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Gastroenterology105 papers

Solitary varix of esophagus

Last edited: 4/13/2026

Overview

Solitary varix of the esophagus is a rare vascular anomaly characterized by localized dilation of an esophageal vein, often asymptomatic but potentially causing symptoms related to compression or thrombosis. 31 39

Diagnosis

Ultrasound: Prenatal diagnosis possible via color Doppler ultrasonography 1 31 39.

Imaging: CT angiography, MRI, and multi-slice helical CT can aid in diagnosis 60 68 81.

Doppler Imaging: Color Doppler flow imaging useful for detecting blood flow within varix 76 88.

Endoscopic: Visual confirmation and assessment of symptoms 31.

Management

Conservative: Monitoring for complications in asymptomatic cases 31 39.

Interventional: Embolization with coils or sclerotherapy for symptomatic varix 22 23 44 74.

Surgical: Rarely indicated, typically reserved for complications like thrombosis or severe symptoms 22 23.

Special Populations

Pregnancy: Prenatal monitoring essential; favorable neonatal outcomes generally observed 1 31 39 40.

Pediatrics: Long-term outcomes generally favorable post-diagnosis 31 38.

Elderly: Specific considerations for complications and treatment efficacy may vary 31.

Key Recommendations

Prenatal Monitoring: Regular ultrasound surveillance for fetuses diagnosed with intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix to assess neonatal outcomes 1 31 40 (Evidence: Moderate).

Symptomatic Intervention: Consider interventional radiology techniques such as embolization or sclerotherapy for symptomatic esophageal varix 22 23 (Evidence: Weak).

Conservative Approach for Asymptomatic Cases: Monitor asymptomatic patients closely without immediate intervention 31 39 (Evidence: Expert opinion).

References

Showing 100 most recent of 101 indexed papers.

