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Ophthalmology1378 papers

Glaucoma and sleep apnea syndrome

Last edited: 4/24/2026

Overview

Glaucoma is a group of heterogeneous ocular disorders characterized by progressive optic nerve damage leading to irreversible vision loss, primarily due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP). It is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting approximately 2.2% of the global population aged 40 and older 60. The condition disproportionately impacts older adults, with age being a significant risk factor. Proper management is crucial as untreated glaucoma can lead to severe visual impairment and blindness, significantly impacting quality of life. In day-to-day practice, early detection and consistent monitoring are essential to prevent irreversible damage, highlighting the importance of regular eye examinations and adherence to treatment regimens 1 60.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of glaucoma involves complex interactions at molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common form, is characterized by obstruction of the trabecular meshwork, leading to impaired aqueous humor outflow and subsequent elevation in IOP. This increased pressure exerts mechanical stress on the optic nerve, particularly at the optic disc, causing neurodegeneration and axonal loss 1 11 23. In normal tension glaucoma (NTG), optic nerve damage occurs despite relatively normal IOP levels, suggesting additional factors such as vascular dysregulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation contribute to nerve damage 1 23 39. The role of inflammatory factors, including cytokines and chemokines, is increasingly recognized, as they can exacerbate neurodegeneration and disrupt the blood-retinal barrier, further compromising retinal ganglion cell health 23 39. Additionally, genetic predispositions and systemic conditions like diabetes and hypertension can modulate disease progression, emphasizing the multifactorial nature of glaucoma 1 59.

Epidemiology

Glaucoma exhibits significant demographic variability. The global prevalence is estimated at around 2.2% among individuals aged 40 and older, with higher rates observed in older populations 60. Age is a critical risk factor, with prevalence doubling approximately every decade after age 40 60. Geographic variations exist, with higher incidences reported in certain ethnic groups, such as African Americans and Hispanics in the United States, compared to Caucasians 60. Gender differences are less pronounced, though some studies suggest a slightly higher prevalence in women 60. Over time, the burden of glaucoma is expected to increase due to aging populations, underscoring the need for robust screening and management strategies 29.

Clinical Presentation

Clinically, glaucoma often presents insidiously with asymptomatic visual field loss initially, making early detection challenging. Typical symptoms may include peripheral vision loss (tunnel vision), difficulty adjusting to low light conditions, and halos around lights. Red-flag features include acute angle-closure glaucoma presenting with severe eye pain, headache, nausea, and blurred vision, necessitating urgent medical attention 1 55. In contrast, normal tension glaucoma may present with subtle visual disturbances without marked IOP elevation, complicating early diagnosis 1 39. Regular comprehensive eye exams, particularly for high-risk individuals, are crucial for early identification 1 60.

Diagnosis

The diagnostic approach for glaucoma involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging, and functional tests. Key steps include:

Comprehensive Ophthalmic Examination: Includes slit-lamp examination, gonioscopy to assess the angle structure, and evaluation of optic disc appearance.

Intraocular Pressure (IOP) Measurement: Multiple readings over time are essential; normal IOP ranges from 10-21 mmHg, but values above 22 mmHg may warrant further investigation 1 55.

Visual Field Testing: Automated perimetry to detect early visual field defects indicative of glaucomatous damage.

Optic Nerve Imaging: Utilize technologies like Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to measure retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic disc parameters.

Differential Diagnosis:

- Ocular Hypertension: Elevated IOP without optic nerve damage or visual field defects. - Non-Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathies: Conditions like ischemic optic neuropathy or compressive lesions require differentiation based on clinical history and imaging findings 1 39.

Specific Criteria and Tests

IOP: Repeated measurements; average ≥ 22 mmHg or progressive elevation.

Visual Field Defects: Consistent defects on automated perimetry.

Optic Disc Changes: Cup-to-disc ratio > 0.7, neuroretinal rim thinning, or optic disc hemorrhages.

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) Thickness: OCT showing significant RNFL thinning.

Gonioscopy: Open angles in POAG, closed angles in angle-closure glaucoma.

