Ventricular fibrillation frequency characteristics and time evolution in piglets: a developmental study. Resuscitation 2004. link 77 Chattipakorn S, Chattipakorn N. Electrophysiological concept of ventricular defibrillation mechanism. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 2004. link 78 Fish FA. Ventricular fibrillation: basic concepts. Pediatric clinics of North America 2004. link 79 Viskin S, Zeltser D, Ish-Shalom M, Katz A, Glikson M, Justo D et al.. Is idiopathic ventricular fibrillation a short QT syndrome? Comparison of QT intervals of patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and healthy controls. Heart rhythm 2004. link 80 Jekova I, Mougeolle F, Valance A. Defibrillation shock success estimation by a set of six parameters derived from the electrocardiogram. Physiological measurement 2004. link 81 Pak HN, Liu YB, Hayashi H, Okuyama Y, Chen PS, Lin SF. Synchronization of ventricular fibrillation with real-time feedback pacing: implication to low-energy defibrillation. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2003. link 82 Liu YB, Peter A, Lamp ST, Weiss JN, Chen PS, Lin SF. Spatiotemporal correlation between phase singularities and wavebreaks during ventricular fibrillation. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2003. link 83 Jalife J, Anumonwo JM, Berenfeld O. Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing 2003. link 84 Weerasooriya R, Hsu LF, Scavée C, Sanders P, Hocini M, Cabrera JA et al.. Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Fibrillation in Structurally Normal Hearts Targeting the RVOT and Purkinje Ectopy. Herz 2003. link 85 Yashima M, Kim YH, Armin S, Wu TJ, Miyauchi Y, Mandel WJ et al.. On the mechanism of the probabilistic nature of ventricular defibrillation threshold. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2003. link 86 De Jongh AL, Ramanathan V, Hoffmeister BK, Malkin RA. Left ventricular geometry immediately following defibrillation: shock-induced relaxation. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2003. link 87 Menegazzi JJ, Wang HE, Lightfoot CB, Fertig KC, Chengelis NL, Sherman LD et al.. Immediate defibrillation versus interventions first in a swine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2003. link00212-0) 88 Pak HN, Oh YS, Liu YB, Wu TJ, Karagueuzian HS, Lin SF et al.. Catheter ablation of ventricular fibrillation in rabbit ventricles treated with beta-blockers. Circulation 2003. link 89 Saliba W, Abul Karim A, Tchou P, Natale A. Ventricular fibrillation: ablation of a trigger?. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2002. link 90 Szili-Torok T, Theuns D, Verblaauw T, Scholten M, Kimman GJ, Res J et al.. Transthoracic defibrillation of short-lasting ventricular fibrillation: a randomised trial for comparison of the efficacy of low-energy biphasic rectilinear and monophasic damped sine shocks. Acta cardiologica 2002. link 91 White RD. New concepts in transthoracic defibrillation. Emergency medicine clinics of North America 2002. link00028-7) 92 Chorro FJ, Guerrero J, Ferrero A, Tormos A, Mainar L, Millet J et al.. Effects of acute reduction of temperature on ventricular fibrillation activation patterns. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2002. link 93 Wu TJ, Lin SF, Weiss JN, Ting CT, Chen PS. Two types of ventricular fibrillation in isolated rabbit hearts: importance of excitability and action potential duration restitution. Circulation 2002. link 94 Klop WM, Lohuis PJ, Strating RP, Mulder W. Ventricular fibrillation caused by electrocoagulation during laparoscopic surgery. Surgical endoscopy 2002. link 95 Nanthakumar K, Huang J, Rogers JM, Johnson PL, Newton JC, Walcott GP et al.. Regional differences in ventricular fibrillation in the open-chest porcine left ventricle. Circulation research 2002. link 96 Newton JC, Johnson PL, Justice RK, Smith WM, Ideker RE. Estimated global epicardial distribution of activation rate and conduction block during porcine ventricular fibrillation. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 2002. link 97 Bernus O, Van Eyck B, Verschelde H, Panfilov AV. Transition from ventricular fibrillation to ventricular tachycardia: a simulation study on the role of Ca(2+)-channel blockers in human ventricular tissue. Physics in medicine and biology 2002. link 98 Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA. Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves ventricular fibrillation median frequency and myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Annals of emergency medicine 2002. link 99 Small M, Yu D, Harrison RG. Variation in the dominant period during ventricular fibrillation. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 2001. link 100 Samie FH, Berenfeld O, Anumonwo J, Mironov SF, Udassi S, Beaumont J et al.. Rectification of the background potassium current: a determinant of rotor dynamics in ventricular fibrillation. Circulation research 2001. link

Original source

[1]
Surviving ventricular fibrillation: A documented Lazarus phenomenon. — Thabouillot O, Rozenberg E, Corcostegui SP, Derkenne C The American journal of emergency medicine (2026)
[2]
Origin of ventricular fibrillation triggers in a model of localized repolarization heterogeneity. — Renard E, Haïssaguerre M, Bear LR, Bernus O Heart rhythm (2025)
[3]
Alternative defibrillation strategies improve outcomes. — Lim GB Nature reviews. Cardiology (2023)
[4]
Outcome of patients with idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and correlation with ECG markers of early repolarization. — Rath B, Willy K, Ellermann C, Leitz P, Köbe J, Reinke F et al. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society (2023)
[5]
Importance of Systematic Diagnostic Testing in Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation: Results From the Dutch iVF Registry. — Groeneveld SA, Verheul LM, van der Ree MH, Mulder BA, Scholten MF, Alings M et al. JACC. Clinical electrophysiology (2023)