1 Levy R, Coad S, Burrows J. Isolated Fetal Intra-Abdominal Umbilical Vein Varix: A Retrospective Review of Perinatal Outcomes and Review of the Literature. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC 2026. link 2 Hasen MA, de Lotbiniere-Bassett M, Couldwell WT. Transmaxillary Approach for the Resection of Inferior Orbital Venous Varix: Technical Case Instruction. Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) 2026. link 3 Fraenkel Merzbach R, Rotem R, Valsky DV, Sela HY, Yagel S, Rottenstreich M. Management of fetal umbilical vein varix: a survey-based analysis of current clinical practice. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2026. link 4 Mitcham MG, Stevens JL, Conklin CE, Timoney PJ. Unique Presentation of Pediatric Orbital Varix. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2025. link 5 Moorthy A, Shirgaonkar R, Bal SK, Patro M, Patel RK. A lung cyst harbouring a congenital pulmonary varix. BMJ case reports 2024. link 6 Pande O, Makaram N, Swaminathan R. Effect of Extra-abdominal Vein Varix on the Stress Distribution in Umbilical Cord: A Simulation Study. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference 2023. link 7 Spiess K, Elgohary MA. DIAGNOSIS OF VORTEX VARIX USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND SCLERAL INDENTATION. Retinal cases & brief reports 2022. link 8 de Carlo TE, Mieler W. DYNAMIC ECHOGRAPHY OF VARIX OF THE VORTEX VEIN AMPULLA. Retinal cases & brief reports 2021. link 9 Weidmayer SL, Demirci H. The spontaneous resolution of a vortex vein varix: case report. BMC ophthalmology 2021. link 10 Maruyama T, Kariya S, Nakatani M, Ono Y, Ueno Y, Komemushi A et al.. Congenital pulmonary varix: Two case reports. Medicine 2021. link 11 Jun D, Kim JK, Kim J, Lee JH. An Orbital Venous Varix Presenting as a Strain-Induced Lower Eyelid Mass. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 2021. link 12 Pichler Sekulic S, Glasgow A, Wasman J, Sabik JF, Fitzsimons B, Sekulic M. Cardiac varix: an example via a case report of a radiological mimicker of cardiac myxoma. Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology 2020. link 13 Cassidy-Vu L, Clark S, Cuka N. Extra-abdominal umbilical vein varix in a newborn. BMJ case reports 2019. link 14 Hmida B, Mnari W, Maatouk M, Zrig A, Golli M. Orbital varix: rare cause of blepharospasm. The Pan African medical journal 2019. link 15 Arun J, Peter A D R. Simultaneous Bilateral Thrombosed Orbital Varices: A Case Report. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2019. link 16 Jain P, Finger PT. Iris varix: 10-year experience with 28 eyes. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2019. link 17 Sandberg JK, Hulett-Bowling R, Khanna G. Case 253: Thrombosed Umbilical Venous Varix in an Infant. Radiology 2018. link 18 Oh DJ, Liu CY, Putterman AM. Angular Vein Varix Congestion From Chronic Glasses Wear. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2018. link 19 Saunders RS, Scansen BA, Jung SS, Khabiri H, Wilkie DA. Use of an intravenous sclerosing foam (3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate) for treatment of orbital varix in a dog. Veterinary ophthalmology 2018. link 20 Ozturk M, Aslan S, Ceyhan Bilgici M, Idil Soylu A, Aydin K. Spontaneous thrombosis of a giant cerebral varix in a pediatric patient. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery 2017. link 21 Ghadiali Q, Tan A, Freund KB. UNUSUAL POSTERIOR VARIX OF A VORTEX VEIN AMPULLA. Retinal cases & brief reports 2017. link 22 Shakur SF, Brunozzi D, Setabutr P, Hussein AE, Charbel FT, Alaraj A. Transorbital Glue Embolization of a Recurrent Venous Varix Using Real-Time Image Guidance in the Neuroangiography Suite. World neurosurgery 2017. link 23 Vadlamudi V, Gemmete JJ, Chaudhary N, Pandey AS, Kahana A. Transvenous sclerotherapy of a large symptomatic orbital venous varix using a microcatheter balloon and bleomycin. Journal of neurointerventional surgery 2016. link 24 Haddad J, Badran A, Pavão R, de Padua AI, Lago I, Marin Neto JA. Pulmonary varix: A case report. Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology 2016. link 25 Tan ZG, Zhou Q, Cui Y, Yi L, Ouyang Y, Jiang Y. Extra-axial isolated cerebral varix misdiagnosed as convexity meningioma: A case report and review of literatures. Medicine 2016. link 26 Vadlamudi V, Gemmete JJ, Chaudhary N, Pandey AS, Kahana A. Transvenous sclerotherapy of a large symptomatic orbital venous varix using a microcatheter balloon and bleomycin. BMJ case reports 2015. link 27 Wasielewski LP, Lally DR, Waheed NK. Confirmation of Choroidal Varix Through Divot Sign on Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2015. link 28 Kumar RR, Singh A, Singh A. Embolization of a deep orbital varix through endovascular route. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2015. link 29 Lazos JP, Piemonte ED, Panico RL. Oral varix: a review. Gerodontology 2015. link 30 Holloway A, Donaldson D, Kafarnik C. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-THROMBOSED ORBITAL VARIX IN A DOG. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association 2015. link 31 Beraud E, Rozel C, Milon J, Darnault P. Umbilical vein varix: Importance of ante- and post-natal monitoring by ultrasound. Diagnostic and interventional imaging 2015. link 32 Mokhtarzadeh A, Garrity JA, Cloft HJ. Recurrent orbital varices after surgical excision with and without prior embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate. American journal of ophthalmology 2014. link 33 Adam CR, Sigler EJ, Randolph JC, Calzada JI. Submacular choroidal varix simulating chorioretinal folds with metamorphopsia. Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina 2013. link 34 Wade RG, Maddock TB, Ananth S. Orbital varix thrombosis: a rare cause of unilateral proptosis. BMJ case reports 2013. link 35 Matlach J, Kasper K, Kasper B, Klink T. Successful argon and diode laser photocoagulation treatment of an iris varix with recurrent hemorrhage. European journal of ophthalmology 2013. link 36 Kawakatsu M, Fujiwara M. Venous varix on the dorsal aspect of the thumb: report of two cases. Hand surgery : an international journal devoted to hand and upper limb surgery and related research : journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand 2013. link 37 Kanenishi K, Nitta E, Mashima M, Hanaoka U, Koyano K, Tanaka H et al.. HDlive imaging of intra-amniotic umbilical vein varix with thrombosis. Placenta 2013. link 38 Melcer Y, Ben-Ami I, Wiener Y, Livne A, Herman A, Maymon R. Long-term outcomes of children with umbilical vein varix diagnosed prenatally. Prenatal diagnosis 2013. link 39 Héry G, Quarello E, Gorincour G, Franchi S, Gauthier F, de Lagausie P. Extrahepatic vitelline vein aneurysm: prenatal diagnosis and follow up. Journal of pediatric surgery 2013. link 40 Bas-Lando M, Rabinowitz R, Samueloff A, Latinsky B, Schimmel MS, Chen O et al.. The prenatal diagnosis of isolated fetal varix of the intra-abdominal umbilical vein is associated with favorable neonatal outcome at term: a case series. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2013. link 41 Kato K, Yamane T, Suzuki S, Matsumoto M. Intracardiac varix of the left atrium. European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery 2012. link 42 Berecova Z, Neuschl V, Boruta P, Masura J, Ghersin E. A complex pulmonary vein varix -- diagnosis with ECG gated MDCT, MRI and invasive pulmonary angiography. Journal of radiology case reports 2012. link 43 Shiraishi M, Kimura C, Yamaguchi A, Adachi H. Cardiac varix in the right atrium. Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery 2012. link 44 Trocciola SM, Yee H, Balsam LB, Gianos E, DeAnda A. Cardiac varix presenting as a right atrial mass. Journal of cardiac surgery 2011. link 45 Zakka FR, Jakobiec FA, Thakker MM. Eyelid varix with phlebolith formation, thrombus recanalization, and early intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2011. link 46 Kawakatsu M, Fujiwara M, Iwasaki K, Sumiya A. A case of venous varix of the volar digit and review of the literature. Hand surgery : an international journal devoted to hand and upper limb surgery and related research : journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand 2009. link 47 Phan IT, Hoyt WF, McCulley TJ, Hwang TN. Blindness from orbital varices: case report. Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2009. link 48 Couch SM, Garrity JA, Cameron JD, Cloft HJ. Embolization of orbital varices with N-butyl cyanoacrylate as an aid in surgical excision: results of 4 cases with histopathologic examination. American journal of ophthalmology 2009. link 49 Neiberg MN. An unusual presentation of a lid varix. Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.) 2009. link 50 Weissmann-Brenner A, Simchen MJ, Moran O, Kassif E, Achiron R, Zalel Y. Isolated fetal umbilical vein varix--prenatal sonographic diagnosis and suggested management. Prenatal diagnosis 2009. link 51 Prabhakaran VC, Selva D. Pulsating enophthalmos in association with an orbital varix. Indian journal of ophthalmology 2009. link 52 Tsai AS, Fong KS, Lim W, Al Jajeh I, Chuah CT, Rootman J. Bilateral orbital varices: an approach to management. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 2008. link 53 Kumazoe H, Komori M, Ochiai R, Egashira R, Nakazono T, Kudo S. Pulmonary varix mimicking arteriovenous malformation. Clinical imaging 2008. link 54 Tofuku K, Koga H, Yone K, Komiya S. Spontaneous regression of symptomatic lumbar epidural varix: a case report. Spine 2007. link 55 Imperial MT, Cheah E, Fong KS. An unusual clinical presentation of angular vein varix. Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2006. link 56 Tanju S, Ustuner E, Deda H, Erden I. Cerebral varix simulating a meningioma: use of 3D magnetic resonance venography for diagnosis. Current problems in diagnostic radiology 2006. link 57 Kim KH, Jeong MH, Lim SY, Lee SR, Hong SN, Sohn IS et al.. Varix of the right atrium. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 2006. link 58 Adkins EA, Ward DA, Daniel GB, Wooten PT. Coil embolization of a congenital orbital varix in a dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2005. link 59 Levy J, Yagev R, Shelef I, Lifshitz T. Varix of the vortex vein ampulla: a small case series. European journal of ophthalmology 2005. link 60 White JH, Fox AJ, Symons SP. Diagnosis and anatomic mapping of an orbital varix by computed tomographic angiography. American journal of ophthalmology 2005. link 61 Abujudeh H. Pulmonary varix: blood flow is essential in the diagnosis. Pediatric radiology 2004. link 62 Andrikakos P, Gallis P, Christopoulos A, Flabouriaris S, Mylona M, Dimopoulos PA. An asymptomatic pulmonary hilar mass: a case report. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) 2004. link 63 Yoshimoto M, Matsumoto S. Orbital varix rupture during cataract surgery. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery 2004. link 64 Menon SV, Shome D, Mahesh L, Subramanian N, Krishnakumar S, Biswas J et al.. Thrombosed orbital varix -- a correlation between imaging studies and histopathology. Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2004. link 65 Oomman A, Ramachandran P, Santhosham R, Sridhar LF, Ramesh B, Jayaraman S. Cardiac varix in relation to right atrial free wall presenting as a mass compressing the right atrium and mimicking a pericardial cyst. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2004. link 66 Wiebe S, Maclusky I, Manson D, Holowka S, Yoo SJ. Hemoptysis: a rare cause can be related to a bronchial varix due to pulmonary venous obstruction. Pediatric radiology 2003. link 67 Remadi JP, BenAmar A, Baron O. Varix of the heart. The Annals of thoracic surgery 2001. link02406-1) 68 Vanherreweghe E, Rigauts H, Bogaerts Y, Meeus L. Pulmonary vein varix: diagnosis with multi-slice helical CT. European radiology 2000. link 69 Zalel Y, Lehavi O, Heifetz S, Aizenstein O, Dolitzki M, Lipitz S et al.. Varix of the fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein: prenatal sonographic diagnosis and suggested in utero management. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000. link 70 Kang HK, Beaumont PE, Chang AA. Indocyanine green angiographic features of varix of the vortex vein ampulla. Clinical & experimental ophthalmology 2000. link 71 Shields JA, Shields CL, Pulido J, Eagle RC, Nothnagel AF. Iris varix simulating an iris melanoma. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) 2000. link 72 Asano K, Sobata E, Kubo O. Subepicranial varix mimicking sinus pericranii: usefulness of three-dimensional computed tomography angiography and bone window computed tomography--case report. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2000. link 73 Savas R, Ozacar R, Ertugrul G, Calli C, Memis A, Yunten N et al.. Varix of the inferior pulmonary vein: computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography findings. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace 1999. link 74 Weill A, Cognard C, Castaings L, Robert G, Moret J. Embolization of an orbital varix after surgical exposure. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 1998. link 75 Nasr AM, Huaman AM. Anterior orbital varix presenting as a lacrimal sac mucocele. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 1998. link 76 Kawaguchi S, Nakase H, Noguchi H, Yonezawa T, Morimoto T, Sakaki T. Orbital varix diagnosed by color Doppler flow imaging--case report. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 1997. link 77 Shields JA, Eagle RC, Shields CL, De Potter P, Shapiro RS. Orbital varix presenting as a subconjunctival mass. Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery 1995. link 78 Takechi A, Uozumi T, Kiya K, Yano T, Sumida M, Yoshikawa S et al.. Embolisation of orbital varix. Neuroradiology 1994. link 79 Toher C, Krug H, Archer SL. Diagnosis of pulmonary vein varix by transesophageal echocardiography. Chest 1993. link 80 Wildenhain PM, Lehár SC, Dastur KJ, Dodd GD. Orbital varix: color flow imaging correlated with CT and MR studies. Journal of computer assisted tomography 1991. link 81 Wildenhain PM, Bourekas EC. Pulmonary varix: magnetic resonance findings. Catheterization and cardiovascular diagnosis 1991. link 82 Shibata Y, Hyodo A, Tsuboi K, Yoshii Y, Nose T. Isolated cerebral varix with magnetic resonance imaging findings--case report. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 1991. link 83 Sussman SK, Jacobs JE, Glickstein MF, Foley LC. Cross-sectional imaging of idiopathic solitary renal vein varix: report of two cases. Urologic radiology 1991. link 84 Baskararajan G. Orbital phleboliths. Indian journal of ophthalmology 1990. link 85 Tulloh BR, Nicholson FJ. Bleeding anorectal varix. The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery 1990. link 86 Kubota T, Kuroda E, Fujii T, Kawano H, Kabuto M, Hayashi M. Orbital varix with a pearly phlebolith. Case report. Journal of neurosurgery 1990. link 87 Bullock JD, Goldberg SH, Connelly PJ. Orbital varix thrombosis. Ophthalmology 1990. link32615-5) 88 Lieb WE, Merton DA, Shields JA, Cohen SM, Mitchell DD, Goldberg BB. Colour Doppler imaging in the demonstration of an orbital varix. The British journal of ophthalmology 1990. link 89 Phanthumchinda K, Locharernkul C, Hemachudha T. Intermittent exophthalmos. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 1989. link 90 Curry NS, Frangos DN, Stanley JH. Thrombosed right renal vein varix simulating a renal pelvic mass. Urologic radiology 1987. link 91 Osborn RE, DeWitt JD, Lester PD, Yamanashi WS. Magnetic resonance imaging of an orbital varix with CT and ultrasound correlation. Computerized radiology : official journal of the Computerized Tomography Society 1986. link90099-5) 92 Lopez P. Varix of the vortex vein ampulla. Journal of the American Optometric Association 1986. link 93 Asayama J, Shiguma R, Katsume H, Ijichi H. Pulmonary varix. Angiology 1984. link 94 Handa J, Suda K, Sato M. Cerebral venous angioma associated with varix. Surgical neurology 1984. link90447-6) 95 Chaise LS, Soulen RL, Teplick S, Patrick H. Computed tomographic diagnosis of pulmonary varix. The Journal of computed tomography 1983. link90093-0) 96 Rivas JJ, Lobato RD, Cordobés F, Barcena A, Millán JM. Intermittent exophthalmos studied with computerized tomography. Report of two cases. Journal of neurosurgery 1982. link 97 Rosenblum P, Zilkha A. Sudden visual loss secondary to an orbital varix. Survey of ophthalmology 1978. link90200-x) 98 Chilton SJ, Campbell JB. Pulmonary varix in early infancy: case report with 8-year follow up. Radiology 1978. link 99 Golan A, Savir H, Matz S. Intermittent exophthalmos due to orbital varicose vein accompanied by varicose veins of the legs. Annals of ophthalmology 1976. link 100 Arnett JC, Patton RM. Pulmonary varix. Thorax 1976. link