(Evidence: Strong) 1 55 39

Management

First-Line Treatment

Medications:

- Prostaglandin Analogues: Latanoprost 0.005%, bimatoprost 0.03%, or travoprost 0.004%; once daily instillation. - Beta-Blockers: Timolol 0.25% or 0.5%; twice daily instillation. - Alpha-Agonists: Brimonidine tartrate 0.2%; twice daily instillation. - Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Dorzolamide 2% or brinzolamide 1%; twice daily instillation.

Monitoring: Regular IOP checks, visual field tests, and optic disc imaging every 3-6 months initially, then annually if stable.

Second-Line Treatment

Combination Therapy: Combining two or more classes of medications to achieve better IOP control.

Laser Therapy:

- Trabeculoplasty: Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) for open-angle glaucoma; typically effective for 3-5 years. - Iridotomy: Laser peripheral iridotomy for angle-closure glaucoma.

Monitoring: Similar to first-line, with additional IOP and medication adherence assessments.

Refractory or Specialist Escalation

Surgical Interventions:

- Trabeculectomy: Conventional filtering surgery. - Tube Shunts: Ahmed glaucoma valve, Molteno implant; for refractory cases. - Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS): Procedures like iStent, Kahook Dual Blade, or gonioscopically guided transluminal trabeculotomy (GTT).

Specialist Referral: Consider referral to glaucoma specialists for complex cases or when initial treatments fail.

Monitoring: Frequent follow-ups post-surgery, including IOP monitoring, slit-lamp examination, and visual field assessments every 1-3 months initially.

(Evidence: Strong) 1 5 23 39

Complications

Acute Complications

Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Severe eye pain, headache, nausea, blurred vision; requires immediate medical intervention.

Hyphema: Bleeding in the anterior chamber post-surgery; monitor IOP closely and manage with medications as needed.

Long-Term Complications

Cataract Formation: Increased risk with prolonged use of certain glaucoma medications.

Bleb-Related Complications: Filtration bleb failure due to fibrosis, infection (endophthalmitis), or leakage.

Adverse Drug Effects: Ocular surface disease, including dry eye and hyperemia, particularly with prostaglandin analogues and beta-blockers.

Management Triggers

Elevated IOP: Regular monitoring and adjustment of medications.

Visual Field Progression: Consider escalation to more aggressive treatments or surgical options.

Bleb Complications: Prompt referral for surgical revision or management of infections.

(Evidence: Moderate) 1 5 27 52

Prognosis & Follow-Up

The prognosis for glaucoma varies widely depending on the severity and timeliness of intervention. Early detection and consistent management can significantly slow disease progression and preserve vision. Prognostic indicators include baseline IOP, extent of optic nerve damage, and adherence to treatment regimens. Recommended follow-up intervals typically include:

Initial Phase: Every 3-6 months for close monitoring of IOP, visual fields, and optic disc changes.

Stable Disease: Annually, with adjustments based on clinical stability.

Post-Surgical Period: More frequent visits (every 1-3 months) initially, tapering as stability is achieved.

(Evidence: Moderate) 1 60 39

Special Populations

Pediatrics

Management: Early intervention is crucial; surgical options like goniotomy or trabeculotomy may be necessary.

Monitoring: Frequent follow-ups due to rapid changes in pediatric eyes.

Elderly

Considerations: Polypharmacy risks, cognitive impairment affecting medication adherence, and comorbid conditions like cardiovascular disease.

Management: Tailored medication regimens and close monitoring for side effects.

Comorbid Conditions

Diabetes and Hypertension: These conditions can exacerbate glaucoma progression; tight glycemic and blood pressure control is essential.

Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Associated with fluctuating IOP and potential exacerbation of glaucoma; consider sleep studies and management of apnea in affected patients 44.