[6]
Suxiao Jiuxin Pills Prevent Ventricular Fibrillation from Inhibiting L-type Calcium Currents CaV1.2 in vivo and in vitro. — Qi JY, Kang DY, Yu J, Zhang MZ Chinese journal of integrative medicine (2023)
[7]
Dominant vector changes during early wavebreak/spiral wave (Wiggers stage 1) in ventricular fibrillation: insights from the analysis of 100 electrophysiology studies. — Meddeb M, Chaudhry K, Timilsina S, Mahat J, Vunnam R, Acharya A et al. Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing (2022)
[8]
The Purkinje network plays a major role in low-energy ventricular defibrillation. — Bayer JD, Sobota V, Moreno A, Jaïs P, Vigmond EJ Computers in biology and medicine (2022)
[9]
J point elevation in high precordial leads associated with risk of ventricular fibrillation. — Hasegawa Y, Watanabe H, Ikami Y, Otsuki S, Iijima K, Yagihara N et al. Annals of noninvasive electrocardiology : the official journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc (2021)
[10]
Changing the management of refractory ventricular fibrillation: The consideration of earlier utilization of dual sequential defibrillation. — Bero M, Sochor M, Wong S, Brady W The American journal of emergency medicine (2020)
[11]
Long-term prognosis of patients withJ-wave syndrome. — Kamakura T, Shinohara T, Yodogawa K, Murakoshi N, Morita H, Takahashi N et al. Heart (British Cardiac Society) (2020)
[12]
Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation Manifesting Delta-wave during Hypothermia Treatment. — Miyoshi M, Kondo H, Shinohara T, Yufu K, Nakagawa M, Takahashi N Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2019)
[13]
Amplitude screening improves performance of AMSA method for predicting success of defibrillation in swine model. — Xie Z, Yang Q, Li M, Huang Z, Wang Y, Ling Q et al. The American journal of emergency medicine (2019)
[14]
Prevalence of early repolarization syndrome and long-term clinical outcome in patients with the diagnosis of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. — Dalos D, Fiedler L, Radojevic J, Sponder M, Dichtl W, Schukro C Heart and vessels (2019)
[15]
Selective beta-blocker esmolol improves cerebral cortex microcirculation in a swine ventricular fibrillation model. — Li Z, Yuan W, Li J, Li J, Wu J, Zhao Y et al. Journal of cellular biochemistry (2019)
[16]
A novel approach to devise the therapy for ventricular fibrillation by epicardial delivery of lidocaine using active hydraulic ventricular attaching support system: An experimental study in rats. — Yasmeen S, Liao X, Khan FU, Ihsan AU, Li X, Li C et al. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials (2019)
[17]
A Potential-Based Inverse Spectral Method to Noninvasively Localize Discordant Distributions of Alternans on the Heart From the ECG. — Coll-Font J, Erem B, Brooks DH IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering (2018)
[18]
Malignant Early Repolarization. — Hanna EB, LeLorier PA, Tadin DM, Ortiz RO, Glancy DL The American journal of cardiology (2018)
[19]
Sternal Route More Effective than Tibial Route for Intraosseous Amiodarone Administration in a Swine Model of Ventricular Fibrillation. — Burgert JM, Martinez A, O'Sullivan M, Blouin D, Long A, Johnson AD Prehospital emergency care (2018)
[20]
A Grouped Up-and-Down Method Used for Efficacy Comparison Between Two Different Defibrillation Waveforms. — Jin D, Wang J, Yang K, Wang K, Quan W, Herken U et al. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering (2016)
[21]
Benign vs. malignant inferolateral early repolarization: Focus on the T wave. — Roten L, Derval N, Maury P, Mahida S, Pascale P, Leenhardt A et al. Heart rhythm (2016)
[22]
Genetic defects in a His-Purkinje system transcription factor, IRX3, cause lethal cardiac arrhythmias. — Koizumi A, Sasano T, Kimura W, Miyamoto Y, Aiba T, Ishikawa T et al. European heart journal (2016)
[23]
Ventricular fibrillation mechanisms and cardiac restitutions: An investigation by simulation study on whole-heart model. — Zheng Y, Wei D, Zhu X, Chen W, Fukuda K, Shimokawa H Computers in biology and medicine (2015)
[24]
ETD: an extended time delay algorithm for ventricular fibrillation detection. — Kim J, Chu CH Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference (2014)
[25]
Performance of anesthesia residents during a simulated prone ventricular fibrillation arrest in an anesthetized pediatric patient. — Tofil NM, Dollar J, Zinkan L, Youngblood AQ, Peterson DT, White ML et al. Paediatric anaesthesia (2014)
[26]
Application of machine learning techniques to analyse the effects of physical exercise in ventricular fibrillation. — Caravaca J, Soria-Olivas E, Bataller M, Serrano AJ, Such-Miquel L, Vila-Francés J et al. Computers in biology and medicine (2014)
[27]
Low-tilt monophasic and biphasic waveforms compared with standard biphasic waveforms in the transvenous defibrillation of ventricular fibrillation. — Bennett JR, Darragh KM, Walsh SJ, Allen DJ, Scott M, Stevenson M et al. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE (2014)
[28]
Multiform premature ventricular contractions and polymorphic ventricular tachycardia caused by Purkinje activity with slow conduction in idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. — Nagase S, Banba K, Nishii N, Morita H, Fukushima Kusano K, Ohe T et al. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) (2014)
[29]
Characterization of early repolarization during ajmaline provocation and exercise tolerance testing. — Bastiaenen R, Raju H, Sharma S, Papadakis M, Chandra N, Muggenthaler M et al. Heart rhythm (2013)
[30]
Defibrillation threshold varies during different stages of ventricular fibrillation in canine hearts. — Jin Q, Zhou J, Zhang N, Lin C, Pang Y, Xin Y et al. Heart, lung & circulation (2013)
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