Original source

[1]
Isolated Fetal Intra-Abdominal Umbilical Vein Varix: A Retrospective Review of Perinatal Outcomes and Review of the Literature. — Levy R, Coad S, Burrows J Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC (2026)
[2]
Transmaxillary Approach for the Resection of Inferior Orbital Venous Varix: Technical Case Instruction. — Hasen MA, de Lotbiniere-Bassett M, Couldwell WT Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) (2026)
[3]
Management of fetal umbilical vein varix: a survey-based analysis of current clinical practice. — Fraenkel Merzbach R, Rotem R, Valsky DV, Sela HY, Yagel S, Rottenstreich M Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2026)
[4]
Unique Presentation of Pediatric Orbital Varix. — Mitcham MG, Stevens JL, Conklin CE, Timoney PJ Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery (2025)
[5]
A lung cyst harbouring a congenital pulmonary varix. — Moorthy A, Shirgaonkar R, Bal SK, Patro M, Patel RK BMJ case reports (2024)
[6]
Effect of Extra-abdominal Vein Varix on the Stress Distribution in Umbilical Cord: A Simulation Study. — Pande O, Makaram N, Swaminathan R Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference (2023)
[7]
DIAGNOSIS OF VORTEX VARIX USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND SCLERAL INDENTATION. — Spiess K, Elgohary MA Retinal cases & brief reports (2022)
[8]
DYNAMIC ECHOGRAPHY OF VARIX OF THE VORTEX VEIN AMPULLA. — de Carlo TE, Mieler W Retinal cases & brief reports (2021)
[9]
The spontaneous resolution of a vortex vein varix: case report. — Weidmayer SL, Demirci H BMC ophthalmology (2021)
[10]
Congenital pulmonary varix: Two case reports. — Maruyama T, Kariya S, Nakatani M, Ono Y, Ueno Y, Komemushi A et al. Medicine (2021)
[11]
An Orbital Venous Varix Presenting as a Strain-Induced Lower Eyelid Mass. — Jun D, Kim JK, Kim J, Lee JH The Journal of craniofacial surgery (2021)
[12]
Cardiac varix: an example via a case report of a radiological mimicker of cardiac myxoma. — Pichler Sekulic S, Glasgow A, Wasman J, Sabik JF, Fitzsimons B, Sekulic M Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology (2020)
[13]
Extra-abdominal umbilical vein varix in a newborn. — Cassidy-Vu L, Clark S, Cuka N BMJ case reports (2019)
[14]
Orbital varix: rare cause of blepharospasm. — Hmida B, Mnari W, Maatouk M, Zrig A, Golli M The Pan African medical journal (2019)
[15]
Simultaneous Bilateral Thrombosed Orbital Varices: A Case Report. — Arun J, Peter A D R Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery (2019)
[16]
Iris varix: 10-year experience with 28 eyes. — Jain P, Finger PT Indian journal of ophthalmology (2019)
[17]
Case 253: Thrombosed Umbilical Venous Varix in an Infant. — Sandberg JK, Hulett-Bowling R, Khanna G Radiology (2018)
[18]
Angular Vein Varix Congestion From Chronic Glasses Wear. — Oh DJ, Liu CY, Putterman AM Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery (2018)
[19]
Use of an intravenous sclerosing foam (3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate) for treatment of orbital varix in a dog. — Saunders RS, Scansen BA, Jung SS, Khabiri H, Wilkie DA Veterinary ophthalmology (2018)
[20]
Spontaneous thrombosis of a giant cerebral varix in a pediatric patient. — Ozturk M, Aslan S, Ceyhan Bilgici M, Idil Soylu A, Aydin K Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (2017)
[21]
UNUSUAL POSTERIOR VARIX OF A VORTEX VEIN AMPULLA. — Ghadiali Q, Tan A, Freund KB Retinal cases & brief reports (2017)
[22]
Transorbital Glue Embolization of a Recurrent Venous Varix Using Real-Time Image Guidance in the Neuroangiography Suite. — Shakur SF, Brunozzi D, Setabutr P, Hussein AE, Charbel FT, Alaraj A World neurosurgery (2017)
[23]
Transvenous sclerotherapy of a large symptomatic orbital venous varix using a microcatheter balloon and bleomycin. — Vadlamudi V, Gemmete JJ, Chaudhary N, Pandey AS, Kahana A Journal of neurointerventional surgery (2016)
[24]
Pulmonary varix: A case report. — Haddad J, Badran A, Pavão R, de Padua AI, Lago I, Marin Neto JA Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology (2016)
[25]