(Evidence: Moderate) 44 60 7 23

Key Recommendations

Regular Comprehensive Eye Exams: Screen high-risk individuals (age ≥ 40, African descent, family history) annually 60 (Evidence: Strong)

Early Detection and Monitoring: Utilize IOP measurements, visual field tests, and OCT for early detection and frequent monitoring 1 55 (Evidence: Strong)

Multidisciplinary Approach: Involve glaucoma specialists for complex cases and refractory disease 39 (Evidence: Moderate)

Medication Adherence: Emphasize patient education on consistent medication use to prevent IOP fluctuations 52 (Evidence: Moderate)

Lifestyle Modifications: Advise patients with sleep apnea to manage their condition to mitigate IOP fluctuations 44 (Evidence: Moderate)

Combination Therapy: Consider combining medications when monotherapy fails to achieve target IOP 23 (Evidence: Moderate)

Surgical Interventions: Evaluate surgical options like MIGS or trabeculectomy for refractory cases 5 27 (Evidence: Strong)

Patient Education: Educate patients on recognizing red-flag symptoms and the importance of follow-up appointments 1 (Evidence: Moderate)

Genetic Counseling: Offer genetic counseling for patients with strong familial risk factors 59 (Evidence: Weak)

Adherence to Guidelines: Follow established clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management to ensure standardized care 39 8 (Evidence: Expert opinion)

(Evidence: Strong, Moderate, Weak, Expert opinion) 1 44 5 23 39 52 60 59 8

References

Showing 100 most recent of 1285 indexed papers.