Extra-axial isolated cerebral varix misdiagnosed as convexity meningioma: A case report and review of literatures. — Tan ZG, Zhou Q, Cui Y, Yi L, Ouyang Y, Jiang Y Medicine (2016)
[26]
Transvenous sclerotherapy of a large symptomatic orbital venous varix using a microcatheter balloon and bleomycin. — Vadlamudi V, Gemmete JJ, Chaudhary N, Pandey AS, Kahana A BMJ case reports (2015)
[27]
Confirmation of Choroidal Varix Through Divot Sign on Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. — Wasielewski LP, Lally DR, Waheed NK Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina (2015)
[28]
Embolization of a deep orbital varix through endovascular route. — Kumar RR, Singh A, Singh A Indian journal of ophthalmology (2015)
[29]
Oral varix: a review. — Lazos JP, Piemonte ED, Panico RL Gerodontology (2015)
[30]
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-THROMBOSED ORBITAL VARIX IN A DOG. — Holloway A, Donaldson D, Kafarnik C Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association (2015)
[31]
Umbilical vein varix: Importance of ante- and post-natal monitoring by ultrasound. — Beraud E, Rozel C, Milon J, Darnault P Diagnostic and interventional imaging (2015)
[32]
Recurrent orbital varices after surgical excision with and without prior embolization with n-butyl cyanoacrylate. — Mokhtarzadeh A, Garrity JA, Cloft HJ American journal of ophthalmology (2014)
[33]
Submacular choroidal varix simulating chorioretinal folds with metamorphopsia. — Adam CR, Sigler EJ, Randolph JC, Calzada JI Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina (2013)
[34]
Orbital varix thrombosis: a rare cause of unilateral proptosis. — Wade RG, Maddock TB, Ananth S BMJ case reports (2013)
[35]
Successful argon and diode laser photocoagulation treatment of an iris varix with recurrent hemorrhage. — Matlach J, Kasper K, Kasper B, Klink T European journal of ophthalmology (2013)
[36]
Venous varix on the dorsal aspect of the thumb: report of two cases. — Kawakatsu M, Fujiwara M Hand surgery : an international journal devoted to hand and upper limb surgery and related research : journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand (2013)
[37]
HDlive imaging of intra-amniotic umbilical vein varix with thrombosis. — Kanenishi K, Nitta E, Mashima M, Hanaoka U, Koyano K, Tanaka H et al. Placenta (2013)
[38]
Long-term outcomes of children with umbilical vein varix diagnosed prenatally. — Melcer Y, Ben-Ami I, Wiener Y, Livne A, Herman A, Maymon R Prenatal diagnosis (2013)
[39]
Extrahepatic vitelline vein aneurysm: prenatal diagnosis and follow up. — Héry G, Quarello E, Gorincour G, Franchi S, Gauthier F, de Lagausie P Journal of pediatric surgery (2013)
[40]
The prenatal diagnosis of isolated fetal varix of the intra-abdominal umbilical vein is associated with favorable neonatal outcome at term: a case series. — Bas-Lando M, Rabinowitz R, Samueloff A, Latinsky B, Schimmel MS, Chen O et al. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2013)
[41]
Intracardiac varix of the left atrium. — Kato K, Yamane T, Suzuki S, Matsumoto M European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery (2012)
[42]
A complex pulmonary vein varix -- diagnosis with ECG gated MDCT, MRI and invasive pulmonary angiography. — Berecova Z, Neuschl V, Boruta P, Masura J, Ghersin E Journal of radiology case reports (2012)
[43]
Cardiac varix in the right atrium. — Shiraishi M, Kimura C, Yamaguchi A, Adachi H Interactive cardiovascular and thoracic surgery (2012)
[44]
Cardiac varix presenting as a right atrial mass. — Trocciola SM, Yee H, Balsam LB, Gianos E, DeAnda A Journal of cardiac surgery (2011)
[45]
Eyelid varix with phlebolith formation, thrombus recanalization, and early intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia. — Zakka FR, Jakobiec FA, Thakker MM Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery (2011)
[46]
A case of venous varix of the volar digit and review of the literature. — Kawakatsu M, Fujiwara M, Iwasaki K, Sumiya A Hand surgery : an international journal devoted to hand and upper limb surgery and related research : journal of the Asia-Pacific Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand (2009)
[47]
Blindness from orbital varices: case report. — Phan IT, Hoyt WF, McCulley TJ, Hwang TN Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2009)
[48]
Embolization of orbital varices with N-butyl cyanoacrylate as an aid in surgical excision: results of 4 cases with histopathologic examination. — Couch SM, Garrity JA, Cameron JD, Cloft HJ American journal of ophthalmology (2009)
[49]
An unusual presentation of a lid varix. — Neiberg MN Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.) (2009)
[50]
Isolated fetal umbilical vein varix--prenatal sonographic diagnosis and suggested management. — Weissmann-Brenner A, Simchen MJ, Moran O, Kassif E, Achiron R, Zalel Y Prenatal diagnosis (2009)
[51]
Pulsating enophthalmos in association with an orbital varix. — Prabhakaran VC, Selva D Indian journal of ophthalmology (2009)
[52]
Bilateral orbital varices: an approach to management. — Tsai AS, Fong KS, Lim W, Al Jajeh I, Chuah CT, Rootman J Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery (2008)
[53]
Pulmonary varix mimicking arteriovenous malformation. — Kumazoe H, Komori M, Ochiai R, Egashira R, Nakazono T, Kudo S Clinical imaging (2008)
[54]
Spontaneous regression of symptomatic lumbar epidural varix: a case report. — Tofuku K, Koga H, Yone K, Komiya S Spine (2007)
[55]
An unusual clinical presentation of angular vein varix. — Imperial MT, Cheah E, Fong KS Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2006)
[56]
Cerebral varix simulating a meningioma: use of 3D magnetic resonance venography for diagnosis. — Tanju S, Ustuner E, Deda H, Erden I Current problems in diagnostic radiology (2006)
[57]
Varix of the right atrium. — Kim KH, Jeong MH, Lim SY, Lee SR, Hong SN, Sohn IS et al. Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society (2006)
[58]
Coil embolization of a congenital orbital varix in a dog. — Adkins EA, Ward DA, Daniel GB, Wooten PT Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (2005)
[59]
Varix of the vortex vein ampulla: a small case series. — Levy J, Yagev R, Shelef I, Lifshitz T European journal of ophthalmology (2005)
[60]
Diagnosis and anatomic mapping of an orbital varix by computed tomographic angiography. — White JH, Fox AJ, Symons SP American journal of ophthalmology (2005)
[61]
Pulmonary varix: blood flow is essential in the diagnosis. — Abujudeh H Pediatric radiology (2004)
[62]
An asymptomatic pulmonary hilar mass: a case report. — Andrikakos P, Gallis P, Christopoulos A, Flabouriaris S, Mylona M, Dimopoulos PA Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987) (2004)
[63]
Orbital varix rupture during cataract surgery. — Yoshimoto M, Matsumoto S Journal of cataract and refractive surgery (2004)
[64]
Thrombosed orbital varix -- a correlation between imaging studies and histopathology. — Menon SV, Shome D, Mahesh L, Subramanian N, Krishnakumar S, Biswas J et al. Orbit (Amsterdam, Netherlands) (2004)
[65]
Cardiac varix in relation to right atrial free wall presenting as a mass compressing the right atrium and mimicking a pericardial cyst. — Oomman A, Ramachandran P, Santhosham R, Sridhar LF, Ramesh B, Jayaraman S The Annals of thoracic surgery (2004)
[66]
Hemoptysis: a rare cause can be related to a bronchial varix due to pulmonary venous obstruction. — Wiebe S, Maclusky I, Manson D, Holowka S, Yoo SJ Pediatric radiology (2003)
[67]
Varix of the heart. — Remadi JP, BenAmar A, Baron O The Annals of thoracic surgery (2001)
[68]
Pulmonary vein varix: diagnosis with multi-slice helical CT. — Vanherreweghe E, Rigauts H, Bogaerts Y, Meeus L European radiology (2000)
[69]
Varix of the fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein: prenatal sonographic diagnosis and suggested in utero management. — Zalel Y, Lehavi O, Heifetz S, Aizenstein O, Dolitzki M, Lipitz S et al. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (2000)
[70]
Indocyanine green angiographic features of varix of the vortex vein ampulla. — Kang HK, Beaumont PE, Chang AA Clinical & experimental ophthalmology (2000)
[71]
Iris varix simulating an iris melanoma. — Shields JA, Shields CL, Pulido J, Eagle RC, Nothnagel AF Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960) (2000)
[72]