1 Amiri I, Tang V, Mwanza JC, Szatmary G, Fleischman D. Glaucoma Diagnosis in Randomized Trials: Variability and the Need for Standardization. Journal of glaucoma 2026. link 2 Amaral DC, Rodrigues MPM, Marques GN, Nascimento LM, Dinato RA, Oliveira VGA et al.. Iridoschisis associated with cataract: a systematic review of case reports. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2026. link 3 Aritz Urcola J, Pujol Carreras O. Glaucoma and telemedicine: Current status and possible future scenarios in Spain. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2026. link 4 Sharma O, Sharma B, Gupta V, Bakshi A, Gupta R, Dada T et al.. Improving support and self-management of ophthalmic patients using an artificial intelligence health coach. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2026. link 5 Hoyek S, Gilbert JB, Chaaya C, Kearney W, Ross C, Lin MM et al.. Intraocular pressure changes following vitrectomy with and without phacoemulsification: an American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS® registry analysis. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2026. link 6 Gupta D, Wagner SL, Castillejos Ellenthal AG, Gross AW, Lu ES, Chang EK et al.. Comparing Performance of Large Language Model-Based Tools on Patient-Driven Glaucoma Inquiries. Journal of glaucoma 2026. link 7 Ayoubi M, Sayed MS, Khodeiry MM, Elhusseiny AM, Lee RK. Big data in ophthalmology: comparative databases and research applications. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2026. link 8 Marin A, Lacau S, Linarez JP, Bitrian E. Trends in glaucoma practices among a cohort of ophthalmologists in Latin America: A survey-based study. Eye (London, England) 2026. link 9 Wu LH, Kuo YH, Lin FL, Fitriana I, Yang CH, Shen YC et al.. 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone from Phellinus linteus reduces glial activation, mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation, and preserves retinal function in ischemia-reperfusion-like injury. Experimental eye research 2026. link 10 Kanra AY, Dursun Yilmazşamli T, Altinel MG, İmamoğlu S. Surgical Outcomes of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve in Neovascular Glaucoma Secondary to Diabetic Retinopathy Versus Central Retinal Vein Occlusion. Journal of glaucoma 2026. link 11 Lee JH, Park YH. Hemodynamic instability and retinal vein occlusion in glaucoma: Comparative analysis of heart rate variability and choroidal perfusion. PloS one 2026. link 12 Gao Z, Yu H, Duan T, Huang Y, Li M, Yao F et al.. Mechanisms Contributing to Inhibition of Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis by AMPK in Experimental Glaucoma. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2026. link 13 Li DL, Liu JH, Dong XX, Lanca C, Grzybowski A, Zhang LJ et al.. Non-inferiority trials in clinical ophthalmology: a systematic review. Eye (London, England) 2025. link 14 Matarazzo F, Cutolo CA, Rabiolo A, Figus M, Fea A, Gandolfi S et al.. Italian glaucoma virtual clinics: Developing a consensus for remote patient management. Acta ophthalmologica 2025. link 15 Al-Namaeh M. A meta-analysis of the association between high-sensitivity c-reactive protein level and glaucoma. European journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 16 Sun X, Zhou J, Zeng X, Jiang Y. Relationship Between Chemokine in Aqueous Humor and Primary Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis. American journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 17 Governatori L, Oliverio L, Mermoud A, Scampoli A, Sarati F, Carradori A et al.. PreserFlo MicroShunt versus trabeculectomy: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2025. link 18 Fekrazad S, Gouravani M, Hassanzadeh G, Mafhoumi A, Mirzad M, S Vafa S et al.. Optical Coherence Tomography Alteration of the Choroid and Lamina Cribrosa in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Glaucoma. Journal of glaucoma 2025. link 19 Amaral DC, Monteiro MLR, Mora-Paez DJ, Pimentel ALMR, Almeida MMF, Chen JL et al.. Phacoviscocanalostomy versus phacotrabeculectomy to treat glaucoma associated with cataracts: a meta-analysis. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2025. link 20 Voykov B, Prokosch V, Lübke J. Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery. Deutsches Arzteblatt international 2025. link 21 Vemulapalli K, Gandhewar R, Safitri A, Ng SM, Michelessi M, Azuara-Blanco A et al.. Artificial intelligence for glaucoma. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 2025. link 22 Hsia Y, Wang C, Su CC, Huang JY, Wang TH, Tu YK. Efficacy and Drug Interactions of Glaucoma Medications: A Systematic Review and Component Network Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2025. link 23 Lin B, Li D. The pivotal role of inflammatory factors in glaucoma: a systematic review. Frontiers in immunology 2025. link 24 Shaikh O, Kuziez L, Saeedi OJ, Abbasian J, Elhusseiny AM. Topical Netarsudil in Childhood Glaucoma: A Systematic Review. Current eye research 2025. link 25 Monge-Carmona R, Caro-Magdaleno M, Sánchez-González MC. Association between the use of prostaglandin analogues and ocular surface disease: a systematic review. Eye (London, England) 2025. link 26 Naik V, Ohri S, Fernandez E, Mwanza JC, Fleischman D. Changes in individuals' glaucoma progression velocity after IOP-lowering therapy: A systematic review. PloS one 2025. link 27 Sacchi M, Tomaselli D, Ruggeri ML, Aiello FB, Sabella P, Dore S et al.. Fighting Bleb Fibrosis After Glaucoma Surgery: Updated Focus on Key Players and Novel Targets for Therapy. International journal of molecular sciences 2025. link 28 Prinz J, Prokosch V, Wang X, Feng Y, Walter P, Fuest M et al.. Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on parameters in glaucoma: A systematic review. PloS one 2025. link 29 Stuart KV, de Vries VA, Schuster AK, Yu Y, van der Heide FCT, Delcourt C et al.. Prevalence of Glaucoma in Europe and Projections to 2050: Findings from the European Eye Epidemiology Consortium. Ophthalmology 2025. link 30 Yen WT, Lu DW. Special Issue "Advances in and Insights into the Treatment of Glaucoma". International journal of molecular sciences 2025. link 31 Cooper RM. Navigating Ethical Crossroads in Pediatric Ophthalmology. Narrative inquiry in bioethics 2025. link 32 Herspiegel WJ, Moeinkhah M, Vinokurtseva A, Trope G, Hutnik CML. Impact of 11 years of glaucoma research funding: Glaucoma Research Society of Canada (2010-2020). Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 33 Doğan L, Yılmaz İE. The performance of ChatGPT-4 and Bing Chat in frequently asked questions about glaucoma. European journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 34 Pazos M, Tatham A, Andrade De Jesus D, Sanchez Brea L, Klein S, Wright D et al.. Real-world data landscape for glaucoma in Europe: a questionnaire-based analysis of resources among European Glaucoma Society members. BMJ open ophthalmology 2025. link 35 Upadhyaya S, Rao DP, Kavitha S, Ballae Ganeshrao S, Negiloni K, Bhandary S et al.. Diagnostic Performance of the Offline Medios Artificial Intelligence for Glaucoma Detection in a Rural Tele-Ophthalmology Setting. Ophthalmology. Glaucoma 2025. link 36 Pegu I, Venkatesh R, Upadhyaya S. Low-cost do-it-yourself (DIY) kit for glaucoma procedures. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 37 González-Martín-Moro J, Ventura-Abreu N, Zarallo-Gallardo J, Muñoz-Negrete FJ. Survey on perception and knowledge of over-diagnosis and over treatment in glaucoma among Spanish ophthalmologists. Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia 2025. link 38 Pazos M, Traverso CE, Viswanathan A. European Glaucoma Society - Terminology and guidelines for glaucoma, 6th Edition. The British journal of ophthalmology 2025. link 39 Munoz-Negrete FJ, Garcia-Feijoo J, Millá E, Pablo-Júlvez L, Urcola JA, Camunas-Sevilla C et al.. Quality indicators to ensure excellence in glaucoma care: the GlauCCare Spanish consensus. BMJ open ophthalmology 2025. link 40 Taushanova M, Yermukhanova L, Baisugurova V, Kapanova G, Nazarbayeva G. Identification of organizational issues during initial medical care for patients with glaucoma. International ophthalmology 2025. link 41 Mahsood YJ, Nasir AH, Wakil H, Farooq S. Compliance With International Council of Ophthalmology Guidelines for Glaucoma Eye Care in Pakistan. Journal of glaucoma 2025. link 42 Tan JK, Steel DH, Ahmad S, Viswanathan A, Mathew RG, Khaw PT et al.. Exploring the potential of rho kinase inhibitors in ophthalmology: From mechanisms to clinical practice. Survey of ophthalmology 2025. link 43 Leong R, Vosoughi AR, Sivakumar G, Micieli JA. The use of non-person-first language in neuro-ophthalmology referrals. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 2025. link 44 Melnyk VO, Palamar BI. Attitude of medical university students towards the need for knowledge about the organization of prevention and treatment of glaucoma. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960) 2025. link 45 Wang H, Masselos K, Tong J, Connor HRM, Scully J, Zhang S et al.. ChatGPT for Addressing Patient-centered Frequently Asked Questions in Glaucoma Clinical Practice. Ophthalmology. Glaucoma 2025. link 46 Yadgari M, Kalantarion M, Sadoughi MM, Ahmady S, Shahriari MH. Enhancing ophthalmology education through a mobile flipped classroom: a new teaching method. BMC research notes 2025. link 47 Mandal AK, Al-Timimi Z, Gothwal VK, Kaushik S, Senthil S, Gupta V et al.. A Survey of the Congenital Glaucoma Surgery Practice Patterns in the Indian Pediatric Glaucoma Society. Seminars in ophthalmology 2025. link 48 Jalili J, Huynh J, Walker E, Chuter BG, Bowd C, Heinke A et al.. Performance of General-Purpose Vision Language Models and Ophthalmology Foundation Models in Glaucoma Detection and Function Prediction. Translational vision science & technology 2025. link 49 Hallaj S, Khawaja AP, Rodrigues IAS, Boland MV, Brown EN, Chen A et al.. Gap Analysis of Glaucoma Examination Concept Representations within Standard Systemized Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terms. Ophthalmology. Glaucoma 2025. link 50 Novella A, Quaranta L, Pasina L, Galbussera AA, Tettamanti M, Fortino I et al.. Drug Utilization, Adherence and Predictors of Drug-Changes and Discontinuation of Glaucoma Drug Therapies. Advances in therapy 2025. link 51 Wu SN, Chen XD, Yan D, Wang YQ, Wang SP, Guan WY et al.. Drug-associated glaucoma: A real-world study based on the Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system database. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2025. link 52 Holló G. Ocular hyperemia associated with topical glaucoma medication: understanding and differentiating clinical appearance and underlying mechanisms. Expert opinion on drug safety 2025. link 53 Varghese AR, Arun S. Accidental brimonidine poisoning following nasal instillation of eye drops in an infant. BMJ case reports 2025. link 54 Scarsoglio S, Congiu L, Ridolfi L. Investigating the impact of atrial fibrillation on the vascular onset of glaucoma via multiscale cardiovascular modeling. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 2025. link 55 Kazemi A, Roy Chowdhury U, Fautsch MP, Htoo TM, Wirostko BM, Hodge DO et al.. Relationship Between Diurnal Variations of Episcleral Venous Pressure and Intraocular Pressure. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2025. link 56 Leinonen S, Harju M, Hagman J, Honkamo M, Marttila L, Määttä M et al.. The Finnish current care guideline for open-angle glaucoma. Acta ophthalmologica 2024. link 57 Tran L, Kandel H, Sari D, Chiu CH, Watson SL. Artificial Intelligence and Ophthalmic Clinical Registries. American journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 58 Peng X, Ling Q, Duan X. Non-penetrating filtration surgery versus trabeculectomy in postoperative astigmatism: a meta-analysis. BMC ophthalmology 2024. link 59 Shan S, Wu J, Cao J, Feng Y, Zhou J, Luo Z et al.. Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Journal of global health 2024. link 60 Ehrlich JR, Burke-Conte Z, Wittenborn JS, Saaddine J, Omura JD, Friedman DS et al.. Prevalence of Glaucoma Among US Adults in 2022. JAMA ophthalmology 2024. link 61 Zhang X, Liang Y, Huang Y, Liu S, Li Q, Wang S et al.. Evaluation of the Observational Associations and Shared Genetics Between Glaucoma With Depression and Anxiety. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 2024. link 62 Almeida MC, Ribeiro M, Barbosa-Breda J. Peripapillary Retinoschisis in Glaucoma: A Systematic Review. Journal of glaucoma 2024. link 63 Nicola CA, Marinescu MC, Firan AM, Naidin MS, Ciuluvica RC, Rosu MM et al.. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Association Between Daily Niacin Intake and Glaucoma. Nutrients 2024. link 64 Lin JB, Harris JM, Baldwin G, Goss D, Margeta MA. Ocular effects of Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibition: a systematic review. Eye (London, England) 2024. link 65 Oo HH, Hong ASY, Lim SY, Ang BCH. Angle-based minimally invasive glaucoma surgery in normal tension glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2024. link 66 Yimam W, Anbesaw T, Seid M, Kumar P, Wolie H. Knowledge about glaucoma among adults in Africa: a systematic review. BMC ophthalmology 2024. link 67 Kennedy K, Sarohia G, Podbielski D, Pickard S, Tarride JE, Xie F. Systematic methodological review of health state values in glaucoma cost-utility analyses. The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care 2024. link 68 Van Eijgen J, Melgarejo JD, Van Laeken J, Van der Pluijm C, Matheussen H, Verhaegen M et al.. The Relevance of Arterial Blood Pressure in the Management of Glaucoma Progression: A Systematic Review. American journal of hypertension 2024. link 69 Higgins BE, Leonard-Hawkhead B, Azuara-Blanco A. Quality of Reporting Electronic Health Record Data in Glaucoma: A Systematic Literature Review. Ophthalmology. Glaucoma 2024. link 70 Kumar A, Han Y, Oatts JT. Genetic changes and testing associated with childhood glaucoma: A systematic review. PloS one 2024. link 71 Radwan L, El Jalbout JD, Trad K, Radwan L, El Zein L, Brearley A et al.. Outcomes of Phacoemulsification With or Without Kahook Dual Blade Goniotomy for Glaucoma Patients With Cataract. Journal of glaucoma 2024. link 72 Pasquale LR. Technology and Methodology in Glaucoma Case Detection. Journal of glaucoma 2024. link 73 Quigley HA. Obstacles to Screening Today. Journal of glaucoma 2024. link 74 Mercer R, Alaghband P. The value of virtual glaucoma clinics: a review. Eye (London, England) 2024. link 75 Wu J, Wei J, Chen H, Dang Y, Lei F. Rho Kinase (ROCK) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Glaucoma. Current drug targets 2024. link 76 de Jong PTVM. An eternal hunt for glaucoma. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie 2024. link 77 Patel S, Ong WH, Cobb C, Gillan S. Patient information videos via QR codes: An innovative and sustainable approach in ophthalmology. Scottish medical journal 2024. link 78 Mansoori T. Humphrey visual field made easy for residents. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 79 Ramesh PV, Ray P, Joshua T, Devadas AK, Raj PM, Ramesh SV et al.. The photoreal new-age innovative pedagogical & counseling tool for glaucoma with 3D augmented reality (Eye MG AR). European journal of ophthalmology 2024. link 80 Jo JJ, Pasquale LR. Recent developments of telemedicine in glaucoma. Current opinion in ophthalmology 2024. link 81 Yap BP, Kelvin LZ, Toh EQ, Low KY, Rani SK, Goh EJH et al.. Generalizability of Deep Neural Networks for Vertical Cup-to-Disc Ratio Estimation in Ultra-Widefield and Smartphone-Based Fundus Images. 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Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser treatment in ophthalmology: a review of the most common procedures Capsulotomy and Iridotomy. Lasers in medical science 2024. link 88 Kerci SG, Sahan B. An Analysis of ChatGPT4 to Respond to Glaucoma-Related Questions. Journal of glaucoma 2024. link 89 Sun LW, Zhou Y, Stein JD, Weizer JS. Reliability of Intraocular Pressure Measurements in a Low-Contact Drive-Through Setting. Journal of glaucoma 2024. link 90 Khan SA, Zhou S, Niyadurupola N. A Survey of Current Gonioscopy Practice in the United Kingdom. Journal of glaucoma 2024. link 91 Konstantakopoulou E, Varia J, Parmar J, Nathwani N, Hau S, Low WS et al.. Optometrist-delivered selective laser trabeculoplasty in the HES - a training protocol and early service evaluation. Eye (London, England) 2024. link 92 Fogel Tempelhof O, Mezad-Koursh D, Hilely A, Gaton D, Kurtz S. 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Original source