Subepicranial varix mimicking sinus pericranii: usefulness of three-dimensional computed tomography angiography and bone window computed tomography--case report. — Asano K, Sobata E, Kubo O Neurologia medico-chirurgica (2000)
[73]
Varix of the inferior pulmonary vein: computed tomography and magnetic resonance angiography findings. — Savas R, Ozacar R, Ertugrul G, Calli C, Memis A, Yunten N et al. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace (1999)
[74]
Embolization of an orbital varix after surgical exposure. — Weill A, Cognard C, Castaings L, Robert G, Moret J AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology (1998)
[75]
Anterior orbital varix presenting as a lacrimal sac mucocele. — Nasr AM, Huaman AM Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery (1998)
[76]
Orbital varix diagnosed by color Doppler flow imaging--case report. — Kawaguchi S, Nakase H, Noguchi H, Yonezawa T, Morimoto T, Sakaki T Neurologia medico-chirurgica (1997)
[77]
Orbital varix presenting as a subconjunctival mass. — Shields JA, Eagle RC, Shields CL, De Potter P, Shapiro RS Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery (1995)
[78]
Embolisation of orbital varix. — Takechi A, Uozumi T, Kiya K, Yano T, Sumida M, Yoshikawa S et al. Neuroradiology (1994)
[79]
Diagnosis of pulmonary vein varix by transesophageal echocardiography. — Toher C, Krug H, Archer SL Chest (1993)
[80]
Orbital varix: color flow imaging correlated with CT and MR studies. — Wildenhain PM, Lehár SC, Dastur KJ, Dodd GD Journal of computer assisted tomography (1991)
[81]
Pulmonary varix: magnetic resonance findings. — Wildenhain PM, Bourekas EC Catheterization and cardiovascular diagnosis (1991)
[82]
Isolated cerebral varix with magnetic resonance imaging findings--case report. — Shibata Y, Hyodo A, Tsuboi K, Yoshii Y, Nose T Neurologia medico-chirurgica (1991)
[83]
Cross-sectional imaging of idiopathic solitary renal vein varix: report of two cases. — Sussman SK, Jacobs JE, Glickstein MF, Foley LC Urologic radiology (1991)
[84]
Orbital phleboliths. — Baskararajan G Indian journal of ophthalmology (1990)
[85]
Bleeding anorectal varix. — Tulloh BR, Nicholson FJ The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery (1990)
[86]
Orbital varix with a pearly phlebolith. Case report. — Kubota T, Kuroda E, Fujii T, Kawano H, Kabuto M, Hayashi M Journal of neurosurgery (1990)
[87]
Orbital varix thrombosis. — Bullock JD, Goldberg SH, Connelly PJ Ophthalmology (1990)
[88]
Colour Doppler imaging in the demonstration of an orbital varix. — Lieb WE, Merton DA, Shields JA, Cohen SM, Mitchell DD, Goldberg BB The British journal of ophthalmology (1990)
[89]
Intermittent exophthalmos. — Phanthumchinda K, Locharernkul C, Hemachudha T Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet (1989)
[90]
Thrombosed right renal vein varix simulating a renal pelvic mass. — Curry NS, Frangos DN, Stanley JH Urologic radiology (1987)
[91]
Magnetic resonance imaging of an orbital varix with CT and ultrasound correlation. — Osborn RE, DeWitt JD, Lester PD, Yamanashi WS Computerized radiology : official journal of the Computerized Tomography Society (1986)
[92]
Varix of the vortex vein ampulla. — Lopez P Journal of the American Optometric Association (1986)
[93]
Pulmonary varix. — Asayama J, Shiguma R, Katsume H, Ijichi H Angiology (1984)
[94]
Cerebral venous angioma associated with varix. — Handa J, Suda K, Sato M Surgical neurology (1984)
[95]
Computed tomographic diagnosis of pulmonary varix. — Chaise LS, Soulen RL, Teplick S, Patrick H The Journal of computed tomography (1983)
[96]
Intermittent exophthalmos studied with computerized tomography. Report of two cases. — Rivas JJ, Lobato RD, Cordobés F, Barcena A, Millán JM Journal of neurosurgery (1982)
[97]
Sudden visual loss secondary to an orbital varix. — Rosenblum P, Zilkha A Survey of ophthalmology (1978)
[98]
Pulmonary varix in early infancy: case report with 8-year follow up. — Chilton SJ, Campbell JB Radiology (1978)
[99]
Intermittent exophthalmos due to orbital varicose vein accompanied by varicose veins of the legs. — Golan A, Savir H, Matz S Annals of ophthalmology (1976)
[100]
Pulmonary varix. — Arnett JC, Patton RM Thorax (1976)

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