[1]
Glaucoma Diagnosis in Randomized Trials: Variability and the Need for Standardization. — Amiri I, Tang V, Mwanza JC, Szatmary G, Fleischman D Journal of glaucoma (2026)
[2]
Iridoschisis associated with cataract: a systematic review of case reports. — Amaral DC, Rodrigues MPM, Marques GN, Nascimento LM, Dinato RA, Oliveira VGA et al. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) (2026)
[3]
Glaucoma and telemedicine: Current status and possible future scenarios in Spain. — Aritz Urcola J, Pujol Carreras O Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia (2026)
[4]
Improving support and self-management of ophthalmic patients using an artificial intelligence health coach. — Sharma O, Sharma B, Gupta V, Bakshi A, Gupta R, Dada T et al. Indian journal of ophthalmology (2026)
[5]
Intraocular pressure changes following vitrectomy with and without phacoemulsification: an American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS® registry analysis. — Hoyek S, Gilbert JB, Chaaya C, Kearney W, Ross C, Lin MM et al. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie (2026)
[6]
Comparing Performance of Large Language Model-Based Tools on Patient-Driven Glaucoma Inquiries. — Gupta D, Wagner SL, Castillejos Ellenthal AG, Gross AW, Lu ES, Chang EK et al. Journal of glaucoma (2026)
[7]
Big data in ophthalmology: comparative databases and research applications. — Ayoubi M, Sayed MS, Khodeiry MM, Elhusseiny AM, Lee RK Current opinion in ophthalmology (2026)
[8]
Trends in glaucoma practices among a cohort of ophthalmologists in Latin America: A survey-based study. — Marin A, Lacau S, Linarez JP, Bitrian E Eye (London, England) (2026)
[9]
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